Intro. To Psychology Block Final Study Guide

A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements? a. Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts. b. Consciousness is a continuous process. c. Behavior and mental processes are adaptive. d. All of the above

a

As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals? a. eliminate behavior b. explain behavior c. predict behavior d. control behavior

a

Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a(n) _________ psychologist. a. clinical b. counseling c. school d. educational

a

Forgetting that occurs because new information inhibits the retrieval of previously learned information or because previously learned information inhibits the retrieval of new information is explained by ________________. a. interference theory b. decay theory c. repression d. displacement

a

In-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in ______________________ memory. a. implicit b. semantic c. episodic d. athletic

a

Individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ___________________ schedule of reinforcement. a. variable-ratio b. variable-interval c. fixed-interval d. fixed-ratio

a

Kyle is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. This phenomenon is probably due to the process known as _____________. a. social facilitation b. social lubrication c. performance anxiety d. performance facilitation

a

Research has shown that mere ___________ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorable to it. a. repeated exposure b. incidental similarity c. relating d. initial introduction

a

The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the _____________ perspective. a. sociocultural b. humanistic-existential c. psychoanalytic d. social-cognitive

a

The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the _____________ perspective. a. biological b. learning c. cognitive d. sociocultural

a

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement? a. You become less thirsty every time you drink a glass of water. b. You go to the movies even though you only enjoy about 25% of the films you see. c. You buy a weekly lottery ticket. d. None of the above

a

Which of the following is NOT a type of prospective memory task? a. knowledge-based tasks b. event-based tasks c. habitual tasks d. time-based tasks

a

A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that ___________________. a. becomes a selection factor in research b. can be tested by gathering evidence c. is accepted if it is popular d. provides an operational definition

b

A variable ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after ___________________________. a. a specific number of correct responses have been made b. any number of correct responses have been made c. unpredictable intervals d. enough time passes

b

According to Bandura, a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a __________________. a. shaper b. model c. reinforcer d. learner

b

After the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light. Eventually, the light was able to elicit the response of salivation. What is this an example of? a. response hierarchy b. higher-order conditioning c. generalization d. stimulus-response hierarchy

b

An attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively is known as _____________. a. discrimination b. prejudice c. a stereotype d. consensus

b

Case study methods are often used to study ______________ cases. a. controversial b. rare c. stratified d. random

b

Evan met Lesley at a party last week. He sees her again a few weeks after their first meeting. He knows that he knows her name but just can't retrieve the information. What is this experience referred to as? a. mnemonic failure b. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c. consolidation d. déjà vu

b

Examples of a _____________ would be the use of a "sugar pill" instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing. a. confederate b. placebo c. treatment d. bias

b

From the _______________ perspective, the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell because the bell became mentally connected to the meat powder. a. behaviorist b. cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. observational

b

If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ________________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results. a. correlation b. selection factor c. hypothesis d. placebo

b

In a debate, when a politician first presents his opponent's side of the argument in an effort to refute their position, he is using the technique known as _____________. a. the opposition's opposite b. the two-sided argument c. triangulation d. opinionation

b

In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a _______________. a. dependent variable b. treatment c. placebo d. observer

b

In an experiment, the presence of a(n) ________________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. placebo d. observer

b

Intimacy and passion are to ______________ as intimacy, passion and commitment are to _________________. a. consummate love; sexual arousal b. romantic love; consummate love c. attachment; short-term love d. long-term love; romantic love

b

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in ________________. a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. insight learning d. contingency theory

b

Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective, is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females? a. Condition positive emotional responses to women b. Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women c. Prescribe anti-anxiety medication for him to take before going out with a woman d. Uncover the unconscious conflicts in the approach and avoidance of women

b

People tend to attribute others' behaviors primarily to internal factors such as free will in cultures that _______________________. a. reward anthropomorphism b. view the self as independent c. view the individual as interdependent d. punish entrepreneurial behavior

b

Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as _____________________ is to decreasing behavior. a. negative reinforcement b. extinction c. shaping d. generalization

b

The humanistic-existential perspective unites ___________ and ___________ as central principles to its approach. a. brain; behavior b. self-fulfillment; free choice c. mental processes; consciousness d. culture; values

