Invitation to the lifespan chapters 1-4

social referencing

"Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

Skinner

(S) Behaviorism; Operant Conditioning; Pos&Neg reinforcement, punishment

germinal period

1st two weeks of prenatal development

sex chromosomes

23rd set of chromosomes, XX or Xy

embryonic period

3rd-8th week of prenatal development

fetal period

9th week until birth of prenatal development

Down syndrome

A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Trisomy 21

synchrony

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.

oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

neuron

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

Apgar Scale

A quick assessment of a newborn's body functioning. The baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, color, and reflexes are given a score of 0, 1, or 2 twice-at one minute and five minutes after birth- and each time the total of all five scores is compared with the ideal score of 10 (which is rarely attained.)

experiment

A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable.

cognitive theory

A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Vygotsky

social learning theory

A theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people's thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people's behavior

proximity-seeking behavior

Acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to an attachment figure.

strange situation

Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation

attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

case study

An in-depth examination of a single research participant.

stranger wariness

An infant's expression of concern—a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness—when a stranger appears.

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup

phenotype

An organisms physical appearance or visible traits

language acquisition device

Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Development of motor skills leads to independence. Either a feeling of independence or frustration that others still have more control over you, feeling that you don't have control over yourself.

separation anxiety

Distress that is sometimes experienced by infants when they are separated from their primary caregivers

trust vs mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

colostrum

First milk created during late pregnancy and early postpartum period. Has higher concentrations of immunoglobins, fat soluble vitamins and some minerals

psychoanalytic theory

Focus on past childhood experience, repressed memories, and study of the unconscious mind (Freud). Oral stage, Anal stage

psychoanalytic theory

Frued's theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood underlie human behavior.

dependent variable

In an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.

threshold effect

In prenatal development, when a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level.

child-directed speech

Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences.

Bandura

Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-learning theory

informed consent

Patient gives consent for a procedure to be performed in full knowledge of the procedure and the risk it entails

Sensorimotor intelligence

Piaget's term for the way infants think- by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development.

immunizations

Produces antibodies that provide active immunity, prevents childhood infectious diseases

replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

stages of labor

STAGE 1 - onset of uterine contractions till dilation of cervix is complete (6-24 hours). STAGE 2 - maximal cervical dilation until baby passes thru the vagina (few minutes - one hour). STAGE 3 - expulsion of the placena (15 mins).

Erikson's psychosocial theory

Social interactions with others, development continues throughout lifespan

cultural context

The values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society

evolutionary theory

Theory that nature works to ensure that each individual survives and reproduces. Human impulses,needs, and behaviors evolve/change to help with survival.

folic acid

Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects

pruning

When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.

shaken baby syndrome

a life-threatening condition that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth rupturing blood vessels in the brain and breaking neural connections

nurture

a person's experiences in the environment

nature

a person's inherited traits, determined by genetics

sensitive period

a time when a particular development occurs most easily

herd immunity

a type of immunity that occurs when a significant proportion of a community has been vaccinated against a disease and that immunity confers protection on unvaccinated individuals

contact-maintaining behavior

actions (such as clinging, resisting being put down, and using social referencing) that are evidence of attachment-specifically, the desire to remain physically close to the person to whom one is emotionally attached.

age of viability

age at which newborn may survive outside of the womb (About 22 weeks)

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

behaviorism

aka learning theory. Focuses on observable behavior. Describes the laws and purposes by which behavior is learned.

social construction

based on shared perceptions not on objective reality. example: senior citizen, race, gender roles, yuppie

vygotsky

cognitive theory

dizygotic

fraternal twins

cephalocaudal

head to tail pattern of growth

benefits of breast feeding

helps return to pre pregnancy weight, less expensive, always right temperature, sterile , and ready, reduces stress, bonding between you and your child, safe and secure, improves health, decrease risk of diarrhea and other illness

plasticity

human traits can be molded, yet people maintain a certain durability of liability

monozygotic

identical twins

independent variable

in an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.

proximodistal

near to far pattern of growth

46

number of chromosomes in a typical human body cell.

cohort

people born within several years of one another, moving through life together,experiencing same historical events, cultural shifts

correlations

positive- both variables increase or decrease. negative- one variable increases, the other decreases. zero- no relationship between variables.

senses at birth

see(least), hear, touch(most mature), smell and taste

scientific study of human development

seeks to understand how/why people of all ages ans circumstances change or remain the same over time

piaget's first stage of cognitive development

sensorimotor intelligence

gamete

sex cell/reproductive cell

developmental theory

systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for studying and explaining development. Suggest families and individual family members go through distinct stages over time, with each stage having its own sets of tasks, roles, and responsibilities

synapse

the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

critical period

time when certain things must occur for normal development

gross motor skills

use of large muscle groups that coordinate body movements such as walking, running, jumping, and balance

fine motor skills

use of precise and coordinated movements in such activities such as writing, buttoning, and cutting