Intro to Rhetorical Theory Final
Because of the highly structured nature of ecclesiastical Europe, correspondence among various church and government officials came to be highly formalized. Singing hymns acknowledged and helped to maintain social structures.
False
He called such critical discourse communicative action.
False
Jacques Derrida advanced a wide-ranging and novel analysis of the hidden operations of language and discourse.
False
Whereas Plato had only hinted at the possibility of a true art of rhetoric in Phaedrus, in Rhetoric, ____ set out a systematic course in rhetoric.
Aristotle
Kennedy finds other rhetorical traditions to be more oriented towards ? than the Western rhetorical tradition.
False
Sally Miller Gearhart argued that the history of rhetorical theory is a history of male rhetorical theory and practice, and as such says little of or practice of critical thought and persuasion. Gearhart claims that "any intent to persuade is an act of peace."
False
According to Chapter One, one of the 6 distinguishing characteristics of rhetorical discourse is "rhetoric distributes power"
False
According to Chapter One, one of the 6 distinguishing characteristics of rhetorical discourses "Rhetoric tests ideas"
False
According to Chapter Two, the Sophists developed a view of truth that was absolute. The Sophist Plato adhered to a skeptical view that even questioned whether knowledge was possible.
False
According to chapter one, one of the 6 distinguishing characteristics of rhetorical discourse is that "rhetor assists advocacy"
False
According to your reading of chapter three, justice is Greek term for a true art, which Plato contrasts to a sham art of "knack"
False
According to your reading of chapter three, nomos is the Greek term for a belief, opinion, and/or public opinion.
False
According to your reading of chapter three, rhetoric is a Greek term employed by Plato to mean a mere belief, as contrasted to true knowledge
False
Augustines partial solution of this dilemma was his relational theory, or his theory of symbols, in which he posited that the world is filled with symbols pointing us toward God.
False
Bakhtin saw Dostoevsky's works as models for allowing equal voice to varied perspectives in the continuous dialogue among people about their conditions and the truths by which they live.
False
Scholasticism was a closed and authoritarian approach to education centered on disputation over a fixed body of premises derived largely from the teachings of ______.
Aristotle
Habermas found the interactive process of critical argumentation a key to overcoming the ideological domination that obtains when a society is no longer rational. He called such critical discourse ______.
Communicative
______ refused to write devotional works and books on cooking. Instead, she wrote on philosophical issues and even penned an early work of science fiction called The Blazing World.
Cavendish
According to Chapter Two, ______ is a term used to refer to a rhetorical device that takes its name from the reversing of elements in adjacent clauses.
Chiasmus
Which classical rhetoricians had the greatest influences on the shape of theatrical theory and practice in the Middle Ages.
Cicero
______ rhetoric in the Middle Ages shaped education, civic administration, private life, and Church practice in a variety of ways.
Ciceronian
The vita activa was contrasted to the life of _____, of which many rhetoricians were suspicious.
Contemplation
Madame de Scudery broke with the dominant oratorical model that had prevailed from classical times, and introduced instead a ______ model of rhetoric that invited the opinions of all individuals participating in her salons.
Conversational
Habermas found the interactive process of ______ a key to overcoming the ideological domination that obtains when a society is no longer rational.
Critical argumentation
Which of this classical rhetoricians works was pointed to as providing the foundation for the vast majority of medieval rhetorical treatises and practices?
De Inventione
According to Chapter Two, ______ is a term used to describe premises that were widely believed taken to be highly probable. This term also is used to describe the probable premises from which dialectic began.
Endoxa
____ is the study of human character, one of the three artistic proofs.
Ethos
Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin have outlined what they term confrontational rhetoric, one that does not require or assume intent to persuade argue that an confrontational view of rhetorical offers a solution to the Mal influenced model centered or persuasion.
False
The agent is the person performing the action, while the agency is the means by which the agent performs the act. Finally, the plan is the reason for the action, the intended goal.
False
This week's quiz is based upon Chapter 9.
False
Thus, education in rhetoric became a possibility for anyone who could read.
False
Under the category of "the maxus" they place commonly held v-? arranged into hierarchies and lines of argument concerning the preferable.
False
______ is concerned that by over-extending the concept of rhetoric, we run the risk of trivializing rhetoric as a study. We also run the risk of leaving students uncertain as to the motives driving and boundaries limiting the study.
Gaonker
Renaissance educations preoccupation with rhetoric was encouraged by a rising European interest in classical languages, particularly ______.
Greek
According to Chapter Two, _____ is a term which refers to the right of all free male citizens to speak in the Athenian assembly
Isegoria
For this question, one term will fill both blanks: The Sophists' rhetoric, according to Plato, aimed only at persuasion about _____ through the manipulation of public opinion (doxa) or "mere belief" (pistis), whereas as adequate view of ____ must be grounded in true knowledge (episteme), and aim at the well-being of the individual and of the country. According to Plato, the rhetorician is not a teacher of law courts and other public gatherings as to what is right or wrong, but merely a creator of beliefs....