b

The process by which the presence of others improves our performance is known as _________________. a. reciprocation b. social facilitation c. social lubrication d. reciprocity

b

The reason we are more likely to stop at a red light that at a green light is because ______________________. a. the human eye is more sensitive to the color red than the color green b. we learn that stopping at red lights is associated with avoiding accidents and tickets c. we are born knowing that red means "stop" and green means "go". d. none of the above

b

The surviving bodyguard in Princess Diana's car was unable to recall events immediately prior to the car crash. What did he appear to suffer from? a. amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. dissociative amnesia d. anterograde amnesia

b

The term reinforcement was preferred over the term reward because Skinner believed that the latter suggested ______________________. a. we can only measure what we observe b. mental processes were involved in learning c. somehow the animal would prefer a reward to a reinforcement d. only observable behavior should be measured in learning trials

b

What is a conditioned response? a. A reflexive reaction to meat powder b. A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus c. A neutral stimulus that elicits a response d. An operant reaction to a bell

b

When you are beginning to train your dog to "sit", it is most effective to put him on __________________. a. partial reinforcement b. continuous reinforcement c. a variable-interval schedule d. a variable-ratio schedule

b

Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists? a. alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups b. color perception c. gender roles d. racial bias

b

The members of a jury are split 50/50 on a conviction decision. After much discussion, one member decides to change their vote and suddenly several others follow. What is this indicative of? a. the first-shift rule b. the truth-wins scheme c. winner takes all d. none of the above

a

Which of the following is NOT true regarding media violence in America? a. TV programs generally show the harmful long-term consequences of aggressive behavior b. Murders, beatings, and sexual assaults are routinely presented c. Violence is often shown to have only temporary or minimal effects d. Violent video games increase both aggressive behavior and the likelihood for juvenile delinquency

a

Who proposed the contingency theory for classical conditioning? a. Robert Rescorla b. Albert Bandura c. Ivan Pavlov d. B.F. Skinner

a

You just received an outstanding grade on your research paper. You are likely to attribute your success to ___________________. a. your excellent academic abilities b. chance or fate c. your teacher's coaching d. your friend's assistance

a

Your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she received a painful treatment. Now every time your child visits the doctor the nurse is with him. You notice the child seems afraid of the nurse even though she has never administered a painful treatment. What is this probably due to? a. higher-order conditioning b. stimulus overload c. stimulus discrimination d. response generalization

a

Your friend Claire got lost on her way to your house. You figure she must have no sense of direction and that is why she was lost. You are making a __________________ attribution. a. dispositional b. situational c. prejudice d.negative

a

______________ conducted a series of experiments to find out how many people would resist immoral requests made by authority figures. a. Stanley Milgram b. Solomon Asch c. Leon Festinger d. George Steinbrenner

a

Women are generally more likely than men to help people in need. The major reason for this is that _________________________. a. women are anatomically disposed to help others b. women are more likely than men to be empathic c. women have a genetic predisposition to serve others d. none of above

b

You met your supervisor for the first time yesterday. You were glad that you remembered to smile as you answered her questions. You wanted you supervisor to like you and form __________________. a. cognitive dissonance b. a positive first impression c. polarization d. none of the above

b

A car dealer's summer and fall incentive programs are an example of what? a. a variable ratio schedule b. a fixed ratio schedule c. a fixed interval schedule d. a variable interval schedule

c

An advertiser want to increase the likelihood of persuasion in their commercials. Based on research, they could ______________. a. include music that would put you in a good mood b. saturate the airtime with their commercial c. both a & b would help d. none of the above

c

Behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because _________________. a. it takes less time b. it exposes the individual to the fear-evoking stimuli all at once c. the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more pleasant d. the client is not exposed to the feared stimuli

c

Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to _________________. a. psychotherapy b. adaptation to the environment c. perception d. habit

c

Bob Smith is running for office. He often tries to get people worked up over the issues. If he were a social psychologist, he would explain that he does this because attitudes with a strong emotional impact are more ________________. a. specific b. vested c. accessible d. all of the above

