Intro to Sociology - Final Review

Reported in the U.S. Census Current Population Survey of 2013, research indicates that ________ of people in the United States have no health insurance at all.

18 percent

________ was passed in 1990 to address how people in the United States with disabilities were often excluded from opportunities and social institutions many of us take for granted.

Americans with Disabilities Act

________ was a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court which declared that state laws which had established separate schools for black and white students were, in fact, unequal and unconstitutional.

Brown v. Board of Education

People standing in line at the post office would represent which type of crowd?

Casual

________, as part of the public education system, are free to attend, and are accessible via lottery when there are more students seeking enrollment than there are spots available at the school.

Charter schools

________ is non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.

Collective behavior

________ is a set of high-quality academic standards in mathematics and English language arts and literacy which outline what a student should know and be able to do at the end of each grade.

Common Core

________ point to how doctors hold a disproportionate amount of power in the doctor/patient relationship, which provides them with extensive social and economic benefits.

Conflict theorists

________ is the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications. These certificates or degrees serve as a symbol of what a person has achieved, and allows the labeling of that individual.

Credentialism

________ refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture.

Culture of prejudice

________ states the problem in a clear, easily understood way.

Diagnostic framing

________ in its broadest, most general sense is a means through which the aims and habits of a group of people is passed from one generation to the next.

Education

It is important to distinguish between socialized medicine, in which the government owns the healthcare system, and universal healthcare, which is simply a system that guarantees healthcare coverage for everyone. ________ all have universal healthcare.

Germany, Singapore, and Canada

________ is a process that accepts and encourages casual sexaual encounters, including one-night stands and other related activity, which focuses on physical pleasure without necessarily including emotional bonding or long-term commitment.

Hooking up

Myers (2007) states that the cultural assimilation of ________ is "almost complete, but with remnants of ethnicity." The presence of enclave neighborhoods, originally segregated slums dating from the nineteenth century continue to exist today.

Italian Americans

________ is the call to action and tells a person exactly what to do once you agree with and believe in the frame.

Motivational framing

________ might span an entire country, perhaps led by a national organization.

National level social movements

Which group is the only non-immigrant ethnic group in the United States?

Native Americans

________ encompasses all interactive forms of information exchange. These include social networking sites, blogs, podcasts, wikis, and virtual worlds.

New media

________ focuses on mismatches between anatomical sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation, not just division into male/female or homosexual/heterosexual. By so labelling their discipline, scholars reject the effects of labeling; instead, they embraced the term and reclaimed it for their own purposes.

Queer theory

Cross-national research on sexual attitudes in industrialized nations reveals that normative standards differ across the world. For example, several studies have shown that ________ students are more tolerant of premarital sex than are________ students.

Scandinavian; U.S.

________ indicate that in the United States, a disproportionate number of racial minorities have less economic power, so they bear a great deal of the burden of poor health.

Social conflict theorists

________is the study of the causes and distribution of diseases.

Social epidemiology

________ are purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal.

Social movements

________ is an issue identified by sociologists which involves passing students to the next grade regardless of their meeting standards for that grade. Proponents question what a school is to do with a student who is three to four years older than other students in his or her grade, saying this creates more issues than the practice itself.

Social promotion

By 1705, Virginia passed which of these laws?

The slave codes which declared that any foreign-born non-Christian could be a slave, and be considered property.

________ is a functionalist perspective that states that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur.

Value-added theory

One of the biggest contributors to medical issues in low-income countries is the lack of

access to clean water and basic sanitation resources.

According to the American Psychological Association, there is no scientific consensus why a person holds a heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual orientation. Research has been conducted to study the possible genetic, hormonal, developmental, social, and cultural influences on sexual orientation,

but there has been no evidence that links sexual orientation to one factor.

What is considered "normal" in terms of sexual behavior is based on the mores and values of the society. Individuals are socialized to sexual attitudes

by their family, education system, peers, media, and religion.

