IP Test #3

How did Reagan issue a direct moral challenge to the Soviets?

"Evil Empire" Speech

Normative Ideas (Jackson)_

"Principled beliefs;" crucial factor in the abolition of colonialism and the institution of self-determination

During the 1950s numerous U.S. leaders fully expected that a nuclear weapon would become... (Tannenwald)

"just another weapon."

According to Waltz, Looking at forms of corporate governance within the European community, one finds a...

"spectrum of approaches."

Bandung Conference

(1955) Third World movement gets going, leaders recognize role in moving this caucus of the global community of countries who did not fall under Communist control nor were they part of the free world; meant to represent the interests of these new states

Specialization

(Adam Smith) Division of labor

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

(Called "Star Wars" by critics) Aimed to develop a way to neutralize nuclear weapons; served to unlock the door to arms control

Social Distance

(Frankel) The effects of informal barriers are observed to decrease with proximity and with linguistic, cultural, historical, and political links

Electronic Herd

(Friedman) Capital moves almost instantaneously into countries with stable gov'ts, progressive econs, open accounting, and honest dealing

The rise of the taboo has been driven significantly by.... (3) (Tannenwald)

1) A grassroots global antinuclear weapons movement 2) The UN 3) Nonnuclear states

Why is the proposition that globalization makes stats unimportant inaccurate? (3) (Wolf)

1) Ability of a society to take advantage of the opportunities offered by international economic integration depends on the quality of public goods 2) The state normally defines identity - Part of the ppl's sense of security 3) International governance rests on the ability of individual states to provide guarantee stability; economies are ultimately run for and by human beings.

What 2 concepts was Reagan's understanding of how to resolve the Cold War rooted in?

1) American exceptionalism 2) American utopianism

2 Key (concerning) Attributes of the Classical Economic Theory

1) Assumed perfect competition, constant returns to scale, and fixed technology 2) The gains from trade are primarily static in nature.

What are 4 other warming pollutants?

1) Black Carbon 2) Methane 3) Lower atmospheric ozone 4) CFCs and HFCs

In what 3 ways did the antinuclear weapons movement contribute tothe formation of a taboo?

1) By shifting the discourse on nuclear weapons 2) By engaging in moral consciousness-raising 3) By mobilizing public support in favor of nuclear restraint

Opening requires the gov'ts to loosen what 3 types of econ controls?

1) Capital flows 2) Goods and services 3) People

What 2 factors could put pressure on the taboo in the coming decades? (Tannenwald)

1) Changes in the nature of warfare and threats. 2) U.S. hegemony

What were Reagan's 2 objectives in the Cold War?

1) Combat USSR geopol pressure until the process of expansionism had been first arrested and then reversed 2) Launch a rearmament program designed to stop dead in its tracks the Soviet quest for strategic superiority

4 Reasons for the existences of Institutions

1) Constraining the Great Powers 2) Providing information and reducing transaction costs 3) Facilitating reciprocity 4) Promoting reform in domestic politics

What are the 3 possible ways in which the crisis over Iran's nuclear program could end? (Waltz)

1) Diplomacy coupled with serious sanctions could convince Iran to abandon its pursuit of a nuclear weapon 2) Iran stops short of testing a nuclear weapon but develops a breakout capability (the capacity to build and test one quickly) 3) Iran continues its current course and publically goes nuclear by testing a weapon.

What 3 important points dos the cosmopolitan perspective on global justice make?

1) Distributive justice must be conceived globally, not just nationally 2) The counterfactual assessment of these institutions used in empirical analysis is not sufficient to evaluate their performance on global distributive justice grounds. 3) Research into development and international institutions must be changed.

Why are the results of global warming in the arctic so intense? (Borgerson)

1) Due to the sharper angle at which the sun's rays strike the polar region during summer 2) Because the retreating sea ice is turning into open water, which absorbs far more solar radiation.

What factors contributed to this shift toward institutionalization and efforts to strengthen the taboo? (4)

1) Emergence of a strategic stalemate between the superpowers reinforced the view that deterrence, not use, must be the appropriate role for nuclear weapon 2) Emergence of a nonaligned-country majority in the UN General Assembly 3) Democratization of the nuclear policymaking process in the United States 4) Strong personal objections to nuclear weapons by top political leaders in the Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson administrations.

Reducing short-lived pollutants poses fewer political hurdles than cutting CO2 for 2 reasons

1) Existing tech and policies readily allow for deep cuts in these pollutants 2) Controlling these pollutants would actually serve the immediate interests of developing countries

According to Wolf, what two forces drive contemporary economic change?

