IO psych
What are the top five factors that contributed job satisfaction?
1. Job security 2. Opportunities to use skills and abilities 3. The organizations financial stability 4. Relationship with immediate supervisor 5. Compensation/pay
What are the 3 career concepts?
1. Linear- Progressive upward movement's 2. Expert- lifelong commitment 3. Spiral - periodic moves from specialty/disciplines 4. Transitory - wants frequent job changes
What is cross training?
Cross-training is often discussed as an alternative to job rotation. In both cases, workers learn the responsibilities and tasks of multiple job positions. It basically involves teaching tasks and activities that are performed in several similar jobs.
Which type of communication network, centralized or decentralized works well for simple and complex tasks?
Simple- centralized Complex- decentralized (bc greater flexibility and exchange of ideas)
The general systems theory places emphasis on person-machine fit. What is this?
Performance is the result of an interaction between people and machines.. and any failure in performance is due to a person-machine mismatch
What are some of the commonly used measures for a selection and other employment decisions?
- general mental (cognitive) ability tests - job knowledge tests - personality tests - interest inventories - biodata (biographical) data - interviews
McClellan (1965) used the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to identify needs that underlie job motivation. What are the 3 needs that emerged?
1. Need for achievement (this has been researched the most) 2. Need for power 3. Need for affiliation (relationships)
What is an organizational Development intervention?
These are interventions that rely on behavioral science principles and their techniques to facilitate planned change. The most common reason for this is to improve productivity.
What are assessment centers?
These are used to evaluate managers to determine if lower level manager should be promoted or to identify a managers needs for training and personal development.
What is the ADAs stance on drug testing?
This is actually not considered a medical exam and they permit employers to administer a drug test before and after hiring an individual and to refuse to hire an applicant because of a positive test
Which of those criteria is the most important?
Results criteria
Criterion relevance
The actual criterions construct validity- The degree to which it measures the ultimate criterion
Brousseau & Driver's (1996) Theory of Career Development focuses on and individual's _____?
"Career concept" - Which is how the person envisions his or her ideal career path.
What is groupthink?
It is a suspension of critical thinking that can occur in highly cohesive groups.
Mayer and Alan distinguish between three types of organizational commitment. What are these?
- Affective commitment: A workers identification with, emotional attachment to, and involvement in the organization - Continuance commitment: A worker's perceptions regarding the social and monetary costs of leaving the organization - Normative commitment: A sense of obligation to remain with the organization because she believes it's the right thing to do
According to the expectancy theory, an employee will work hard if she ________, _________, and _______.
1. Believes that effort will lead to success (high expectancy) 2. Believes that successful performance will lead to rewards (high instrumentality) 3. Views the rewards as desirable (positive valence)
What are the four types of arbitration?
1. Binding- The two sides agree in advance to except the settlement recommended by the arbitrator 2. Voluntary- The parties agree only to the arbitration process 3. Conventional- The arbitrator is free to choose any settlement solution 4. Final offer- The arbitrator must select one of the final offers made by the disputants
What are the two dimensions of leadership behavior?
1. Consideration- The amount of warmth, concern, report and support 2. Initiating structure- The extent to which a leader directs and structures his or her role and the roles of subordinates. Task- oriented
What are the five stages of Soopers theory of career development over the lifespan?
1. Growth (age 0-14) 2. Exploration (age 14-25) 3. Establishment (age 25-45) 4. Maintenance (age 45 to 65) 5 Disengagement (65+)
What are the four elements of a needs assessment?
1. Identifying organizational goals and determine if training is needing to achieve those goals 2. A task (job) analysis to identify what must be done to perform the job successfully 3. A person analysis to determine which employees require training and what knowledge and skills they need to acquire 4. A demographic analysis to identify the needs of different groups of workers (e.g. older v. younger)
What are the two primary coping strategies set up and found that people use after job loss?
1. Problem-focused- involves looking for jobs obtaining training or moving 2. Symptom-focused- involve regulating one's emotions through venting, denial, or disengagement
What are the 2 types of individual decision making?
1. Rational economic model: involves systematically searching for and considering all possible alternatives before making a decision. 2. Bounded rationality administrative model: proposes that limited capabilities, time, and resources, force decision-makers to be less than rational. They consider solutions as they become available and select the first solution that meets the minimum criteria of acceptability
Resistance to change within an organization is a very common challenge. What are the three strategies for overcoming resistance?
1. Rational-empirical strategy: based on the assumption that people are basically rational and will act in accord with their self interest once they've been provided with the necessary information 2. Normative-re-education strategy: based on the premise that peer pressure and socio- cultural norms are potent forces of change 3. Power-coercive strategy: involves actually using power and authority to coerce employees to comply with plans for change. May use rewards and punishment.
Kirkpatrick distinguishes between four levels of criteria that can be used to evaluate training programs what are these?