According to ________, people with money and power in the dominant group are the ones who make decisions about how the healthcare system will be run. They therefore ensure that they will have healthcare coverage, while simultaneously ensuring that subordinate groups stay subordinate through lack of access.

conflict theorists

Many people in the United States are fond of saying that this country has the best healthcare in the world, and while it is true that the United States has a higher quality of care available than many peripheral or semi-peripheral nations, it is not necessarily the "best in the world" when compared with ________ nations.

core

High-income nations have a higher incidence of ________ than lower income nations.

depression

Cultural capital has three forms; ________ refers to the form of knowledge that resides in each of us.

embodied state

Universal access refers to people's ________ to participate in an education system.

equal ability

When we speak of descent through such cultural backgrounds as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian we are actually discussing

ethnicity.

Social organizations worldwide take stands on such general areas of concern as poverty, sex trafficking, and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are examples of a

global level social movement.

Research indicates that the number of unmarried couples who live together has ________ over time.

grown

Research indicates that intimate partner violence

has significant long-term effects on individual victims and on society.

Proponents of ________ argue that it provides an outstanding opportunity for student-centered learning while circumventing problems that plague today's education system.

homeschooling

One implication of the ________ is that employees have access to email and information 24 hours/7 days a week and are expected to be more available and responsive.

immediacy of information transfer

Research indicates that most nonfatal intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs ________

inside of the home.

Women who are in arranged marriages, lack U.S. citizenship, and/or are homeless or involved with the criminal justice system have the most to lose by reporting domestic violence and are ________

likely the most undercounted in victimization surveys.

In a ________ residence systems, it is customary for the husband to live with, or near, his wife's blood relatives.

matrilocal

Accurate statistics on intimate partner violence are difficult to determine because ________.

nonfatal intimate partner violence often goes unreported.

Adherence to masculine and feminine gender roles continues in occupational tendencies later in life because

occupational roles are examples of typical U.S. male and female behavior, derived from our culture's traditions.

In a ________ residence system it is customary for the wife to live with, or near, her husband's blood relatives.

patrilocal

Race is about

physical markers

The U.S. Census (2011) divides ________ into employment-based insurance and direct-purchase insurance.

private insurance

________ is a socially defined category based on physical differences between different groups of people.

race

In the top-ranking countries, limited access to resources did not necessarily predict low performance, compared to the United States. Analysts also noted what they described as ________, those students who achieve at a higher level than one might expect given their social background.

resilient students

Since the term ________ refers to biological or physical distinctions, these characteristics will not vary significantly between different human societies.

sex

According to the ________ theory, there are two rights of a sick person and two obligations. The sick person's rights are: being exempt from normal social roles, and not being responsible for their condition. Conversely, the sick person's obligations include trying to get well and cooperating with the medical professionals.

sick role

A ________ is one where all people are covered by one type of insurance.

single payer system

Much of the discrimination against homosexuals and bisexuals is based on

stereotypes and misinformation.

People with disabilities can be ________ by their illnesses.

stigmatized

A great deal of marital problems can be related to stress, especially

stress about money.

According to the ________, health is vital to the stability of the society, and therefore sickness is a sanctioned form of deviance.

structural-functional theorists

After the establishment of the United States' government, discrimination against Native Americans was codified and formalized in a series of laws intended to

subjugate Native Americans and keep them from gaining any power.

Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are called

transgender

There is no single, conclusive explanation for why people are ________. Their expressions and experiences are so diverse that it is difficult to identify their origin.

transgender

Research also describes the infant mortality rate in the United States. This is the number of deaths of children under one year of age in a given time or place. The rate for blacks was nearly ________ that of whites.

twice

The phrase "boys will be boys" is often used to justify behavior such as pushing, shoving, or other forms of aggression from young boys. The phrase implies that such behavior is

unchangeable and natural.

Some diseases, like cancer, are ________ across all countries.

universal

Research has established that marriages enter their most stressful phase

upon the birth of the first child.

The eradication of Native American culture continued until the 1960s, when Native Americans

were able to participate in and benefit from the civil rights movement.

U.S. slavery continued for 150 years. Black Africans were kidnapped from their own lands and shipped to the New World on the trans-Atlantic journey called the Middle Passage. Slave codes declared that the child of a slave was a slave________.

which created the slave class in the United States.