1) Falling costs of transportation and communications 2) Liberalizing economic policies

If nuclear weapons are eliminated what could still happen should war break out? (Schelling)

1) First to acquire weapons will use them to disrupt its enemy's or enemies' nuclear mobilization bases, while itself continuing its frantic nuclear rearmament. 2) Propose a crast "rearmament agreement" by which both sides would develop "minimum deterrent" arsenal's, subject to all the inspection-verification procedure that had already been in place for "disarmament."

What 2 post-WWII trade regimes have tried to reduce barriers to transactions?

1) General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) 2) World Trade Organization

What did the colonial powers see as the 4 chief obstacles to colonial independence? (Jackson)

1) General populations were still too unaware of modern governmental operations to be capable of citizenship 2) Most colonies as yet lacked any basis of national unity 3) Many colonies were so insubstantial that "anything more than a limited internal self-government" was impossible 4) The level of econ development was still far too low to support a modern state

What 2 world views did New Thinking hold simultaneously?

1) Idealism 2) Conciliatory Realpolitik

Realist view of decolonization:

1) Ideas change but power relations changed first. Decline of European colonial powers that occurred due to WWI and WWII. 2) The ability of the periphery to raise rebellion raises the costs of the empire - Give up enterprise because it became too expensive - entirely predictable that rational states would stop investing in these areas that became less profitable. 3) US and USSR come out as superpowers and both have anti colonial agendas. Colonial powers are in a bipolar world under 2 superpowers that are against colonialism.

What are the three processes by which international norms develop and become implemented domestically? (Tannenwald)

1) Instrumental adaptation and strategic bargaining 2) Moral consciousness-raising 3) Institutionalization and habitualization

What were the 2 parts of Eisenhower's conventionalization policy?

1) Integrating tactical nuclear weapons more fully into military planning at the operational level 2) Waging a concerted public relations effort to make use of such weapons politically acceptable

What caused the world to take a giant step back from econ globalization during the period of 1914-1944?

1) Isolationist sentiments 2) Monetary instability and econ depression 3) Increases in tariffs 4) Rise of fascist bloc 5) Rise of the communist bloc

What 2 precedents did WWII provide for how the bomb might be viewed in the future?

1) Its apparently successful use as a weapon of terror against Japan could easily have set a precedent for greater use 2) An alternative model was suggested by the nonuse of chemical weapons— poison gas—during the war, the first time that a weapon used successfully in one war (World War I) remained unused in the next

What are the 2 elements of a taboo? (Tannenwald)

1) Its objective characteristics 2) Its intersubjective, phenomenological aspect, that is, the meaning it has for people.

What 2 strategic decisions contributed most to ending the Cold War?

1) NATO's deployment of American intermediate range missiles in Europe. 2) American commitment to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

What are Hilner's Four Sources of the Problems with International Institutions?

1) No Impact 2) Capture by the powerful developed countries 3) Capture by the private producers and investors. 4) Internal dysfunctions and failure of accountability

What 3 ways is climate-induced migration set to play out in?

1) People will move in response to a deteriorating environment, creating new or repetitive patterns of migration 2) There will be increasing short-term population dislocations due to particular climate stimuli 3) Larger-scale population movements that build more slowly but gain momentum interact with other migration drivers causing ecological stress and socio-economic change

Liberal/Neoliberal reasoning for decolonization:

1) Public opinion within the colonial power changed due to expansion of popular groups opposed to colonialism 2) The institutionalization of these norms in the forms of organizations - made ideas concrete; organization pushes a certain set of beliefs/ideas 3) How politics in the General Assembly shifted in favor of the colonial world as more and more countries were created and joined the UN allowed them to become a significant voting block

According to Frankel, what are the 2 main drivers of economic globalization?

1) Reduced costs to transportation and communication in the private sector 2) Reduced policy barriers to trade and investments on the part of the public sector

What ar the 3 models of nuclear proliferation? (Sagan)

1) Security 2) Domestic 3) Norms

What two events shattered the viability of detente?

1) Shah of Iran was deposed by his people and the Islamic Revolutionary Republic came to power 2) Soviets intervened in Afghanistan

What are the 2 vairents in which the third stage can be analyzed? (Schelling)

1) Sheer pain and damage are primary instruments of coercive warfare and may actually be applied to intimidate or to deter. 2) Pain and destruction in war are expected to serve little or no purpose but prior threats are coupled to military force.

How are nations beyond the Arctic also touched by developments there? (CFR) (1)

1) Shorter trade routes through the Arctic could be a boon to export-driven nations 2) Physical changes in the Arctic will have globally significant climatic and environmental implications

The concept of specialist networks to explicate what two distinct but interrelated processes?

