introduction to public health quiz bank

According to the Community Toolbox, what is the definition of culture?

"Culture" refers to a group or community which shares common experiences that shape the way its members understand the world. It includes groups that we are born into, such as race, national origin, gender, class, or religion. It can also include a group we join or become part of.

According to the Ted Talk "Are You Confused about Health Information? You're not Alone" by Dr. Lisa Fitzpatrick, for every $1 we spend on health literacy, we can save ______.

$25

According to the documentary "Fed Up" type 2 diabetes, once known as "adult onset diabetes" was virtually unheard of in children just a few decades ago. In 1980, there were ______ childhood cases of the condition. In 2010, there were ________.

0 and 57,000

The National Academy of Medicine estimates that nearly ________ Americans die each year as a result of adverse effects of drugs.

100,000

According to Dr. Lisa Fitzpatricks Ted Talk, the cost of low health literacy to the U.S. economy is between $___ billion to $____ billion annually.

106 to 238

What was the average age of people in the US who died during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic?

28

Of the 10 Essential Public Health Services, choose one and describe why you feel it is important. Your answer should be a minimum of 200 words.

3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues In my opinion, this is one of the most important of the 10 essential public health services for a myriad of reasons. Without the knowledge to combat health issues, individuals will unknowingly damage themselves and others through the spread of misinformation and unhealthy habits. This can be seen through the recent covid-19 pandemic, where misinformation about the virus, and at times plain lies, damaged our society to a point where not only were individuals dying from the virus but our very social structure was being tested to the point of near collapse. Without the correct information being spread, and more importantly with incorrect information such as conspiracy theories being peddled through Facebook and other social media platforms we were left in a terrible situation that I hope for the sake of our country never comes to pass again. Stepping aside from the covid-19 pandemic, there are many more cases of misinformation being spread from word of mouth, unreliable news sites, as well as our very own elected politicians. It is incredibly important to have reliable sources of information that can benefit individuals' health and overall well-being but to also debunk any misinformation that may be circling the many sources of news that we have at our disposal.

According to the film "Fix It: Health Care at the Tipping Point", the United States has the most bureaucratic healthcare system in the world - with _____% of every health care dollar going to paperwork, overhead and administrative costs.

30 -35

According to Dr. Rishi Manchandra, living and working conditions account for ________ percent of preventable death.

60

In the United States, in which age group is the leading cause of death and disability unintentional injuries?

85+ years

According to the article "Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare", the lack of diversity in health care leadership is dramatic, with _____% of senior management in health care organizations being white.

98

Who was Henrietta Lacks?

A Black woman from a poor Southern family

An association between populations that eat more fish and a lower mortality rate from coronary heart disease in the same population would establish which of the following?

A group association that may be helpful in generating a hypothesis about the relationship between fish consumption and coronary heart disease.

Banning the use of tobacco in public places would be an example of:

A legislative law

According to Dr. Rishi Manchandra, what is an upstreamist?

A upstreamist is an individual that looks for the root cause of symptoms and diseases such as an individual's environment which includes working and living conditions.

Due to food-borne diseases, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that each year

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is true of tests used for screening for disease?

All of these are correct.

Mercury contamination of the Great Lakes represents which type of physical environment?

Altered environment

According to the ____________, poor health literacy is "a stronger predictor of a person's health than age, income, employment status, education level, and race."

American Medical Association (AMA)

Which determinant is best associated with the following: The highest risk of HIV transmission through the sexual route is through anal intercourse?

Behavior

________________________ may be caused by a wide variety of organisms, ranging from bacteria, to viruses to a spectrum of parasites.

Communicable disease

Which era/time period focused on the germ theory?

Contagion Control

__________ is the stage of behavioral change where an individual realizes that she needs to lose weight to reduce her chances of developing diabetes, but she is not yet ready to start a diet.

Contemplation

The existence of a ______________________ implies that the "cause" increases the chances that the "effect" will develop.

Contributory cause

The efforts to shift costs of health care to individuals on the assumption that individuals will spend less when the costs are coming out of their pockets is:

Cost sharing

Which of the following best describes the mortality due to drug overdoses in the United States?

Deaths from drug overdoses exceed those from motor vehicle injuries.

The amount individuals need to pay out-of-pocket before being eligible for insurance coverage is known as the:

Deductible

The _______________________ is the central public health agency of the federal government.

Department of Health and Human Services DHHS

Which of the following is responsible for the preparation and response to disasters and terrorism?

Department of Homeland Security

Which of the following is an example of a non-communicable disease?

Diabetes

Which of the following is not an example of an unintentional injury?

Domestic violence

According to the article "Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare" which of the following has NOT been a strategy used by systems to improve cultural competency.

Enusre that none of the providers in the system have implicit bias

A(n) ________________________ is a disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected for a given time and place.

Epidemic or outbreak

A premium is the amount that an individual or family is responsible for paying before being eligible for insurance coverage.