Justice
In the interaction between Socrates and Polus, Plato compares rhetoric to the "knack" of cooking pleasing foods that make one feel better. Cookery, of course, involves no real knowledge of medicine or of restoring health to the body. Activities that achieve an effect without any true knowledge of how the effect is accomplished are not true arts. Rather, they are examples of flattery because they aim at pleasure without consideration of what is best. The true art that restores lost health to a sick soul is called ______.
Justice
Plato suggests in Gorgias that certain arts such as _____ and medicine are essential to society. Others such as the Sophists brand of rhetoric, are imitations of these essential arts.
Justice
Plato's general argument is Gorgias is that rhetoric as practiced by the Sophists does not embody an adequate conception of ______. This is a dangerous and deceptive activity for the individual and the state, because the Sophists misled their hearers on the most important issue.
Justice
According to Chapter Two, ______ is a term used to describe social custom or convention and is also used to describe rule by agreement among citizens
Nomos
______ is the rhetorical device or trope in which the part substitutes for the whole.
Metonym
Augustine sought a true art of rhetoric that could be used in the service of Christianity. He believed that there were two tasks for the Christian teacher. One of these tasks is called _____, which refers to discovering divine truth in scriptures.
Modus Inveniendi
Augustine sought a true art of rhetoric that could be used in the service of Christianity. He believed that there were two tasks for the Christian teacher. One of these tasks is called ______, refers to which teaching divine truth to the congregation.,
Modus Proferendi
Valla held that rhetoric, not philosophy, was the proper basis for education. His views had enormous influence on educational practices in their day and throughout the ____
Renaissance
According to Chapter One, which of the following is NOT luted as one of the 6 social functions of the art of rhetoric?
Rhetoric addresses contingent issues
According to chapter one, which of the following is NOT listed as one of the 6 social functions of the art of rhetoric?
Rhetoric is adapted to an audience
(3) They must persuade an audience and they do this by planning discursive strategies.
Rhetorical
According to Chapter Two, ______ is a term used to describe a practical art, a science, or a systematic study.
Techne
For this question, one term will fill all three blanks: A ____ was a true art. In order to achieve this status, a practice had to involve knowledge of a class of objects. In addition, the practitioner of a _______ should be able to give an account of the art, or explain how it achieves its goals. A ______ should also achieve a good result on a regular basis.
Techne
In Phaedrus Plato considers the possibility of a rhetoric used for the good of the individual and of the society. A ______ of rhetoric would be an art useful for bringing about justice and harmony is society. A true art of rhetoric would be founded on knowledge of justice and of the human soul. The goal of rhetoric is to establish order in the individual and in the state. The wisdom-loving part of the soul persuades the other two parts to submit to its control. Similarly, wisdom-lovers in the society would also be engaged in the activity of persuading others to submit to their control.
Techne
In addition, medieval Europeans knew very little about Greek rhetorical theory, and only a few works of Roman rhetoric.
True
If our arguments succeed before and audience of a single, careful critic, they may be ready for the test of the universal audience.
True
According to Chapter One, one of the 6 distinguishing characteristics of rhetorical discourse is that "rhetoric reveals human motives"
True
According to Chapter Two, the Sophists believed in a relative understanding of truth and culture. Thus they challenged with the notion that Greek culture was superior to other cultures and they challenged the idea that there were absolute truths as some philosophers taught.
True
According to Chapter Two, the Sophists offered a kind of advanced education to anyone capable of paying their high fees. They did not select their students based on family connections or social status. Offering rhetorical training strictly on the basis of ability to pay allowed a much wider range of Athenians access to education, and in the process threatened some members of the aristocracy. Sophists were highly controversial in Athens. They professed to tach virtue, which many Greeks doubted could be taught. The sophists taught for pay, which was frowned upon. They also were often itinerants traveling from place to place looking for work.
True
An author cannot achieve neutrality about values. A work's author is always present, never invisible.
True
Argumentation that wins the assent of the universal audience must reach a very high standard of rationality.
True
As he writes, "all the ends of speaking are reducible to four; every speech being intended to enlighten the understanding, to please the imagination, to move the passions, or to influence the will."
True
Cicero's vision of the ideal orator joins a moral vision with a life lived for the betterment of.... connection between ancient rhetorical theorists such as Cicero and contemporary feminist rhetoricians such as bell hooks.
True
For Aristotle, an "artistic proof" was a means of persuasion or "proof" that belonged to the study or "art" of rhetoric. Aristotle contrasted these to "inartistic proofs," or means of persuasion-documents, for example-about which rhetoric offered no instruction.
True
Foucault believed that discursive texts, understanding the term very broadly could be treated as archaeological artifacts revealed was what he termed an archaeology of knowledge.
True
Foucault described his work as exploring archives, which he defined as the rules which, at a particular time and in a given society.... understood this work as a similar to that of the archaeologists digging through the strata revealing the physical or material life of.... linguistic lives of earlier societies.