1) Social construction of the ideas/ideology and identities that gave new New Thinking its radical orientation 2) Political contention/selection

What are the 4 pathways by which the taboo developed can be drawn? (Tannenwald)

1) Societal pressure 2) Normative power politics 3) Role of individual state decision makers 4) Iterated behavior over time

What 3 types of actors emerge at the domestic level when dealing with nuclear proliferation? (Sagan)

1) State's nuclear energy establishment 2) Important units within the professional military 3) Politicians iof states in which individual parties of the mass public strongly favor weapons acquisition.

How do norms challenge U.S. policy?

1) States need to recognize that such norms can have a strong influence on other states' nuclear weapons policy 2) States need to adjust their policies to increase the likelihood that norms will push others toward policies that also serve their interests

Neoliberal Reasoning for the end of the Cold War

1) Successful propagation/institutionalization of principles and patterns of security cooperation laid down during the detente era that did not die when detente did. 2) The revitalization of the UN also occurred at the end of the Cold War. The UN was never abandoned, destroyed, or subverted by any of the main antagonists. This institution represents a framework that is waiting to facilitate cooperation. Turn around in the active involvement of the UN in international affairs - become more activist.

In what 4 areas might the Internet have an appreciable impact on tax collection?

1) Taxes on spending 2) Tax treaties 3) Internal pricing of multinational companies 4) Tax administration

What 2 propositions did Gorbachev stake everything on?

1) That liberalization would modernize the USSR 2) That the USSR would then be able to hold its own internationally

In the pre-WWI era, what were the only restrictions on colonialism?

1) The availability of space 2) State's capabilities

What dilemmas arise out of the third stage? (2) (Schelling)

1) The choice of making prospective violence as frightening as possible or hedging with some capacity for reciprocal restraint 2) The choice of making retaliation as automatic as possible or keeping deliberate control over fateful decisions.

A first step in stigmatizing an object or practice is to redefine it as belonging in a separate category from otherwise similar objects. What 2 factors allowed this to happen to nuclear weapons?

1) The initial nuclear policies of President Truman 2) The definition of a category of "weapons of mass destruction" by the United Nations

Constructivist reasoning for decolonization

1) The pattern of changing beliefs drove political change; it did not merely mimic them 2) People's sensitivities following the shock of the moral state following WWII to the nature of domination was heightened. People were perceiving that things could not go on the way they had. 3) Both Communism and American Liberalism are anticolonial - Coming out of WWII these two bodies of ideas seemed to have won out over alternative models.

What are 2 possible causes of the income gap between rich and poor nations? (Scott)

1) The rich countries insist on barriers to immigration and agricultural imports. 2) Poor nations have been unable to attract much foreign capital due to their own government failings.

How will the great melt impact shipping and global trade patterns?

1) The shipping shortcuts of the Northern Sea Route (over Eurasia) and the Northwest Passage (over North America) would cut existing oceanic transit times by days, saving shipping companies thousands of miles in travel 2) Reducing long-haul sailing distances by as much as 40 percent could usher in a new phase of globalization - Arctic seaways would allow for greater international economic integration.

Evaluation of a practice depends on... (3) (Jackson)

1) The standards of conduct prevailing at the time 2) A sufficient number of people dedicated to them 3) The opportunity for them to put these standards into play.

How does the nuclear taboo differ from other taboos? (2) (Tannenwald)

1) The taboo is not legalized 2) The taboo does not entirely prohibit the acquisition of taboo objects or overt preparations for their use

What are the tradeoffs of global economic integration?

1) The tech that is supposed to make globalization inevitable also makes increased surveillance by the state easier. 2) Economies are also never entirely open or entirely closed.

What are the 2 types of summary measures of the effects of cross-border barriers on the patterns of trade and investments? (Frankel)

1) Those pertaining to quantities 2) Those pertaining to prices

An "international" company's reasons for its structure is related to... (3) (Ghemawat)

1) Time Zones 2) Languages 3) Need for proximity to clients' local operations

How did the emerging NPT nonprolifaeration norms impact Ukraine's decision to dismantle its nuclear arsenal? (4) (Sagan)

1) Ukraine politicians adopted anti-nuclear positions as a way of buttressing Kiev's claims to national sovereignty 2) The strength of the NPT regime created a history in which the most recent examples of new or potential nuclear states were so-called "rogue states" (North Korea, Iran, Iraq) 3) Economic pressures: US and NATO allies convinced Ukraine gov't that not following the NPT norm would result in very negative econ consequences 4) Kiev gov't and the Ukrainian public could more easily accept the econ inducements offered by the US with the belief that they were enabling Ukraine to keep an international commitment.

What are 3 risk factors that have the potential to cause rapid climate change?

1) Warm Gulf Stream cools or shuts down altogether creating severe winters in the North 2) High latitiude permafrost melting, causing increases in carbon emissions 3) Reduction of polar ice caps dramatically increasing sea levels.