False

According to the CDC, organizational health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others.

False

According to the article "Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare", minorities have been shown to have increased access to preventative care and treatment for chronic conditions which results in decreased emergency room visits, graver health outcomes and an increased likelihood of heart disease, cancer, diabetes and mental illness.

False

According to the social cognitive theory, reinforcement is the knowledge and skills needed to engage in a behavior.

False

In 2010, the Food Safety Modernization Act was passed. This Act gave the FDA and Office of Homeland Security increased authority.

False

Incidence is the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period.

False

Market justice views the equitable distribution of health as a social responsibility.

False

Persons with limited health literacy skills are more less to have chronic conditions and are more able to manage them effectively.

False

Regarding health care systems, the United States relies most heavily on social justice, whereas the United Kingdom places more emphasis on market justice.

False

List four of the "red flags" that can indicate a person has low health literacy.

Frequently missed appointments incomplete registration form non-compliance with medication unable to name medications, explain purpose or dosing

What initiative, organized by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is a collaborative effort between other public and private organizations/entities that sets evidence-based national objectives aimed at improving the health of the population?

Healthy People

_____________ refers to risk to individuals and populations that is out of their direct control.

Imposed risk

Which public health strategy for reducing risk factors related to disease best explains the following example: High blood pressure is reduced by adding a new salt substitute to a range of foods?

Improving the average risk

Which of the following roles does a case-control study primarily play in establishing contributory cause?

Individual association

Permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits best describes:

Informed consent

Which of the following is a method of transmission of HIV/AIDS?

Intravenous drug use Blood transfusions Mother-to-child during childbirth Breastfeeding Correct! All of these are correct.

Which of the following is not true of community-oriented primary care?

It defines a community based exclusively on geography.

Which of the following is true of a primary intervention?

It may be accomplished by preventing exposure through creation of barriers. It may be accomplished by increasing resistance to the condition. It may be accomplished by removing the presence of the cause. Correct! All of these are correct.

Who is considered the father of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854?

John Snow

In the documentary "Fed Up", the _______________ suggested that Americans eat less fat, less cholesterol, less refined and processed sugars, and more complex carbohydrates and fiber.

McGovern Report

Which of the following components of Medicare provides partial coverage for professional services such as physician services?

Medicare Part B

Which of the following components of Medicare provides partial coverage for outpatient drugs?

Medicare Part D

All of the following populations are vulnerable to low health literacy levels except:

Middle to high level income populations

According to the Health Belief Model, the following statement is an example of a cue to action.

My brother-in-law was recently diagnosed with diabetes so I should get screened.

Which of the following provides a structure to design and evaluate health education and health promotion programs through a planning process, implementation process and evaluation process.

PRECEDE/PROCEED

Which of the following is true of behavioral change?

Positive feedback is important for successful behavioral change. Peer and/or family support is helpful in achieving behavioral change. Population-wide efforts are most effective when they complement other efforts aimed at individual behavioral change. Correct! All of these are correct.

According to the article "Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare", ____________ were more likely to participate in disparity-reducing activities and may serve as role models for other physician organizations.

Primary care organizations

If vaccination for meningococcal meningitis is required of all entering college students, this would be an example of which type of

Primary intervention—obligation

Which of the following are the 4 P's of social marketing?

Product, Price, Place and Promotion

Which of the following is not true of the history of public health?

Public health as a defined field dates back to the Renaissance.

Which of the following best describes the contributions of social sciences to public health?

Public health can be viewed as an application of many of the social sciences.

All of the following are true about radon except:

Radon decreases the effects of cigarette smoking

Medicare is/does all of the following except:

Regionally run government program

________________ is the possibility of developing a disease if the risk factor is present compared to the probability of developing a disease if the risk factor is not present.

Relative risk

The Belmont Report focuses on which three key issues?

Respect for persons, beneficence and justice

Chemical X, which is used in the manufacturing of plastics, is found to double the frequency of asthma when inhaled for more than 2 hours a day at levels of more than 2 parts per million. This is an example of which of the following approaches to environmental problems?

Risk assessment

A chemical is absorbed through the digestive tract but not through the skin. This is an example of which of the following factors that affect the impact of an exposure?

Route of exposure

The __________________ program makes relatively expensive items, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, accessible to those with low incomes.

SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program))

If an asymptomatic patient older than 50 years is offered a test to detect colon cancer, which, if completed, will reduce the cost of his or her health insurance, this would be an example of which type of intervention?

Secondary intervention—motivation

Which of the following ideal criteria for elimination of a disease is addressed by the following statement: Hepatitis B can survive for extended periods of time in contaminated needles?

Short persistence in the environment.

Which of the following is not included in the definition of socioeconomic status as used in the United States?

Social class

A person who views health care as a social resource and a right for everyone subscribes to which viewpoint?

Social justice

Which of the following influences on health is the strongest in the following example: Those who have completed the fewest grades of formal education have an increased risk of developing tuberculosis?