1. Reaction (did the participants think it was helpful or satisfying?) 2. Learning (how much did the participants actually learn) 3. Behavioral (how much did their performance change when they return to the job) 4. Results (assess the value of the training program in terms of the organization's goals- can be financially related or not)
What are the three shifts for shift work?
1. Regular shift: 7:00am - 3:00pm 2. Swing shift: 3:00pm -11:00pm 3. Graveyard shift: 11:00pm - 7:00am
What two categories are subjective criterion measures broken down into?
1. Relative (competitive) techniques: this requires the rater to compare the performance of two or more employees to each other 2. Absolute techniques: provide information on performance without a reference or comparison to other employees.
Dawis & Lofquist's Theory of Work Adjustment says that job satisfaction and other outcomes are the result of the correspondence between the worker and the work environment on two dimensions, what are these?
1. Satisfaction 2. Satisfactoriness
The situational leadership model by Hersey & Blanchard (1974) distinguishes between 4 leadership styles that are each characterized by a different combination of task and relationship orientation. What are the 4?
1. Telling leader: high task, low relationship style. Most effective for employees who are low in ability and willingness 2. Selling leader: has high task and high relationship style and is most effective for employees with low ability and high willingness 3. Participating leader: has a low task, high relationship style and is most effective for those with high ability and low willingness 4. Delegating leader: Low task and low relationship style and is most effective for employees who are high in both ability and willingness
What conditions foster a positive transfer of training?
1. The degree of similarity between aspects of learning and performance environments are maximized - identical elements should be provided 2. General rules and principles are taught in addition to specific skills 3. Training includes exposure to a variety of examples and other relevant stimuli 4. The skills acquired in training are subsequently reinforced and supported on the job
Obtaining work samples can be used for a few different purposes. What are these?
1. Trainability tests: Work samples include a structured period learning and evaluation to see how much training the employee needs 2. Realistic job preview: this is when a work sample is included in the begging to show the applicant what the job will really be like because a primary reason for turnover is a mismatch between expectations and reality of a job
Interviewing potential job applicants is actually not that valid or reliable in comparison to other selection techniques. What are some things that can be done to improve interview accuracy?
1. Training interviewers before hand 2. Using a structured interview 3. Combining a structured interview with another selection procedure such as a measure of general mental ability 4. Using behavior description interviews (this is where we ask about situations that have occurred in applicants past because these are somewhat more valid than situational interviews, which ask applicants to respond to hypothetical situations) 5. Some experts recommend using multiple interviewers like a panel, but structured interviews are still the most reliable, valid and cost-effective
Research has shown that job satisfaction is actually a _____ trait.
A stable/dispositional trait. It typically remains pretty stable despite changes in occupations and employers
What is the paired comparison rating technique?
A RELATIVE rating technique- The rater compares each ratee with every other ratee in pairs on one or more dimensions of job performance ** this does get cumbersome as the number of rateees increase
What is the forced distribution rating technique?
A RELATIVE rating technique- this is similar to grading on the curve and involves assigning ratees to a limited number of categories based on pre-defined normal distribution on one or more dimensions of job performance (eg lowest 10%, next 20%, middle 40%, next 20%)
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover, absenteeism, and tardiness?
A strong relationship has been found. This is related to high rates of turnover, absenteeism and tardiness. The strongest relationship has been found for turnover
Life Career Rainbow? 🌈
A graphical model of life roles, covering all life stages, and career relatedness developed by Super. The roles are child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker and homemaker. The life stages are growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance and disengagement.
Bandura's behavioral modeling is also used in training employees. According to Bandura, modeling is most effective when it utilizes ______?
A guided mastery approach that consist of modeling the appropriate skills, guided skill mastery (role mastery), and self-directed application of newly acquired skills on the job
What characteristics make groupthink more likely?
A highly cohesive group, when the leader is highly directive, and it is a high stress situation
What is an early sign of burn out?
A sudden increase in work effort and hours without a corresponding increase in productivity.
Definition of disability?
A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities
What are taylor-russell tables?
A table that is used to estimate a predictors incremental validity when the criterion related validity coefficient, selection ratio, and base rate are known Overall, win this election rate is low, base rate is moderate, a predictor with low validity coefficient can still improve decision making accuracy
What is the concept of positive transfer of training?
A training program should result in improvements in actual on the job performance, which occurs when a variety of conditions are met
American Disabilities Act (ADA)
ADA is a U.S. law that gives civil rights to disabled persons. It requires employers to avoid discriminating against people who have a disability.
Vroom decision making model includes 5 decision making strategies. What are these?