Third Wave of Nuclear Proliferation

1952 - British 1960 - French 1964 - Chinese

What year marked the tipping point after which colonialism steeply declined?

1960

Fourth Wave of Nuclear Proliferation

1966 - Israelis develop; Post-Cold War India and Pakistan

According to Ghemawat, what years witnessed the most remarkable institutional harmonization and economic integration among nations in world history?

1970-1995

Montreal Protocol

1987 treaty that banned CFCs and many other ozone depleters Has been the most successful

The formation of a free trade area is estimated to raise trade by ___ - _____%

70 170

Following what event did minimalist governments go out of fashion and demands mounted for the state to provide security at any cost? (Naim)

9/11

Nuclear Taboo

A de facto prohibition against the first use of nuclear weapons

What was the GATT origianally established for? (Milner)

A negotiating forum for the developed countries; its impact on the developing countries has grown slowly over time

Friedman's "Golden Straightjacket"

A package of policies including balanced budgets, economic deregulation, openness to investment and trade, and a stable currency; Supposed to ensure that economics matters more and more and politics less and less

What two thinkers are associated with the Classical Economic Theory?

Adam Smith David Ricardo

Conciliatory Realpolitik (Herman)

Advocated measures designed to soften would-be adversaries' perception of hostile Soviet intentions

Chapter 11

Aimed at territories outside of the Trusteeship and declared their independence, recognized autonomy by requiring powers in these regions to respect their culture and a duty to promote structural improvements in these regions.

Comparative Advantage

All that is required is for a country to be relatively less skilled than another in the production of some good in order for it to benefit from trade.

Trade is generally higher among countries that are ______ and lower among countries that are actual or potential ______

Allies Adversaries

Schengen Convention

Allowed for labor mobilization; didn't eliminate border controls but eliminated the ability of them to use them to prevent the movement of labor.

How did normative ideas end colonialism? (Jackson)

An international institution that had been taken for granted became controversial, lost its moral force, and was displaced

According to neorealist theory states exist in an _______ international system and must therefore rely on _____-_____ to protect their sovereignty and national security.

Anarchical Self-Help

Current Counterfactual Arguments are Insufficient

Another question must be asked: could one design another international system or reform the current international institutions so as to provide greater benefits for the poor countries at very low cost to the developed countries?

The income inequality among countries is comparable to what situation in American history?

Antebellum Civil War

In the current international system what must be true for a government to be recognized as legitimate? (Milner)

Any group that controls the preponderance of the means of coercion in a country

Detente

Approach to the Cold War relations developed by Nixon and Kissinger based on the concept that you could normalize relations with you enemy even during times of competition

The ___ ____ is the leading international forum for cooperation in the Arctic region (CFR)

Arctic Council

What was the centerpiece of the Eastern-Western negotiations?

Arms control

How do globalization critics from the right view international institutions?

As usurping the role of the market and easing pressures on developing states to adopt efficient, market-promoting policies

Washington Consensus

Assumption that free markets will bring about economic convergence

World Trade Organization

Attempt to build a multilateral organization that includes some enforcement provisions so states can take cases to WTO if they agree to comply to WTO decisions and processes

The IMF, World Bank, and WTO have certainly helped provide monitoring and information, but the monitoring and information provision have been ______.

Aymmetric

Diplomacy (Schelling)

Bargaining It seeks outcomes that, though not ideal for either party, are better for both than some the alternatives

Mutually Assured Destruction

Based deterrence on the assumption that, given a high enough level of expected civilian casualties neither side would start a nuclear war; There is a nuclear peace that occurs among great powers that develops when they get nuclear weapons

Why is free trade the correct model for rich nations?

Because it provides decentralized initiatives to search for tomorrow's market opportunities, but it does not necessarily promote development.

Why did the US oppose the creation of a nuclear taboo? (Tannenwald)

Because it would deny the self-proclaimed right of the United States to rely on nuclear weapons for its security

Third Wave of Globalization (Friedman)

Being primarily driven by communications technology and computing technology and the way they have allowed human intelligence to solve commercial problems.

Under ___- and ____polarity the degree of interdependence declined markedly. (Waltz)

Bi Uni

Brute Force or Coercion: Concerned with enemy strength?

Brute Force

Brute Force or Coercion: Succeeds when it is used

Brute Force

Brute Force or Coercion: Tries to overcome someone's strength

Brute Force

In the past 100 years, what type of force has been most decisive in wars? (Schelling)

Brute force

Trade and financial integration generally increase the transmission of _______ cycle fluctuations among countries

Business

Arbitrage

Buying an item in a place where it is cheap and simultaneously selling the same item where it is expensive

How can the tragedy of commons that leads to pollution be prevented?