True
His theory of eloquence was based on the belief that the mind responds only to ideas it acknowledges as good or true.
True
Language is inherently ideological in at least two ways: (1) language does not merely reflect, but actually constructs our view of the world. As a result, speaking and writing are never value-free, and (2) to speak is to articulate a position, to give voice to a system of beliefs.
True
Rhetoric in any settings is characterized by enthymemes.
True
Seven studies made up Martianus Capella's liberal arts. These seven are gramma, dialectic, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and harmonics. They were divided among the four major or advanced studies of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and harmonics called the quadrivium; and the three fundamental studies of grammar, rhetoric and logic called trivium.
True
Sheridan and other elocutionists emphasized delivery over the other traditional elements in the rhetorical art, such as invention or arrangement.
True
Sheridan argued that poor preaching and speaking were actually threatening the health of religion, constitutional government and morality.
True
Sheridan argued that poor preaching and speaking were actually threatening the health of religion, constitutional government, and morality.
True
Such discourse systems, he maintained, control how we think and how we know. Power...discourse contains what we can know
True
The Jian shi were traveling rhetoricians who advised rulers regarding a variety of matters. Their persuasion took place privately rather than...
True
The belletristic movement expanded rhetoric into a study of literature, literary criticism, and writing generally. The movement was marked by an increased attention to matters of style as over against invention and argument.
True
The exclusion of women....address are significant for a variety of reasons, but of perhaps the most immediate concern is the role of women as contributors to...
True
The need to teach Christian principles to a largely illiterate and almost entirely Christian public called for a rhetoric of preaching.
True
The vita activa was contrasted to the life of contemplation, of which many rhetoricians were suspicious. Rhetoric applied reason to the solution of the practical problems of human life, and thus made social life possible.
True
There is more to the pursuit of scientific truth than simply conducting experiments and publishing results. Science, it appears, is as rhetorical as are other human pursuits.
True
They are factors both limiting and liberating the rhetor as arguments and appeals are both discovered and advanced for audience acceptance.
True
Thus, discourse always performs a social or relational function.
True
Vico objected to the scientific rationalism of Descartes, and his tendency to dismiss rhetoric in favor of mathematical proofs. Vico argued that mathematics was also dependent on symbols and that scientific rationalism ignored the rhetorical nature of human thought
True
Wayne Booth affirms that the rhetoric of fiction is unavoidable, meaning that "the author's judgement is always present, always evident to anyone who knows how to look for it.
True
According to Chapter Two, ________ is a term that refers to Virtue, personal excellence, the ability to manage one's personal affairs in an intelligent manner, and to succeed in public life. This term can be used to refer to natural leadership ability.
arete
According to Chapter One, Aristotle apparently thought that rhetoric comes into play when we are faced with practical questions about matters that confront everyone, and about which there are no definite and unavoidable answers. Such ________ issues require deliberation of the weighing of options, not proofs of the type that mathematicians might use.
contingent
Rhetoric is usually directed toward resolving a specific issue such as, "is the Cleanthes guilty of robbing Chaerophon? _____, on the other hand, addresses general questions such as, is it better to suffer injustice, or to commit injustice?
dialectic
Rhetoric was ______ in the Renaissance curriculum.
dominant
It is therefore actually productive of new knowledge, and not merely of reformulations of things already known.
ingenium
_____ is the study of arguments, one of Aristotles three artistic proofs.
logos
For this question, one term will fill all four blanks: Plato held that the human soul is complex, consisting of three parts. Plato distinguished the soul's three parts by their characteristic _____. One part _____ wisdom, a second ____ nobility and honor, and a third part _____ appetites or lusts.
loves
____ is the study of the psychology of emotion, one of Aristotles three artistic proofs.
pathos
According to Chapter Two, ______ is a term used to describe a poet and/or a leader if sinks through a kind of incarnation.
psychagogos
According to chapter one, a _______ is anyone engaged in preparing or presenting rhetorical discourse
rhetor
For Aristotle, ____ was "the faculty (dunamis) of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion".
rhetoric
According to Chapter One, which of the following is NOT listed as one of the 6 social functions of the art of rhetoric?
rhetoric seeks persuasion
Aristotle avoided the moralizing tone of Plato, and approached rhetoric in a pragmatic and ____ way.
scientific
In Gorgias, Plato criticized rhetoric as a kind of trickery, or a mere knack of persuasion. Aristotle, on the other hand, defined rhetoric as a ____, or true art.
techne
Vico held that rhetoric was essential to all of the arts, and all human ways of making sense of the world. By means of language, humans have imposed order on a fundamentally disordered nature.
tropes
According to Chapter One, one of the 6 distinguishing characteristics of rhetorical discourse is that "rhetoric addresses contingent issues"
true
The particular exigence in question must be one capable of modification by discourse.
true
Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca define the ____ as "the whole of mankind, or at least, of all normal, adult persons."
universal audience
Rhetoric was central to this active life, particularly rhetoric understood to the Ciceronian model of "the union of ____ and _____."
wisdom, eloquence