AI (autocratic): The leader makes decisions alone AII (autocratic): The leader six input from employees but then makes the final decision alone CI (consultative): The leader explains the problem to each employee on a ONE TO ONE basis, but the final decision may or may not reflect input from employees CII (consultative): The leader explains the problem to employees as a GROUP, but his or her decision may not reflect the input from the employees G (group): The leader explains the problem to employees as a group, and the group actually makes the final decision *** When using this model, a decision tree is included that helps the employer make a decision about which of these to use
The relationship between motivation and work performance is complex. What ingredients are necessary in combination with motivation to result in good performance?
Ability and the right environment (support, materials, and equipment)
What are some of the pros and cons with relative rating techniques?
Advantages: they help alleviate rater biases Cons: they force the raider to place some ratees at high or low performance levels
What is the adverse impact (80%, 4/5 )rule?
Adverse impact occurs when the use of a selection test results in substantially higher rejection rates for the members of a minority group. The 80% rule can be used to determine if adverse impact is occurring. To use this rule, the hiring rate for the majority group is multiplied by 80% to determine the minimum hiring rate for the minority group
Out of all of the different types of commitment, which has been found to be the most consistently related to a variety of outcomes?
Affective commitment. It has been found to be related to turn over, absenteeism, job performance, stress, and work and family conflict
What is a forced- choice rating scale rating technique?
An ABSOLUTE rating technique- consist of 2 to 4 alternatives that are considered to be about equal in terms of desirability and the Raiders select the option that vest or least describes the ratee
What is the critical incident rating technique?
An ABSOLUTE rating technique- supervisor will put together a list of critical incidents that are good or bad from observing employees while they work. * A drawback for this is that it does require close supervision of employees in accurate record keeping by the raider end it only addresses extreme job behavior is not typical ones end it does not indicate the frequency to which the behavior occurs
What is the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) rating technique?
An ABSOLUTE rating technique- this is developed by having supervisors identify several independent dimensions of job behavior such as knowledge, motivation, interpersonal relationships, and identify several behavioral anchors, critical incidents, for each dimension and order these anchors within each dimension from least to most desirable. The raider will then choose one behavior for each dimension that best describes the employee The primary disadvantage is the time that it takes to actually develop the scale
What is the graphic rating scale rating technique?
An ABSOLUTE rating technique- this is using a Likert scale to rate the employees performance on several dimensions. These are highly susceptible to rater biases, but this is improved when the points on the scale are anchored with descriptions of specific job behaviors
What is a formative evaluation?
And evaluation that is conducted while a training program is being developed . It's results are used to make necessary modifications in on the program before it is actually implemented.
What is the leaderless group discussion task?
Another situational test that involves having five or six participants work together without an assigned leader to solve a job related problem or discuss a job related issue.
What is the most common method for resolving conflict in the workplace?
Bargaining: this is when opposite sides in the argument exchange offers, counter offers, and concessions. It's effectiveness is impacted by the participants overall view of the process and it is less likely to be affective when any of the parties regarded as a win lose situation meaning when they view that gains by one party are countered by the losses of the other. And it is likely to be more successful when all parties view it as a win-win situation.
What is the primary focus of Tiedman and O'Hara career decision making model ?
Believe that career development is an aspect of ego identity which develops along side Ericksons stages. 2 stages of this model are - anticipation phase (includes exploration, crystallization, choice, specification and involves exploring different careers and possibilities and eventually making a career choice) - implementation and adjustment phase- Includes induction, reform ation, and integration. The individual enters the work situation and becomes an established member of the workforce.
Communication networks are categorized as centralized or decentralized. What is the difference between these two?
Centralized: all information must pass through a central person or position Decentralized: information flows more freely without going through essential person
What are personnel assessments?
Collecting individual data this might include accomplishment records, biographical data/bio data, cognitive tests, personality tests and work samples I am
Of the big five personality traits, which street has been found to be the most productive of job performance?
Conscientiousness
What is overlearning?
Continuation of practice beyond the point of mastery. This can be useful for remembering information that has a little inherent meaning or for information that will be recalled in frequently or under stressful situations
Survey feedback is another option for organizational development intervention what are the three primary steps of using this?
Data collection, data feedback and action planning
What is a compressed work week?
Decreases the number of days worked in a given cycle by increasing the number of hours worked per day. Ex- 4 10 hr shifts
What is the purpose of process consultation
Design to assist members of an organization help themselves by improving their ability to perceive and understand and alter processes that are undermining their interactions with one another. The focus is on behaviors rather than attitude and then target those behaviors that are related to issues.
What did the civil rights act of 1964 prohibit?
Discrimination in hiring, placement, training, promotion, and retention on the basis of race, religion, gender, age, or disability
What time should brakes be provided at work?
During the times of greatest fatigue, which is during the fourth and eight hours of work.
What is the relationship between task difficulty and the necessary arousal?
Easier tasks: higher arousal More difficult: Lower arousal
What are the primary things to remember about Taylor's scientific management?
Emphasizes breaking jobs down into component parts, having each employee perform a single component, and relying primarily on economic rewards/money to motivate employees
Locke and Lathams goal-setting theory posits?
Employees are motivated to achieve goals they have consciously accepted and are committed to. Predicts that specific goals and moderately difficult goals produce higher levels of productivity then easy or ambiguous goals and that the positive effects of these goals on productivity is strongest for simple tasks Researchers have also found that when participants are involved in their own goal-setting they often set goals that are even higher than what the employer would have set it at .
How can groupthink be avoided?
Encouraging skepticism, appointing someone as the devils advocate, bringing in outside opinions, reducing time pressures to reach a solution, and the leader not stating his or her own opinion to the group prior to a discussion
When does differential validity occur?
Exists when the validity coefficient of a predictor is significantly different for one sub group than for another (female vs. male, white vs. black). Unfairness occurs when the members of the minority group consistently score lower on a predictor, but perform approximately the same on the criterion as members of the majority group
Out of the big five personality traits which tree is the strongest predictor of effective leadership?
Extroversion
What is group polarization?
the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members alone .
What does the term survivor syndrome mean in terms of downsizing?
Feelings of depression, anxiety, guilt, physical illnesses, and decrease job satisfaction for those who remain on the job after downsizing has occurred
What is the primary difference between male and female leaders?
Females are more likely to rely on a democratic (participative) decision-making style.
What are the two types of ways that somebody can go through shifts?
Fixed and rotating * Fix is usually preferred because it doesn't disrupt circadian rhythm's. Rotating shifts can increased fatigue, and cause concentration difficulties in more errors
What are Tuckman's five stages of group development?
Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
What are the two types of rotation?
Forward - going from days, evenings, to nights (associated with that or circadian rhythm synchronization and productivity Backward- going from nights, evenings, to days
Which works better, frequent short breaks or longer less frequent breaks?
Frequent short breaks
Which selection measure is the best predictor of job performance?
General mental ability tests
A distinguishing characteristic of a human factors approach is it's reliance on the _____ theory.
General systems theory
What shift has been associated with the most social, health, and work related problems such as higher accident rates and lower performance quality?
Graveyard shift - likely to be partly related to sleep deprivation
What is a discretionary group task?
Group members decide how to combine the contributions of individual members
What is a disjunctive group task?
Group members must select the solution offered by one group member, ideally that of the best member
Group size, homogeneity, and goals all impact group cohesiveness. What about each of these promotes better cohesiveness?
Group size: best = 5-10 members Homogeneity: Group members who are similar in SES, interest, values, abilities, or more likely to be cohesive Goals: Cohesiveness as maximize when members participate in goal and Norm setting and when members depend on one another to achieve common goals
Which combination of job demands and job control produces the most stress and job dissatisfaction?
High job demands and low job control Examples- Machine-pace jobs such as assembly line workers and service jobs such as waitresses, cooks, nurses aides.
What is the difference between satisfaction and satisfactoriness?
He worker satisfaction with the job depends on the degree to which the characteristics of the job correspond with his or her needs and values Satisfactoriness depends on the extent to which the workers skills correspond to the demands of the job
What his Holland's RIASEC model?
Holland believed there is a lot of importance in matching an individual's personality to the characteristics of the work environment. He distinguishes between six basic personality/work environment types these are: -Realistic -Investigative -Artistic -Social -Enterprising -Conventional Holland adds that this model is an accurate predictor of job-related outcomes when the individual exhibits a high degree of differentiation. Meaning that she has clear interest as evidenced by a high score on one of the 6 types and low scores on the others
Homogeneous groups are good at ________ tasks, while heterogeneous groups are good at _______ tasks.
Homogeneous: simple tasks Heterogeneous: complex tasks
What is multiple regression?
In equation that allows for predictor scores to be waited and summed to yield an estimated criterion score with each persons weight being determined by its correlation with the criterion in with the other factors. This is considered to be a compensatory strategy since really good performance on one predictor can offset the performance on another
However, Research has shown that there are actually some benefits for women that are mothers and working. What are these?
Increasing income, access to social support, provides a woman with a buffer against stress and conflict at home, and Hanses self-esteem
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
Individualism-Collectivism Power Distance- extent to which people except an unequal distribution of power Uncertainty Avoidance - willingness of people to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty Masculinity-Femininity Long-Term—Short-Term Orientation- Extent to which people focus on the future versus the past and present
What is the difference between an internal and external change agent?
Internal: an individual within an organization who will be responsible for guiding the change effort. This is someone who is already familiar with the company culture, norms and power structure External: this is a consultant who comes in to an organization to bring a new perspective who will guide the change process
There are various methods of training that include on the job or off the job techniques what are some examples of on the job techniques?