By coercive laws or taxing devices

How can trade help reduce the enormous worldwide inequality in income?

By promoting convergence

Strong states do what they ______ (own nuclear weapons development); weak states do what they _____ (get a nuclear ally) (Sagan)

Can Must

According to Waltz, the most important events in international politics are explained by differences in the ________ of states, not by economic forces operating across states or transcending them.

Capabilities

In a system w/o central governance, the influence of the units of greater ________ is disproportionately large. (Waltz)

Capability

Other gases were known to affect the climate, but human activities emit more _____ ____ than any other greenhouse gas

Carbon Dioxide

What are the 3 largest polluting nations?

China India US

Globalization is a ______ made to enhance a nation's economic well-being (Wolf)

Choice

Noninstrumental/Normative Idea (Jackson)

Claim of something as concerning to me (i.e. the equality of men and women).

3 classes of the mandate system

Class A: Former occupied enemy territories on the fast track to independence Class B: Some on the long track to independence. Class C: Applied to places so unprepared for self rule that there was no timeline at all for independence. Great Power put in charge of this territory

How can coastal states regulate shipping?

Coastal states may regulate marine pollution from vessels sailing within their respective EEZs.

Brute Force or Coercion: Concerned with exploitation of enemy wants and fears

Coercion

Brute Force or Coercion: Need to know what the adversary treasures and what scares him.

Coercion

Brute Force or Coercion: Succeeds when it is held in reserve

Coercion

Brute Force or Coercion: Tries to structure someone's motives

Coercion

Some defense analysts and academics assert that territorial disputes and a competition for resources have primed the Arctic for a new _____ _____. (CFR)

Cold War

Unit (Individual) Level of Analysis regarding the Cold War

Combo of Reagan and Gorb with their unique political traits allowed this end game to play out the way it did.

Why does Arbitrage fail?

Commodities in question are not in fact identical (Brand names matter)

How does competition constrain the ability of governments?

Competition constrains the ability of governments to act in a predatory manner and increases the incentive to provide services that are valued by those who pay the bulk of the taxes

What was the World Bank established for? (Milner)

Concentrated mostly on reconstruction and later on development. Gives interest free loans and grants (similar to foreign aid) to the poorest developing countries.

In the case of the sweeping redefinition of interests that yielded the radical variant of New Thinking, _________ norms of identity were the principal motor force

Constitutive

How is the claim that nuclear weapons would embolden it allowing it to act more aggressively and increasing its support for terrorism refuted? (Waltz)

Contradicts the record of every other nuclear weapons state going back to 1945. No country could transfer nuclear weapons without running a high risk of being found out. It would make little sense to transfer the product of that investment (cost and danger of creating the bomb) to parties that cannot be trusted or managed (terrorist groups).

What did Reagan see as the cause of tension between the two superpowers?

Convinced that communist intransigence was based more on ignorance than on congenital ill will.

Asian Tigers

Countries that were devastated or econ backward after WWII that quickly became innovative and economically dominant by engaging in the international economy

Kyoto Protocol

Created a scheme through which counties could meet their emissions-reduction obligations by substituting other gases for CO2 at UN-established exchange rates.

Why do critics argue against nuclear power?

Critics maintain that the switch is misguided and merely replaces one problem with an even more serious one Safely storing and protecting this material from terrorists and criminal groups is problematic

What is one of the prime suspects for why Canadians and Americans trade far more with their countrymen than with each other?

Currency difference

Resolution 637`

Declared that the right to self-determination "is a prerequisite to the full enjoyment of all fundamental human rights"

What effect do do CFCs have on the environment?

Deplete the ozone layer

Between 1970-1979 of the Cold War, what was the US policy called?

Detente

The rhetoric of Reagan's first term marked the formal end of the period of what policy?

Detente

Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)

Development primarily in the US (USSR aware but incapable); application of digital revolution to conventional war; precision munitions guided by satellite system; make it possible to shoot a missile out of direct sight; safer for pilot and makes it more likely that the enemy can be shot down.

All countries still exhibit a substantial bias toward buying _____ goods rather than ______.

Domestic Foreign

The argument that richer countries will take steps to clean up their environments holds only for issues when the effects are felt _____.

Domestically

Responsible energy development policy in the Arctic mainly deals with....

Drilling regulations

First Wave of Globalization (Friedman)

Driven by mechanical power (Brawn) as opposed to institutions (Brains The European powers created something approaching a worldwide market through force (colonialism and expansionism)

Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin)

Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his personal gain without limit, harming the public good

How did effective property rights contribute to the success of the West in the global economy?

Effective property rights allowed individuals to keep the fruits of their own labor, thereby encouraging additional work; it was the state that established effective property rights.