Socioeconomic

Which of the following ancillary or supportive criteria is addressed in this statement: The relative risk or odds ratio for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and infants who sleep prone is approximately 6?

Strength of the association

According to the documentary "Fed Up" which of the following is primarily responsible for America's rising obesity rate?

Sugars

Which of the following best describes the main theme of the article "Identifying food marketing to teenagers: a scoping review"?

Teenagers are often targeted by food marketing messages but there is limited research on the power of food marketing specifically to teenagers.

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the ten great public health achievements?

Texting and driving

From 1932-1972, the U.S. Public Health Service conducted a study of the effects of untreated syphilis in Black men in Macon County, Alabama. This describes which of the following?

The Tuskegee Study

All of the following are true of the US health care systems except:

The US health care system is less complex for patients and providers of care and costs far less to administer

Which of the following represents the status of a right to health care in the United States?

The United States Congress, through legislation, has established a right to health care under specific circumstances, such as access to emergency care.

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between the Pandemic Flu of 1918 and Covid-19?

The incubation period

___________________ is the expected time between contact/exposure to a disease and the development of symptoms.

The incubation period

All of the following are true of the control of rabies, except:

The vaccine for rabies has frequent and serious side effects and should only be used when rabies exposure has been definitely established.

Which of the following is NOT part of the ten principles in the Nuremberg Code?

The voluntary consent of the human subject is recommended.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about opioids?

The widespread availability of rapidly acting prescription opioids has played a key role in the current opioid epidemic.

Daily low-dose exposure may produce different impacts than short-term, high-dose exposure. This is an example of which of the following factors that affect the impact of an exposure?

Timing of exposure

All of the following are part of the goals and roles of governmental public health agencies except:

To regulate the use of cannibis in communities.

According to Dr. Rishi Manchandra, in healthcare, providers often treat symptoms without addressing the conditions that make people sick in the first place.

True

According to the article "Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare" by 2050, it is estimated that 50% of the US population will consist of minorities.

True

According to the article by O'Rourke "Lost in the Health Care Reform Discussion: Health Care as a Right or a Privilege" we already have a national health insurance program for part of our population which is Medicare.

True

According to the documentary "Fed Up," sugar has many different names including high fructose corn syrup and maltodextrin.

True

According to the documentary "Fix It: Healthcare At the Tipping Point," the largest percentage of bankruptcies for individuals in the US is due to medical bills.

True

If a person has no symptoms of a disease, they are considered asymptomatic.

True

Institutional review boards (IRB's) are responsible for approving most research involving human subjects.

True

Measuring the impact of the physical environment is difficult because there are many types of impacts and effects are often subtle.

True

Morbidity in public health is disability.

True

Not all risks for environmental disease require high-level or long-term exposure.

True

Persons with limited health literacy skills are more likely to skip important preventive measures such as mammograms, Pap smears, and flu shots.

True

Secondary interventions occur after the development of a disease or risk factor, but before symptoms appear.

True

Some infections, especially viruses that are highly contagious can be controlled by vaccinating 50-60% of the population, creating what is called herd immunity.

True

The Harvards Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures attitudes and beliefs that people may be unwilling or unable to report.

True

The Theory of Planned Behavior is based on the idea that intention is the main predictor of behavior.

True

Volcanoes represent which type of physical environment?

Unaltered or natural environment

Which of the following is an approach included in population health?

Use of traditional public health focused on populations Use of the healthcare delivery system focused on individuals Use of social policy interventions Correct! All of these are correct

List 5 tips that health care providers/professionals can use when working with a person with low health literacy.

Use plain language Limit information (3-5 key points) Be specific and concrete, not general demonstrate, draw pictures, use models Repeat/summarize

Which of the following does the FDA not regulate:

Vaccines for animal diseases

Which of the following is the most accurate statement of public health?

Vulnerable populations and the mutual concerns of the entire population are the focus of public health.

The Community Toolbox describes 6 helpful tips to start building a diverse community. List these.

Welcome everyone guilt doesn't work in fostering diversity treating everyone the same be unintentionally oppressive people can take on tough issues more readily when the issues are presented with a spirit of hope building a team around us is the most effective way of creating institutional and community change around diversity issues recognize and work with the diversity already present in what appear to be a homogenous group

___________________ is a fixed amount of money per patient per unit of time paid in advance to the physician for the delivery of health care services.

capitation

The Air Quality Index measures

concentration of four air pollutants of concern to health.

A(n) _______ stereotype is one that is relatively inaccessible to conscious awareness and/or control. Even if you say that men and women are equally good at math, it is possible that you associate math more strongly with men without being actively aware of it.

implicit

All of the following are true of lead as an environmental hazard, except:

paint in homes is no longer a source of lead exposure because lead is no longer allowed in paint.

FDA approval of a drug has all of the following implications, except:

the drug is free of life-threatening side effects