Internships, apprenticeships, mentoring, job rotation and cross training.
What is job enlargement? (horizontal job loading)
Is achieved by increasing the number and variety of tasks. This can reduce boredom, but it does not have a substantial impact on satisfaction or motivation
For Fiedler, how is leader style measured?
Is assessed by the least preferred coworker Scale (LPC). -A high LPC leader describes the least preferred coworker in favorable terms and is relationship oriented and is primarily concerned with maintaining supportive relationships with subordinates - A low LPC leader describes a least preferred coworker in unfavorable terms and is task oriented and is most concerned with goal achievement
What is summative evaluation?
Is conducted after a program has been implemented in order to assess its outcomes and may include determining how much trainees have learned and the programs cost effectiveness.
What does Maslow propose that motivation is a result of?
It is a result of the five basic instinctual needs which start with physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem and self actualization
What is the Hawthorne effect and how did we come to figure this out?
It is the improvement in job performance resulting from psychological and social factors related to the participation in a research study. It was found by research conducted by Mayo at the Hawthorne plant electric company. The original intent was to test the effects of physical conditions such as light level, humidity, fatigue on job performance, but what he found was that productivity increased because of the novelty of the situation, workers interest in the experiment, and special attention that they got bc they were in an experiment.
What is the leniency/ strictness bias ?
Occur when the raider tends to avoid the middle range of the rating scale and instead rates all employees as either high (leniency) or low (strictness) on all dimensions of performance
Karasek's Demand-Control Model Identifies job demands and job control as a primary contributors to job stress. What do each of these mean?
Job demands: The requirements of the job Job control: Decision latitude and refers to the workers autonomy and discussion for using different skills
The cognitive resource theory attempts to explain why there is only a week relationship between a leaders intellectual ability and effectiveness. It proposes that the impact of a leader's intelligence and experience on performance is moderated by the stressfulness of the situation. What are the differences in how leaders get through situations that involve low and high levels of stress?
Low stress- in low stress situations a leader is able to apply his or her cognitive skills, judgment, and problem-solving which is reflective of intelligence. High stress- In these situations stress interferes with the leaders ability to use his or her cognitive resources and consequently must rely on experience.
When do low LPC and high LPC leaders shine?
Low- in either very unfavorable or very favorable situations High - perform best in moderately favorable situations
What are some examples of off the job techniques?
Lectures, conferences, computer-assisted instruction, vestibule training and behavioral modeling
Schein's Model of Organizational Culture
Level 1: Observable Artifacts and Creations (company's dress code, stories and rituals) Level 2: Values (organizations norms, goals, and ideologies) Level 3: Basic Assumptions (unconscious, taken for granted perceptions, beliefs, thoughts, and emotions) These underlying assumptions are conceptualize as cognitive defense mechanisms that are for the group what defense mechanisms are for the individual. Strong organizational culture can also impede cultural and other types of change.
Disadvantages of off the job techniques?
Low Traini motivation, restricted transfer of training, and higher costs
What are the primary symptoms of a job burnout?
Low sense of personal accomplishment, depersonalization (the tendency to treat fellow employees and customers as objects) and emotional exhaustion.
What is the relationship between age and job satisfaction?
Many studies have found a positive linear relationship between age and satisfaction, but others have found a U-shaped relationship. This means that young employees report a high level of satisfaction when they begin their job followed by a decline in satisfaction and then another increase in satisfaction with increasing age
Stress related to ______ has been found to put individuals at the greatest risk for development of physical illness?
Marriage
Roe 1972's work was primarily influenced by the work of which person?
Maslow
Unemployment often leads to a deterioration in mental and physical health and increased anxiety and depression. What are some steps that an employer can take to help reduce this negative impact?
Maximizing communication with employees, explaining the criteria for deciding who will be laid off and who will remain, and creating an outplacement program that provides laid off employees with career and psychological counseling, job search training, and administrative support
What is the relationship between race/ethnicity and job satisfaction?
Members of my minority groups report lower levels of overall job satisfaction This difference is most stark when blacks are compared to whites
What gender differences have been found for the causes of work family conflict?
Men's work-family conflict is due to work expectations Women's is due to Family expectations
What is the most lenient and most reliable subjective measures of performance?
Most lenient - self ratings Most reliable - supervisor rating
What is the difference between objective and subjective criterion measures?
Objective- quantitative measures of production such as units produced, sold, rejected. This also might be personnel data including accidents, absences. Subjective- these are the most frequently used, and usually take the form of ratings that reflect the judgment of the rater. The most common type of rating is coming from the immediate supervisor. Other types can be from peers or self readings.
How do assessment centers work usually?
Participants in the center are evaluated by a team of evaluators on different characteristics like leadership, communication, decision-making and cooperativeness. Different tests may be used to do this
Job a evaluations are often used to establish comparable worth. What is that?