According to Wolf, until now, what has most significantly limited the growth in taxation?

Electoral resistance

What is the constructivist argument for decolonization?

Emphasis on the power of the ideas to determine what is legitimate and what is illegitimate and the power to change this perception.

What was the International Monetary Fund established for? (Milner)

Established to support the fixed exchange rate system created at the Bretton Woods Conference Role was to aid countries that were experiencing difficulties in maintaining their fixed exchange rate by providing them with short term loans

Neoclassical economic theory predicts that poor countries should grow [faster/slower] than rich ones in a free global market.

Faster

What gives some isolation against other nations' fluctuations?

Floating exchange rates

The great melt is likely to yield more of the very commodities that precipitated it: ______ _______.

Fossil Fuels

Transportation costs grow with a jurisdiction's ______ ____. (Wolf)

Geographic size

According to the new trade theory, ______ increases the number of competitors operating in the economy

Globalization

In the monetary policy, the biggest change has been the move from the ____ standard to the _____ ______ of today.

Gold Floating currencies

What provided monetary stability in the 19th century?

Gold standard

Economic integration magnifies the impact of the difference b/t ____ and ____ states. (Wolf)

Good Bad

UN's International Maritime Organization (IMO)'s "madatory polar code"

Harmonized and adopted mandatory rules for Arctic ship design and construction, crew training, and marine safety equipment.

Whatever prob he tackled, Gorbachev faced the same dilemma:

He had come into an office confronted by a resistive Poland in which Solidarity had become an even more potent factor.

What allows an individual to restrain himself for the general good?

His conscience

A tendency for price differentials diminishes over the long sweep of ________. (Frankel)

History

Pollution-Haven Hypothesis:

Holds that trade encourages firms to locate production of highly polluting sectors in low-reg countries in order to stay competitive

What constitutes "enough" military force?

How much an opponent has

The duty of assistance seems to call most for improving the observation of ____ ____ in these countries and not in rectifying their economic policies or reducing inequalities (Hilner)

Human Rights

What deposits in the Arctic are particularly enticing? (CFR)

Hydrocarbon

Whiteman's Burden

Idea that the colonial powers were doing the colonial people a favor by bringing them out of their savage state with culture

Building _______ norms into cognitive approached corrects bias of the latter toward the diffusion of technical knowledge at the expense of values and principles

Identity

How does Walt refute the claim that if Iran obtains the bomb, other states in the region will follow suit, leading to a nuclear arms race in the Middle East?

If an atomic Israel did not trigger an arms race, then there is no reason a nuclear Iran should now.

10 Percent Presumption

If someone were to guess the internationalization level of some activity, w/o any particular information, one would guess it to be much closer to 10% than to 100%

Thirds stage of the involvement of noncombatents (Schelling)

If the pain and damage can be inflicted during war itself, they need not wait for the surrender negotiation that succeeds a military decision, If one can coerce people and their governments while war is going on, one does not need to wait until he has achieved victory. In the present era we find the violence dramatically restrained during war itself.

Competition among states has always led some of them to _______ others politically, militarily, and economically.

Imitate

According to Frankel, _____ _____ and ______ _____ are still important barriers to cross-country investment.

Imperfect Info Transaction Costs

What is the liberal argument for decolonization?

Importance of democratic norms and institution of them in the UN. UN driving out colonialism.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Includes atomic explosive weapons, radioactive material weapons, lethal chemical and biological weapons, and any weapons developed in the future which have characteristics comparable in destructive effect to those of the atomic bomb or other weapons mentioned above

With globalization, average incomes have indeed been growing, but so has the _______ gap between rich and poor countries. (Scott)

Income

Taxes on _____ and ______ are the universal pillars of the fiscal system (Wolf)

Income Spending

The ______ of international politics enhance the political role of one country.

Inequalities

A general lack of ______ on both sea and land is perhaps the largest barrier to development in the Arctic (CFR)

Infrastructure

North American Free Trade Agreement

Initiated by George H.W. Bush and sealed by Bill Clinton; Both parties in the US at this point were for free trade (bipartisan). Allowed for capital mobility.

What types of deficiencies are the major impediment to development?

Institutional definiencies

How do antiglobalization forces from the left view international institutions? (Hilner)

Instruments for the domination of the developing countries by both the rich countries or the forces of international capitalism.

The colonial framework rested on the central postulate of classical _______ _______. (Jackson)

International Law - that independence was a question of empirical conditions

Complex Learning

Involved intellectual deliberation in which decision makers' interests may be redefined in light of new understandings about cause-and-effect relationships

If Iran goes nuclear, what state will deter it?

Israel

According to Waltz, what power begs to be balanced in the middle east?

Israel's

How do we legislate temperance? (Hardin)

It can be accomplished best through the mediation of administrative law.

