Intro to Sociology Exam 2

Crime

Formal Deviance. Violation of laws enacted by society.

White-collar crime

Infractions such as fraud. Coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939. Typically committed by professionals in his/her capacity in the professional world against a corp, agency, or other professional entity.

Things that are included in the definition of "class"

Occupation, income, wealth, education

Labeling Theory

Of social deviance offers insight into how people become deviant. People subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity.

Segmental Solidarity

Characterized premodern society. Based on the sameness of the individual parts.

Organic Solidarity

Characterizes modern society.

Robert Merton: Strian Theory Conformist

Conformist: Embraces socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve those goals. Ritualist: Embrace socially acceptable means but rejects the goals. Innovation: Embraces socially acceptable goals but rejects the means to achieve those goals Retreatists: rejects both socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve the goals, and does not participate in society Rebel: rejects both socially acceptable goals and the means to achieve the goals, and wants to change or destroy the social order

Social Cohesion

Emile Durkheim explains this. The way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day to day basis.

Social Control (2 categories)

Sociologists refer this as the set of mechanisms that create normative compliance, the act of abiding by society's norms or simply following the rules of group life. 1. Formal social sanctions: rules or laws prohibiting deviant criminal behavior such as murder, rape, and theft. Formal, overt expressions of official group sentiment. 2. Informal social sanctions:

Secondary Deviance

Subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you.

Primary Deviance

The first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of deviant and thus influence how people think about and act toward you.

Equality of Outcome

The idea that each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game"

Equal Opportunity

The idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules are the same for everyone.

Equality of Condition

The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point

Social Mobility

The movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society.

Howard S. Becker

applied labeling theory to the question how deviance begins

Erving Goffman

applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of total institutions

Robert Merton

developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance

Social Deviance

loosely understood, can be taken to mean any. transgression of socially established norms.

Emile Durkhiem

offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide