Intro to Psychology

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

"Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________."

case studies

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

"The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning."

circular

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

"Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?"

binocular disparity

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca s area

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

"________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory."

Cognition

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.

Rescorla

"According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?"

Studying the function of behavior in the world

"Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain s attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?"

The activation-synthesis model

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word emotional should be changed to the word cognitive.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They are more respectful of feminist psychology concepts.

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

"What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?"

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

When considering the wavelength of a radio wave like the kind you hear when listening to music as you drive along you would be correct to think that the size is this wave is about as long as

a building

"When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ________."

a figure-ground relationship

What is an engram?

a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

What is a social role?

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron s cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

"The need for ________ might explain why we friend people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves."

affiliation

"If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________."

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

"If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?"

amygdala

"The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones."

anterograde

"Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory."

arousal

"Sarit is at a party full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit s friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn t know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived."

attention

"The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________."

faster; longer lasting

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

"Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain."

folds; grooves

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

"Wendy s mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy s ________ must be ________ and her father s must be Bb."

genotype; bb

The myelin sheath is made from ________.

glial cells

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

"A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias."

hindsight

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

"In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell."

increase

"A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable."

independent; dependent

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

"Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________."

instincts

"In Howard Gardner s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence."

interpersonal; intrapersonal

"Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________."

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

"Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?"

lexicon

"Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories."

limbic system

"The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________."

standardization

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

"You are a big fan of your grandmother s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________."

stimulus generalization

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

"Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells the man with the blue shirt did it. Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories."

suggestibility

"________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail."

surveys

"The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration."

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

"The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe."

temporal

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear?

the basilar membrane

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

"Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group."

type of play; no play

"Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________."

conditioned response

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

"Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias."

confirmation

"Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children s development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________."

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

"Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using sound type words like loud, soft, and quiet, he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has ________ deafness."

congenital

"Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________."

consciousness

"Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?"

continuous

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.

cornea; pupil

"Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai s ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence."

creative

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

The goal of hospice care is to provide

death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable setting.

"Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology."

developmental

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip

"Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like + and = , and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy s parents may want to have him evaluated to see if he suffers from ________."

dyscalculia

"Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just subtracting two. This is an example of ________ rehearsal."

elaborative

"Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?"

evolutionary

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

evolutionary

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

"What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?"

explicit memories

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

logical mathematical

"Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________ waves of light."

longer wavelengths

"What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?"

longitudinal

"A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness."

meditation

"What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?"

memory

"Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________."

mental set

"Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle s father is a ________."

model

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn t resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Dave s boss told him that he doesn t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave s boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

"Tyrahn s rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called ________ blindness"

night

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

"Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn t go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole s personality?"

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

only the right visual field

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

"In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed."

partial

"Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________."

personality

"Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a tracer and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?"

positron emission tomography (PET)

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress; he immediately uses the internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

problem-focused

"Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?"

psychological dependence

" Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences. This is the foundation of the ________ model."

range of reaction

"________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall."

range of reaction

"When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory."

recognition

"You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don t have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won t forget it. This process is called ________."

rehearsal

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

"Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can t; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference."

retroactive

"Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia."

retrograde

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

"Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory."

signal detection

"Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, do you work here, she thought it was funny. The other customers assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______."

similarity

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

"After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the required monthly tests came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________."

spontaneous recovery

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average age for marriage

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

"Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness."

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

"If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful."

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

"In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness."

"In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?"

"It can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur."

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

"James, who lives in England"

"In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?"

"Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age."

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

"analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast"

A psychological disorder is a ________.

"condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors"

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

"knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student"

"Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first."

"structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism"

"An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability."

70

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A dissertation

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test?

A professional trained in psychology.

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual s airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

"A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________."

Gestalt psychology

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

"From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?"

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse.

Which pair of individuals is most likely to have the highest similarity in their IQ scores?

Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families.

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

Mary Whiton Calkins

"Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________."

Weber s law

Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion?

Will cannot stop thinking about the exam that he has in chemistry tomorrow.