Pay equity. It refers to the principal jobs that require the same education, experience, skills, and other qualifications should pay the same salary regardless of the employees age, gender, race and regardless of the content of the job in question
What is the multiple (successive) hurdles method?
Predictors are administered one at a time and a predetermined order, with each predictor being administered only if the previous one has been successfully passed or completed. This saves time and money since all the predictors are not administered to all individuals
What are the three types of Organizational justice?
Procedural justice: fairness of the way in which a procedure or policy is implemented Distributive justice: fairness of the outcomes of an organizational procedure or policy Interactional justice: how people feel about the quality and content of person to person interactions
Forces that promote change are called ________ while forces that resist change are called_______.
Promote = driving forces Resist = restraining forces
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from 2 different factors 1. Lower level needs (hygiene factors/ job context): include pay, benefits, coworker relationships, supervision and job security. In general these needs have little effect on job satisfaction and motivation, but produce dissatisfaction when not fulfilled 2. Higher-level needs (motivator/job content factors): opportunities for responsibility, advancement, recognition, and achievement. These increase job satisfaction and motivation when they are fulfilled, but do not cause this satisfaction when they are unfulfilled
What is House's path-goal theory?
Proposes that and effective leader is one who can help identify a path for subordinates that allows them to fulfill their personal goals through the achievement of group and organizational goals. A leader can do this by clarifying the goals and pass that will lead to achievement and providing rewards to support them.
What is the Fiedler Contingency Model?
Proposes that leadership effectiveness is a result of an interaction between the leader style and the favorableness of the situation
Pros and cons of the compressed work week?
Pros: positive effects on supervisor ratings are employees, increase job satisfaction, and employee satisfaction with the work schedule, with the effects being strongest for employee attitudes. Cons: It does not have a strong impact on measures of job performance or absenteeism. However some studies have showed that the compressed work week is associated with reduced absenteeism
What is frame of reference (FOR) training?
Provide raters with a common understanding of the multi dimensional nature of job performance and of what constitutes affective and ineffective performance on each dimension.
What is the central tendency bias?
Refers to a tendency for raters, or managers to evaluate most of their employees as average on the rating scale
What does Super mean by the phase "life space"?
Refers to the various roles an individual adopts at different points during her life such as child, student, citizen, or worker.
What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?
Seeks to address the management of quality at all levels of an organization and/or supply chain A top down commitment
What are the two key concepts in Super's theory of career development?
Self concept- A picture of the self in some role, situation, or position, performing a set of functions or in some web of relationships. This is a product of inherited attitudes, physical make up, and social learning experiences Career maturity- A persons ability to cope with the developmental tasks of his or her stage of life
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes the role of _____ of behavior.
Self regulation of behavior which involves 4 processes 1. Goal setting 2. Self observation 3. Self evaluation 4. Self reaction
What are self managed work teams?
Similar to quality circles, but involves groups of 10 to 15 people who take on responsibilities of their former supervisors.. not just making suggestions to supervisors Leaders rotate from group member to group member so everybody gets a chance at doing this. This is the opposite of groupthink and promotes teamthink with divergent views, and discussing doubts
What are quality circles?
Small groups of employees who meet regularly to identify and solve problems. They then present their solutions to management.
Social facilitation and inhibition are 2 effects that groups have on individual performance. What are these and when are they most likely to occur?
Social facilitation: when the mere presence of others increases task performance. Most likely to occur when a task is simple or well learned Social inhibition: occurs when the presence of others decreases performance and is more likely to occur when the task is complex or new/unlearned.
What is Nadler's system model of planned change?
States change requires addressing 4 factors- 1. Informal organization elements (communication patterns, leadership) 2. Formal elements (structures and processes) 3. Individual characteristics of employees 4. Characteristics of employees and managerial tasks ** change in any one factor will cause change in the other factors
What is Lewin's Force-Field analysis of planned change?
States that organizations continually respond to forces that either promote or resist change
What are the main take home messages of Roe's theory of career development?
Stresses that needs and personality are the result of early childhood experiences especially parent child relationships. She claimed that the nature of a person's early relationships produce a basic orientation of either "toward other people" or "not toward other people." She then created eight basic fields of occupations that includes service, business, organization, technology, outdoor, science, general cultural, arts and entertainment. These can be categorized into "toward other people" or "not toward other people"
What shift is associated with the most negative impact on family and social activities?
Swing shift
T or F..... In general, higher levels of cohesiveness results in greater productivity?
TRUE BUT this is impacted by several factors. When group cohesiveness is high the group performance depends on whether the performance related norms are higher low. When group cohesiveness is low norms have less impact on group performance
True or False- The ADA prohibits requiring a medical exam prior to making an employment offer?
