Intro to Rad Therapy Ch 3

Carcinoma

a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs, metastasizes best through the lymphatic channels

Which of the following would be a stage 1? a. T1 N0 M0 b. T2 N1 M0 c. T3 N2 M0 d. T3 N1 M1

a. T1 N0 M0

Irreversible changes in a cell are indicated by all of the following except: a. cellular swelling b. nucleus appears fragmented c. nucleus is enzymatically destroyed d. upon staining, cell appears as a series of color alterations e. none of the above

a. cellular swelling

Which of the following is not a specific criterion used in the "T" category to determine the "T" stage? a. firmness b. depth of invasion c. size d. spread

a. firmness

The cancer of chimney sweeps identified by Percival Pott in mid-eighteenth century England was related to which of the following chemicals? a. hydrocarbons b. asbestos c. arsenic d. nitrosamines

a. hydrocarbons

All of the following tumors arise from epithelial tissue except: a. leukemia b. adenocarcinoma c. choriocarcinoma d. transitional cell carcinoma

a. leukemia

A(n) _________________ is a term used to describe a protein that accelerates growth. a. oncogene b. tumor-suppressor gene c. nucleoside d. nucleotide

a. oncogene

The gene that regulates the normal development and growth of cancerous tissues is a(n): a. proto-oncogene b. oncogene c. tumor-suppressor gene

a. proto-oncogene

The process that results in the construction of polypeptide in accordance with genetic information contained in a molecule of RNA is: a. translation b. transcription c. synthesis d. transfer

a. translation

The hallmark of reversible cell damage is cellular swelling. a. true b. false

a. true

A tumor that tends to grow slowly is said to be: a. well differentiated b. moderately well differentiated c. moderately differentiated d. poorly differentiated

a. well differentiated

Characteristics of malignant tumors include all of the following except: a. They have rapid growth b. They are encapsulated c. They metastasize frequently d. There is frequent vessel invasion

b. They are encapsulated

The complete removal of a small lesion for the purpose of diagnosis is known as: a. incisional biopsy b. excisional biopsy c. fine-needle aspiration d. resection

b. excisional biopsy

Homeostasis refers to a relatively constant or stable external environment. a. true b. false

b. false; internal environment

Extravasation is the accidental leakage of intramuscular administration of drugs. a. true b. false

b. false; intravenous

When cells maintain themselves in the range of the normal function, they are said to be in a state of: a. homocarcinosis b. homeostasis c. hyperchromasia d. hypoesthesia

b. homeostasis

Congestion and swelling are associated with: a. degeneration b. inflammation c. necrosis d. repair

b. inflammation

When a cell has died because of injury, it is said to have undergone: a. degeneration b. necrosis c. inflammation d. repair

b. necrosis

A malignant tumor of epithelial origin would be called a(n): a. rhabdomyosarcoma b. squamous cell carcinoma c. osteoma d. malignant angiosarcoma

b. squamous cell carcinoma

The process resulting in the transfer of genetic information from a molecule of DNA to a molecule of RNA is: a. translation b. transcription c. synthesis d. transfer

b. transcription

Which of the following suggests a familial cancer? a. bilateral tumors b. young age at the time of diagnosis c. distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis d. high-grade, late-stage classification at the time of diagnosis

b. young age at the time of diagnosis

The cell cycle phase, which is the period before the duplication or synthesis of DNA in the nucleus is: a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M

c. G2

Hodgkin's disease is a neoplasm that typically involves the ___. a. brain b. lung c. lymph nodes d. liver

c. lymph nodes

A lymphoma is a term used to describe a(n): a. benign condition of the lymphatic system b. inflammatory condition of the lymph nodes c. malignant condition of the lymphatic system d. malignant tumor of the connective tissue

c. malignant condition of the lymphatic system

A benign tumor originating in striated muscle tissue would be classified as a: a. rhabdomyosarcoma b. leiomyosarcoma c. rhabdomyoma d. leiomyoma

c. rhabdomyoma

The organelle responsible for protein synthesis is the: a. golgi apparatus b. mitochondria c. ribosomes d. peroxisomes

c. ribosomes

The three most common procedures used to make a diagnosis of cancer are all of the following except: a. incisional b. excisional c. sputum cytology d. needle aspiration

c. sputum cytology

All of the following statements are true regarding tumor suppressor genes except: a. they prevent the development of cancer b. they are found in the normal genome c. their function is to accelerate growth d. they cause cancer by loss of their function

c. their function is to accelerate growth

The absence of inactivation of which gene leads to uncontrolled growth or neoplasm? a. proto-oncogene b. oncogene c. tumor-suppressor gene

c. tumor-suppressor gene

The chemical carcinogens that may be found in food are: 1. asbestos 2. polycyclic hydrocarbons 3. alcohol 4. nitrosamines 5. aflatoxins a. 1 and 4 b. 2 and 5 c. 3 and 4 d. 4 and 5

d. 4 and 5

Agents causing inflammation include: I. Hypoxia II. Chemicals III. Ionizing radiation IV. Allergic reactions a. I and II b. I, II and III c. II, III and IV d. I, II, III and IV

d. I, II, III and IV

Inflammation is characterized by? I. redness II. warmth III. swelling IV. pain a. I and II b. I and III c. II, III and IV d. I, II, III and IV

d. I, II, III and IV

The most common cause of tissue damage is: a. microbial infection b. ionizing radiation c. allergic or immune reaction d. hypoxia

d. hypoxia

Which of the following tumor sites would be most likely be classified as squamous cell carcinoma on histologic examination? a. stomach b. colon c. testis d. larynx

d. larynx

All of the following are organelles except: a. mitochondria b. endoplasmic reticulum c. ribosomes d. leukosomes

d. leukosomes

The purpose of the staging system for cancer is: a. to evaluate the degree of differentiation b. to estimate the prognosis of the patient c. the evaluate the degrees of malignancy d. to estimate the geographical extent of disease within the body

d. to estimate the geographical extent of disease within the body

Which of the following groups are all types of epithelial tissue? a. squamous and neural b. transitional and neural c. transitional, ganglion, and stratified d. ganglion, renal and stratified e. squamous, transitional, and glandular

e. squamous, transitional, and glandular

Sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue, metastasizes best through the blood vessels