IP Addressing

Class A

1-126

Class A Private Networks

10.0.0.0- 10.255.255.255

Class A Number of Networks

126 (2^7-2)

Reserved for loopback tests

127.0.0.1

Class B

128-191

Class B Number of Networks

16,382 (2^14 - 2)

Class A Hosts per Network (Usable Addresses)

16,777,214 (2^24 - 2)

Class B Private Networks

172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255

Private IP Addresses RFC

1918

Class C

192-223

Class C Private Networks

192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Class C Number of Networks

2,097,150 (2^21 - 2)

Class D (Multicast)

224 - 239

There are several different groups that users or applications can subscribe to. The range of multicast addresses starts with _________. As you can see, this range of addresses falls within IP Class D address space based on classful IP assignment.

224.0.0.0 and goes through 239.255.255.255

Class E (Research)

240 - 254

Class C Hosts per Network (Usable Addresses)

254 (2^8 - 2)

An IP address consists of _____ _____ of information

32 bits

In a layer 2 broadcast, The typical hardware address is _______ and looks something like 45:AC:24:E3:60:A5.

6 bytes (48 bits)

Class B Hosts per Network (Usable Addresses)

65,534 (2^16 - 2)

1 byte = ____ bits

8

These are sent to all nodes on the network.

Broadcasts (layer 3)

Used by Cisco routers to designate the default route. Could also mean "any network."

Entire IP address set to all 0s

Broadcast to all nodes on the current network; sometimes called an "all 1s broadcast" or local broadcast.

Entire IP address set to all 1s (same as 255.255.255.255)

designates the specific location of a device on the network

IP address

Multicast works by sending messages or data to_________. Unlike with broadcasts, which aren't forwarded, routers then forward copies of the______ out to every interface that has hosts subscribed to that group address.

IP multicast group addresses packet

The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used to test the _____ on an individual node and cannot be used as a valid host address.

IP stack

These are sent to all nodes on a LAN.

Layer 2 broadcasts

Used to test the IP stack on the local computer. Can be any address from 127.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254.

Loopback (localhost)

These are packets sent from a single source and transmitted to many devices on different networks. Referred to as "one-to-many."

Multicast

Network Address Translation

NAT

takes a private IP address and converts it for use on the Internet. Saves address space

Network Address Translation (NAT)

used on a private network, not routable through the Internet, creates a measure of well-needed security, saves IP address space

Private IP Addresses

the loopback address creates a shortcut method for _____ applications and services that run on the same device to communicate with each other.

TCP/IP

This is an address for a single interface, and these are used to send packets to a single destination host.

Unicast

IP address

a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network

A _______is one digit, either a 1 or a 0

bit

The address used by applications and hosts to send information to all nodes on a network is called the ________

broadcast address

With Multicast, all hosts on the broadcast LAN, and Ethernet is a ___________, will pick up the frame, read the destination address, then immediately discard the frame unless they're in the multicast group. This saves PC processing,not LAN bandwidth. Be warned though—multicasting can cause some serious LAN congestion if it's not implemented carefully!

broadcast multi-access LAN technology

A _____ is 7 or 8 bits, depending on whether parity is used.

byte

A _______ network is defined in the first octet between 0 and 127, and it can't be less or more. Understand that 0 and 127 are not valid in a Class A network because they're reserved addresses

class A

For the small number of networks possessing a very large number of nodes

class A network

class distinction for networks between very large and very small is predictably called

class B network

reserved for the numerous networks with a small number of nodes

class C network

With ________, the address always has an 8-, 16-, or 24-bit network field, based on the Class A, B, and C addressing rules. The end of the address has a host part that uniquely identifies each host inside a subnet. The bits in between the network and host part comprise the third part, namely the subnet part of the address.

classful addressing

With __________, the network and subnet parts from the classful view are combined into a single part, often called the subnet or prefix, with the address ending in the host part.

classless addressing

Easy to administer, a ______ scheme provides no indication of the location of a computer in the network. It is therefore complex to arrange routing between end systems in a large flat network.

flat address

Multicast enables multiple recipients to receive messages without ______ the messages to all hosts on a broadcast domain. However, this is not the default behavior

flooding

In a layer 2 broadcast,Every network interface card (NIC) will receive and read the frame, including the router, since this was a layer 2 broadcast, but the router would never, ever_____

forward this

_______ is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network

hardware address

layer 2 broadcasts are also known as _____

hardware broadcasts

In a layer 2 broadcast , broadcast would be all 1s in binary, which would be all Fs in_______, as in ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

hexadecimal

The 32-bit IP address is a structured or ________

hierarchical address

Layer 3 Broadcasts: Broadcast messages are meant to reach all hosts on a broadcast domain. These are the network broadcasts that have all _______________. (Here's an example that you're already familiar with: The network address of 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 would have a broadcast address of 172.16.255.255—all host bits on. Broadcasts can also be "any network and all hosts," as indicated by 255.255.255.255,)

host bits on

IP addressing was designed to allow _____ on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of ______ the hosts are participating in

hosts LANs

A Unicast is defined as a single IP address that's assigned to a network interface card and is the destination IP address in a packet—in other words,________

it's used for directing packets to a specific host

hierarchical addressing can hold a ___ number of addresses, namely ____billion

large 4.3

The _____uniquely identifies each network.

network address

The designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network—for example, 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0.

network address

The ______ is assigned to, and uniquely identifies, each machine on a network.

node address

An _____, made up of 8 bits, is just an ordinary 8-bit binary number

octet

layer 2 broadcasts

only go out on a LAN, but they don't go past the LAN boundary (router)

At first glance, Multicast appears to be a hybrid of unicast and broadcast communication, but that isn't quite the case. Multicast does allow______communication, which is similar to broadcasts, but it happens in a different manner.

point-to-multipoint

In a layer 2 broadcast, network interface card (NIC) will receive and read the frame, including the

router

An IP address is a ________, not a hardware address

software address

multicast differs from broadcast messages—with multicast communication, copies of packets, in theory, are sent only to__________. (For example, when I say in theory, I mean that the hosts will receive a multicast packet destined for 224.0.0.10. This is an EIGRP packet, and only a router running the EIGRP protocol will read these.)

subscribed hosts