c

Conforming to the outright commands of another is called ________________. a. deindividuation b. polarization c. obedience d. none of the above

c

Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT _____________. a. Aristotle b. Democritus c. Pythagoras d. Socrates

c

In most of Milgram's research, nearly or more than 50% of the subjects delivered what they believed to be _________________-volt shocks. a. 15 b. 150 c. 450 d. 1,500

c

Joe is a long-term alcoholic who has great difficulty storing new information in memory. What brain structure has likely sustained damage? a. prefrontal cortex b. auditory cortex c. hippocampus d. none of the above

c

Katie has just been given a telephone number of a woman with whom she wants to schedule a date, but she doesn't have anything to write the number down on. If she does not rehearse the telephone number, how long does she have to find paper and pencil before she can no longer remember it? a. less than a second b. up to 3 seconds c. around 10 seconds d. up to a minute

c

Kenneth and Mamie Clark conducted research on the negative effects of _____________ on African American children. a. intelligence testing b. extra-curricular activities c. school segregation d. music instruction

c

One of the symptoms of anterograde amnesia is _______________. a. a failure to recognize long-standing relatives b. a loss of long-term memories established prior to the injury c. a failure to establish memories after the injury, but a preservation of memories prior to the injury d. a failure to connect the appropriate emotion to the social situation

c

Placing a disruptive child in time out where the child is in a restrictive environment and completely isolated from either teacher or peer approval illustrates the use of _____________________. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. none of the above

c

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to ___________________ because they are on a ____________________ schedule of reinforcement. a. start studying immediately after the quiz; fixed-interval b. study regularly through the week; fixed-interval c. study on Sunday nights; fixed-interval d. pay attention in class; variable-interval

c

Psychologist and other researchers must protect and respect the privacy of research participants. This concern recognizes the requirement for ______________. a. informed consent b. ethics c. confidentiality d. scientific progress at all costs

c

The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is __________________. a. observation b. correlation c. an experiment d. a case study

c

The paired associates task is used to measure the _________ memory task. a. relearning b. recognition c. recall d. repression

c

The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the _______________? a. behavior of society b. influence of a group on the behavior of the individual c. issues of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status d. makeup of social and cultural organizations

c

The structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of new episodic memories most likely began in the _______________. a. cerebral cortex b. frontal lobe c. hippocampus d. thalamus

c

Visual images are to _______________ memory as auditory images are to _____________ memory. a. echoic; iconic b. sensory; motor c. iconic; echoic d. eidetic; sensory

c

What is the memory that enables one to hold information for a limited time in one's mind called? a. short-term memory b. working memory c. both a and b d. none of the above

c

When Milgram replicated his original study in 1974, but did so in a dingy storefront, the percentage of people who complied with the experimenter ________________. a. increased from 45% to 68% b. remained the same c. decreased from 65% to 48% d. decreased from 95% to 6%

c

When you see a classmate in class or at a study session, he is always very friendly towards you. However, when you run into him at an upscale party, he acts as if he does not know you. Since you know he is a friendly person, what are you most likely to attribute his behavior to? a. a fundamental error b. a stereotype c. the situation d. a disposition

c

Where do the storage bins for long-term memories appear to be located? a. the hippocampus b. one specific brain area c. different brain areas d. the frontal lobe only

c

Which of the following best describes giving a dog food after rolling over? a. A negative, primary, immediate reinforcer was given b. A positive, secondary, immediate reinforcer was given c. A positive, primary, immediate reinforcer was given d. A negative, primary, delayed reinforcer was given

c

Which of the following factors INCREASES the tendency to conform? a. belonging to an individualistic society b. high self-esteem c. social shyness d. all of the above

c

A person who feels very strongly about the sanctity of human life is likely to support pro-life legislation, whereas someone who merely agrees that people have aright to live is less likely to be concerned over the legislation. This demonstrates the effect that the _______________ of attitudes has on behavior. a. conformity b. specificity c. accessibility d. strength

d

A salesperson for vitamins gives out a medical journal article that discusses the research on a particular vitamin's benefits. The salesperson is using the __________ route to persuade customers to buy his product. a. peripheral b. secondary c. primary d. central