TRUE- even after an offer is made, a medical exam can be required only if it was job related and MUST be required of all applicants applying for the same job, not just those that have a disability
It Has been found that task demands, group characteristics, and participation in defining norms all impact a members conformity to the group norms. How do each of these characteristics typically impact group norms?
Tasks demands- conformity is greater in ambiguous, complex, or those with no clear solution, or situations When members must work together to achieve a common goal Group characteristics- conformity increases as the consensus of group members increase and the presence of even a single outsider can significantly lower conformity. Conformity also increases when norms are in forced to close supervision. Participation is defining norms- members conform more when they have helped defined the norms. This is because members will then understand the norms better, feel more ego involved, and perceive the norms as equitable
What is situational favorableness?
The amount of influence and power that a leader has. It is determined by the nature of the leaders relationships with subordinates and the nature of the task. The more structured the task the greater the leaders influence. It also includes the leaders position power. The greater number of rewards the leader can use the more influence she has.
Which measure of personality traits has been found to be the best predictor of job performance?
The big five personality traits
What kind of relationship has been found between intelligence and leader effectiveness?
The correlation is lower than expected (.27) and there is evidence that leaders are most successful when their intelligence is only somewhat greater than the intelligence of the subordinates
What does deficiency mean in terms of the criterion?
The degree to which an actual criterion does not measure all aspects of the ultimate criterion
What is a selection ratio?
The ratio of the number of job positions to the total number of applicants 1:50 means that there is one job opening for every 50 applicants.
Why might group polarization occur?
The effects of social comparison, mutual reinforcement, diffusion of responsibility
What actually in forces the civil rights act of 1964?
The equal employment opportunity commission
What is the person-organization (P-O) fit ?
The extent to which the values held by individuals match that of the organizations culture. This is been found to have a small impact on productivity, but a big impact on job satisfaction, motivation and lower levels of stress and voluntary turnover.
What is one factor that has been found to reduce the adverse effects of the graveyard shift?
The freedom of choice plays a big role. Employees who chose to work the night shift report if you were physical and psychological problems than those that were forced or assigned to this.
What is incremental validity?
The increase in decision-making accuracy and employer will achieve by using the predictor to make selection decisions.
What is an additive group task?
The individual contributions of group members are added together to form a product.
What is a compensatory group task?
The input of group members are averaged to create a product
What is base rate?
The percent of employees who are performing satisfactory without use of the proposed predictor and this ranges from 0 to 1. Moderate bass rates (.50) are associated with the greatest incremental validity.
For group polarization, what is the term used for when the group is leaning towards a risky decision?
The risky shift phenomenon
What does the term organizational commitment mean?
The strength of an employee psychological attachment to an organization
What is the difference between theory X and theory Y managers?
Theory Y- Believe that working is as natural as play and assume that employees are capable of self-control and self direction Theory X- Believe that employees dislike work and avoid it whenever possible and as a result must be directed and controlled.
What does research say about Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
There is LITTLE evidence that there are only five distinct needs, that needs are activated in the order described by Maslow, that only one need can be activated at a time and that a need becomes less important once it is satisfied There is some evidence that when physiological needs are not met they do take precedence over other needs
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction?
There is a positive correlation between job satisfaction in life satisfaction but the nature of this relationship is unclear but it might be reciprocal
When helping employees learn, how should we help them practice?
There needs to be frequent opportunities for active practice as opposed to passive like reading or listening There should be distributed practice as opposed to mast practice
What are interest inventories in why is their use sometimes problematic?
These are based on the premise the applicants who's interest profiles resemble those of successful employees will perform best on the job. However the usefulness of these are limited because they are susceptible to faking
There are a few different ways to actually do a job analysis. One of them is a job oriented method. What is this?
These methods provide information about the characteristics of the tasks that are performed on the job.
What are worker oriented methods for job analysis?
These provide information about the knowledge, skills, abilities (KSAOs) and other characteristics that a worker needs to perform the job well * the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) is an example of this
Quality of work life programs is an organizational development intervention. What is the primary goal of this?
They are designed to humanize work in the work environment. Emphasis is placed on employee empowerment or enabling workers to set their own goals make their own decisions and solve problems
What happens when a member violates the group norms?
They are usually face with disapproval or rejection. But the exception to this is for a person of prestige, status and respect by the group and is occasionally allowed to violate group norms. This is called idiosyncrasy credits
What is a drawback to using bio data inventories in selection?
They may lack face validity so applicants may feel that the form is asking for irrelevant information and that their privacy is being invaded
Pros and cons of a flex time schedule?
This has been associated with positive effects on productivity, job satisfaction, satisfaction with the work schedule and absenteeism. Overall, research shows that people experience less stress when they have control over their work schedules and flexibility is associated with decreased work family conflict Cons- it has not been associated with increased self rated performance.
What is job enrichment (vertical job loading)?