Other than retreating what is also happening to the Arctic sea ice?

It is becoming younger and thinner, and hence more inclined to melt every summer

How is the claim that the Iranian regime is innately irrational refuted? (Waltz)

It is far more likely that if Iran desires nuclear weapons, it is for the purpose of providing for its own security, not to improve its offensive capabilities.

No Impact

It may be that these institutions had little or no impact on the developing countries. The capacity of the IMF and World Bank has not grown proportionately, and thus, they are less able to help, especially at times of crisis.

According to Naim, does globalization no longer mean Americanization?

It never did. The U.S. has greatly benefited from globalization, but it has hardly been alone in doing so.

How and why did the nuclear taboo emerge and prevail? (Tannenwald)

It was actively promoted by a grassroots and state-level antinuclear weapons movement, which successfully used the UN and other international forums in a discursive strategy both to maintain a categorical distinction between conventional and nuclear weapons and to stigmatize the latter as unacceptable weapons of mass destruction

What do idealists see as the failure of the Brezhnev-Gromyko approach?

Its skewed representation of international political reality and its flawed vision of how the world and the USSR ought to be

What would be the highest priority in a nonnuclear world?

Knowing the exact locations and readiness of enemy nuclear mobilization bases.

Constructivism Reasoning for the end of the Cold War

Learning and entrepreneurial thinkers

How does the diplomacy state found by the CFR differ from that predicted by Borgerson?

Less than a decade ago, many geopolitical analysts warned that the Arctic had all of the makings for great-power rivalry reminiscent of the Cold War. - the movement has gone quite the other way. The overwhelming majority of Arctic resources fall within accepted national boundaries and all Arctic governments have committed to settling disagreements peaceably

According to Friedman, the end of the Cold War and the collapse of communism have discredited all models other than...

Liberal Democracy

Adaptations are intrinsically _____. (Hardin)

Local

Friedman holds that _____, not governments, shape globalization.

Markets

If the developed countries and the institutions themselves did not bargain for ______ _____, the developing countries could do better. (Milner)

Maximum Advantage

Who was the leader of the Soviet Union at the time of its collapse?

Mikhail Gorbachev

Institutional Isomorphism

Modern organizations and institutions often come to resemble each other because they mimic each other.

Nuclear Weapons can serve as international normative symbols of what? (Sagan)

Modernity and identity

What may be the only economic sector one can say has become truly global? (Waltz)

Money Markets

History shows that the political development of North America and developing nations, most of which were colonized by Europeans at some point, was heavily influenced by _____. (Scott)

Mortality

Under globalization, what types of institutions are key to resolving international issues? (Naim)

Multilateral institutions are indispensable

_______ seems well suited to giving the developing countries a better outcome than would such bilateral negotiations.

Multilateralism

What is the only form of coercion Hardin recommends?

Mutual coercion

Mutual Coercion

Mutually agreed upon by the majority of the people affected

Second stage of the involvement of noncombatents (Schelling)

Napoleon's France, people cared about the outcome War was a national effort, not just activity of the elite Propaganda became a tool of warfare, and war became vulgarized. People spent themselves in a quest for total victory

According to Waltz, the 20th c. was the century of the ___ ____ and the 21st c. will be too.

Nation State

Freedom is the recognition of ________. (Hardin)

Necessity

A state will remain nonnuclear if its ______ do.

Neighbors

According to Herman, what brought about the end of the Cold War?

New Thinking

"New Thinking"

New doc as a method by which to "deprive the West of an enemy image" Defined a world of compatible interests and underlying harmony

According to Frankel, the world by the turn of the millennium was [more/less/no more] integrated than that of the preceding turn of the century.

No more

According to Friedman, the most basic trugh of globalization is that ______ is in charge.

No one (herd - collective decisions)

According to Naim, is globalization a casualty of the economic crisis?

No,

According to Naim, has globalization made the world a safer place?

No, while armed conflicts have plummeted, other forms of conflict and violence have soared (i.e. terrorism, international criminal activity, and disease)

According to Naim, is globalization by and for rich people?

No.

According to Naim, is the financial crisis a symptom of globalization run amok?

No. One reason for lack of progress is that there is still no clarity on how to overcome the obstacles that have long blocked any major reforms. Collaborating with others means relinquishing power, a concession that does not come easily to sovereign nations.

According to Naim, is globalization new?

No. The wave of globalization that surged in the 1990s is just a continuation of a long-term process

According to Schelling, in the present era, what group appears to be primary targets?

Noncombatents

Fifth Wave of Nuclear Proliferation

North Korea (2006)

According to Waltz, Globalization is not global but is mainly limited to...

Northern Lattitudes

What alternative source of power has climate change forced a major reassessment of?