d

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups. This process is called ______________. a. primacy effect b. recency effect c. seven plus or minus two d. chunking

d

As a young child, the white coat of your pediatrician elicited a fear response in you. Eventually, your pediatrician's waiting room and her receptionist came to elicit fear. This occurred because of ______________. a. response hierarchy b. stimulus-response hierarchy c. generalized conditioning d. higher-order conditioning

d

As much as she tried to lose weight, Sha' Nay Nay could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss. Accordingly, she made appointment to consult with Dr. Richman, a ____________ psychologist. a. clinical b. counseling c. human factors d. health

d

Contributions to psychology by women researchers include research on all of the following topics EXCEPT ____________. a. parent-child attachment b. inaccuracies of memory c. primacy and recency effects d. introspection in research

d

Danielle, a college senior, is trying to remember the names of the classmates that attended her high school graduation party but cannot. It is most likely that __________________________. a. she never transferred the information from short-term to long-term memory b. the memory of the party has been written over by new information c. the memory of the party has been displaced from long-term memory by newer information d. she has not yet found the cues that will help her retrieve the information from long-term memory

d

Everyone at a party is dancing and having a good time except on individual. You are likely to attribute this individual's behavior to _____________. a. the crowded room b. the hot temperature c. the noise level d. shyness

d

Generalization is to discrimination as _________________________. a. operant is to classical b. abnormal is to normal c. innate is to learned d. broader is to narrower

d

Greg is fairly unattractive, and he is dating an unattractive woman. Psychologists would point to _______________ to explain this. a. a latency phase fixation b. a gender stereotype c. pure luck d. the attraction-similarity hypothesis

d

In Ebbinghaus's classic curve of forgetting, the greatest memory loss occurs __________________. a. slowly over a course of weeks b. very slowly for a period of days, and then rapidly increases c. at a consistent rate over weeks d. most rapidly just after the material is initially learned

d

In Pavlov's original experiments, the bell was at first a(n) ________________ stimulus. a. novel b. unconditioned c. conditioned d. neutral

d

In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of _______________. a. intelligence b. reinforcement c. environmental clues d. insight

d

In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a marked increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. He concluded that there was increased interest in the ___________ perspective. a. learning b. psychodynamic c. biological d. cognitive

d

Operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances? a. modifying one's own behavior b. lowering blood pressure c. disciplining children at school d. none of the above

d

Social facilitation operates when ____________________. a. the task being performed is simple b. the task is with a group of others c. the task is complex d. the task being performed is simple with a group of others

d

The area of social psychology called "social influence" studies _______________. a. attitude formulation b. the ways in which people are attracted to each other c. the ways in which people are influenced by random events in society d. the ways people influence the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others

d

The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was ____________. a. Wilhelm Wundt b. William James c. Charles Darwin d. Gustav Fechner

d

The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed ______________. a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. structuralism d. Gestalt psychology

d

The stages of information processing in memory are _______________. a. semantic, episodic, and procedural b. iconic, echoic, and eidetic c. visual, acoustic, and semantic d. encoding, storage, and retrieval

d

What do persuasive communicators usually have a good deal of? a. expertise b. attractiveness c. trustworthiness d. all of the above

d

Which factor influences the probability that we can predict people's behavior from attitudes? a. conscience b. health status c. interest in the greater good d. strength of attitude

d

Which factor(s) would reduce the likelihood of aggressive behavior? a. Empathy b. belief in non-violence c. inoffensive interpretation of another's motives d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is NOT true of psychological theories? a. Theories make assumptions about behavior. b. Theories explain behavior and mental processes. c. Theories are used to make predictions. d. Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

d

Which person is most likely to resist the social pressure encountered from salesperson? a. Austin, who has high self-esteem b. Chloe, who has low social anxiety c. Gertrude, who worries what others think of her d. Both Austin and Chloe

d

Who developed programmed learning? a. Thorndike b. Hull c. Rescorla d. Skinner

d

Your dog starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his can of dog food. After learning the principles of classical conditioning, it becomes obvious to you that the can opener has become an effective _______________. a. UR b. US c. CR d. CS

d