This involves combining several jobs into a larger job so that the employee performs a meaningful unit of work and is given greater responsibility, freedom and control *Research has found that the strongest impact of this is on job satisfaction.
What does job rotation training involve?
This involves having trainees perform several jobs overtime and is most likely used to train a managers
Mediation is also sometimes used. In these situations, what is the role of the mediator?
This is a neutral third-party that does not have formal power and cannot impose a settlement among the parties. Instead the role is to clarify issues and provide open lines of communication. Has 3 stages - setting the stage - problem solving - achieving a workable agreement
In contrast, what is the multiple cut off method?
This is a non-compensatory method, which means a minimum score on each predictor must be obtained before a job applicant will be considered for this election.
What is the in-basket test?
This is a situational test that requires participants to take action on letters, memos, brief reports that would be typically in countered by managers.
What does the concept of organizational Justice mean?
This is how employees evaluate an organizational policy as fair or not
Criterion contamination
This is when an actual criterion assesses factors other than those it was designed to measure.
What is a flex time schedule?
This is when employees are given a choice of one to begin in and work with providing a core time when all employees must be present.
What is the halo bias?
This occurs when a raters a valuation of an employee on one dimension of job performance affects his or her valuation of the employee on unrelated dimensions. Can be positive or negative!
What is arbitration?
This person has more authority than a mediator and controls both the process and the outcome of the conflict.
How is Adams equity theory applied to the workplace and motivation?
This proposes that employees compare the ratio of their own inputs to the outcomes/rewards to the input/outcome ratios of others who are performing similar jobs When employees perceive the ratios to be equal they are comfortable and satisfied. However when they believe that their input/outcome ratio defers, they experience a state of inequity and try to make the situation more equitable by altering their inputs/outcomes, consider changing the position, or leaving.
What is the Existence, relatedness and growth (ETG) model?
This was developed to better explain Maslow's hierarchy and proposed that there are just 3 needs and that people may be motivated by more than one at a time. He also said that the activation does not always have to progress from lower to higher needs and that people can bounce back-and-forth between levels when frustrated. This has received more support than Maslow's hierarchy
What is the difference between a transformational and transactional leader?
Transformational: they have the ability to recognize the need for change and create a vision that guides that change. They seek to empower employees, raise their consciousness through appeals to morality and justice and inspire them by providing a vision and a sense of a mission. 😀 Transactional: Focus more on stability then change and rely on rewards and punishments and appeals to the south interest of employees to motivate them.
What disorders are not included as a disability under ADA?
Transvestism Transsexualism Pedophilia Gender identity disorders Compulsive gambling Kleptomania Pyromania Substance Use disorders
What is the difference between an ultimate versus actual criterion?
Ultimate - The conceptual or theoretical criterion and refers to an accurate and complete measure of performance (for a psychologist this is "providing effective therapy" Actual- The way that performance is actually measured - could be a client survey that shows satisfaction with the services
According to Lewin, the process of change involves 3 stages- unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. What do these means?
Unfreezing- The need for change is recognized Changing - The organization begins to move in a new direction Refreezing-supporting the changes that have been made to help stabilize the organization at a new state of equilibrium
What is a utility analysis?
Used to evaluate the effectiveness of training programs as well as other programs and procedures. It involves using a mathematical equation to derive an estimate of institutional gain or loss (usually financial)
What is social loafing and when is it most likely to occur?
When an individual exerts less effort than she would have exerted if working alone Most likely when there is a large group and the group member knows that their contributions will not be recognized or believe the outcomes will not depend on their effort
What is a conjunctive group task?
When the groups overall performance is limited by that of the worst performing member.
The method of brainstorming has been proposed as one way to improve group decision making. This is basically when group members are encouraged to verbalize all ideas that come to mind and are required to refrain from evaluating each other until the session is over. This is actually not been found to be that effective. But the effectiveness can be improved when _______?
Yes, people brainstorming alone can actually produce more or better ideas in the same amount of time than being in a group. This can be improved in a group when members are heterogeneous and feel comfortable with each other.
What is a job analysis?
a purposeful, systematic process for collecting information on the important work-related aspects of a job. This will then serve as the basis for developing criterion measures and provide information that facilitates recruitment, selection, workforce planning, training, program design and performance management
Biodata
information about candidates background, family, SES,' interests, values, health, work experiences, training, and education This works under the assumption that the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior
What is a job evaluation?
process of systematically determining the relative worth of jobs to set salaries and wages
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases Moderate levels of arousal = best performance
What is Krumboltz social learning theory of career decision making?
this is based on Reinforcement theory and the work of Bandura and proposes that the maximum career development of all individuals requires each individual to be exposed to the widest array of learning experiences His theory is different because it does NOT focus on matching an individual's personality to the job characteristics, but instead on promoting continual learning and self development.
