Introduction to Psychology Midterm

experiment in which both the researchers and participants are blind to group assignments

Double-blind Study

"Little brain" Coordination and voluntary movement

cerebellum

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

carries genetic information, maintains the neuron's structure, and provides energy to drive activities

Cell body

The studied individual is typically in an extreme or unique psychological circumstance that differentiates them from the general public

Clinical or case studies

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time (such as different age groups)

Cross-sectional research

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Who practiced operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner

The Bobo Doll experiment was conceived by

Bandura

participants that do not experience the manipulated variable

Control group

a subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Random sample

The famous case of H.M. (Henry Molaison) primarily demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

attrition

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

What type of reinforcement schedule is this? -Knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

fixed ratio

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

folds; grooves

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student. What type of conditioning is this?

classical

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.

introspection

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

longitudinal research

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________

misinformation effects

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes is known as what?

mnemonic device

Cataplexy is a symptom best associated with ________.

narcolepsy

What body part is included in the peripheral nervous system?

nerves

Released into synapse

neurotransmitters

What type of learning is this? -After witnessing an older sibling being punished for taking a cookie without asking, the younger child does not take cookies without permission.

observational learning

A negative correlation means

one variable decreases as the other increases

What is this? -rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

operant conditioning

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

placebo effect

Experimenter bias

researcher's expectations skew the results of the study

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

membrane potential becomes less negative making the neuron more likely to fire (excitation)

Depolarization

the participants that experience the manipulated variable

Experimental group

Released into bloodstream

Hormones

membrane potential becomes more negative making the neuron less likely to fire (inhibition)

Hyperpolarization

tentative and testable statement (prediction) about the relationship between two or more variables

Hypothesis

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

Illusory Correlations

first african american women psychology doctorate,

Inez Beverly Prosser

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during and experiment and then obtaining the person's consent to participate.

Informed consent

Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Muller-Lyer

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement

description of what actions an operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

Operational definition

Which perceptual system allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on her hands?

Proprioception

Conscious and unconscious contributions of personality and behavior

Psychoanalysis

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

Random assignment

Believed animals only had the "machine" (no soul, just body) which meant barbaric things could happen to the animals. Could be justified

Rene Descartes

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. -the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body -the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body

_

The difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell membrane -Outside (+): many sodium ions (Na+) -Inside (-): many potassium ions (K+)

_

When the neuron gets proper stimulation and enough Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in and increases the positive (+) charge inside the axon. Triggering the action potential

_

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain. These waves are measured by the ________.

alpha; EEG

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Relative to its resting state, during an action potential in a prototypical neuron, sodium levels temporarily ________ inside the cell

increase

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ and word retention is the ________.

independent variable; dependent variable

The myelin sheath

is made from glial cells

parts of a neuron

-Cell Body -Dendrites -Axons

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

-Frontal -Temporal -Parietal -Occipital

Transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Axon

receive information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

Dendrites

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

Dependent variable

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience

Empiricism

Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

Homeostasis

variable that is influenced/ controlled by the experimenter. Ideally this should be the only important difference between the experimental and control group

Independent variable

Why is Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert" wrong?

It would be unethical by today's research standards

Who practiced classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

Lateralization

Which of the following is not one of the touch receptors in the skin? -Pacinian -Meissner's -Merkel's -Malleus -Ruffini

Malleus

first women psychology doctorate

Margaret Floy Washburn

What Psychologist performed experiments on Hans the horse

Oskar Pfungst

first female president of APA

Mary Whiton Calkins

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

Motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

insulating layer of fatty material

Myelin sheath

participant's expectations skew the results of the study

Participant bias

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by receptors in the nervous system.

Perception; sensation

essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

Somatosensory cortex

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

Statistical analysis

A list of questions that can be delivered many ways: paper pencil, electronically, verbally

Surveys

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?

The activation-synthesis model

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Theory

the perception of change in a given stimulus.

Weber's law

owner of the first psychology laboratory in 1879

Wilhelm Wundt

Information is passed between neurons through chemicals called neurotransmitters (NTs)

_

K+ (potassium) largely flows freely across the membrane, but N+ (sodium) largely kept out

_

Spinal cord= part of CNS (central nervous system) -Sensory processing -Motor (movement) outflow -reflexes

_

What is an engram?

a group of neurons that serve as a physical representation of a memory

What body parts are included in the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex? -the sensation of touch -emotion -reasoning -memory -voluntary movement -vision -breathing

breathing

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with non-human animal studies

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________ at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the lining of photoreceptors along the back of the eye.

cornea; pupil

Observation that 2 (or more) variables are related to each other

correlations

Whereas alcohol is considered a(n) __________, cocaine is considered a(n) ____________.

depressant; stimulant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

distibuted

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

explicit memories

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.

recognition

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.

temporal

gateway to the cortex (brain)

thalamus

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

accuracy of a given result in measuring what is designed to measure

validity

Form junctions with other cells and release neurotransmitters

Axon Terminals

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the ________ is the brain structure that controls one's own biological clock.

hypothalamus

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

reliability