Nuclear Power

Halo Effects

Nuclear powers can protect themselves and deter others from attacking them - they are able to keep their allies from being attacked as well

According to the domestic model, why do states choose to engage in nuclear proliferation? (Sagan)

Nuclear weapons as political tools used to advance parochial domestic and bureaucratic interests

According to the norms model, why do states engage in nuclear proliferation? (Sagan)

Nuclear weapons decisions are made because weapons acquisition, or restrain in weapons development, provides an important normative symbol of a state's modernity and identity.

Durban Platfrom

Offers a framework for new climate talks that could reduce the divisions between wealthy and poor countries; requires all the major emitters to make a serious effort

How does joining an institution impact domestic politics?

Once leaders join an institution it becomes hard for them to violate its practices since leaders who do so tarnish their international reputations and are less capable of making new agreements.

How can trade and growth be good for the environment?

Once the country gets past a certain level of per capita income it is rich enough to pay to clean up its environment

According to Wolf, what is a "globalized" economy?

One in which neither distance nor national borders impede economic transactions.

Self-Determination

Originally postulated peoples rather than princes as the only valid grounds of international legitimacy

What provided political stability in the 19th century?

Pax Britannica

First Stage of involvement of noncombatents (Schelling)

People may get hurt by inconsiderate combatants; period of "civilized warfare" From 1648-Napoleonic Era, war in W Europe was something superimposed on society The motivation for war was confined to the aristocratic elite Residents of disputed terrain were more concerned with protecting their crops and their daughters from marauding troops than with whom they owed allegiance Hurting people was not a decisive instrument of warfare - only reduced the value of things that were being fought over Harming citizens would have revolutionary implications; both sides had something to gain from preserving social order and not destroying the enemy

Among the determinant of countries' growth rates, investment in _____ capital and in _____ capital are two of the strongest

Physical Human

The "Nationalist" Research Agenda must change

Pogge argues that there is a research bias in the field such that domestic and local factors are more likely to be identified as causes of poverty and underdevelopment than global ones

According to Ghemawat, what is the cause of integration?

Policy

According to Wolf, what has determined the extent and pace of international economic integration?

Policy

Simple Learning

Policy adjustments constitute a more efficient matching of means and ends

Glastnost

Political liberalization

___ ____among geographic units have larger effects on trade than explicit trade policies or linguistic barriers. (Frankel)

Political relationships

______ is a key cause of economic inequality (Scott)

Politics

What countries are the most vulnerable to climate change?

Poo countries

Unfortunately, the absolute numbers of the desperately poor have not fallen much, if at all, because of high growth _____ rates. (Milner)

Population

The pollution problem is a consequence of _______.

Populations

That nuclear weapons make it ________ to compress the fury of global war into a few hours does not mean they make it ________. (Schelling)

Possible Inevitable

Realist Reasoning for the end of the Cold War

Power variables: The USSR was at the end of its tether as a great power. It overreached in trying to keep up with the US militarily while ignoring domestic economic concerns. It was a poorly run government economy. Becomes more and more obvious that the USSR cannot keep up with the arms race.

In the American system of government coherence in foreign policy emerged from....

Presidential pronouncements

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

Prevent new countries from entering the nuclear club; tries to prevent them from using military capabilities to use nuclear technologies

International differentials in the ______ of specific goods or assets are more useful indicators of the extent of integration in a causal sense. (Frankel)

Prices

The distance between 2 North American cities sig affects the variability in their relative_____. (Frankel)

Prices

Second Wave of Globalization (Friedman)

Product of innovation and institutions (political and economic); Create the organizational infrastructure in which a sig expansion of commerce around the world is possible

Energy analysts say that investment in the Arctic will hinge on _______. (CFR)

Profitability

The nuclear taboo is a ________ norm.

Prohibitive

Income growth depends heavily on the legal, administrative, and political capabilities of _____ ____ in sovereign states. (Scott)

Public Actors

War has always had the ability to destroy human life but nuclear weapons can do it _______. (Schelling)

Quickly

Currency differences are important enough to drive a wedge b/t expected ___ ___ __

Rates of Return

Reykjavik

Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to in principle to reduce all strategic forces by 50% w/in 5 yrs. At one pt Reagan came close to accepting a USSR offer to abolish nuclear weapons altogether.

Cooperation in anarchy relies on ______. (Milner)

Reciprocity

What is the most important factor of international sovereignty?

Recognition

Perestroika

Reform in the Soviet Union

In the first years of the Gorbachev era, ______ norms suffice to explain the attending modification in decision makers' conception of state interests (Herman)

Regulatory

How did the idealist cohort view the Cold War conflict? (Herman)

Reject a view of E-W relations as inherently conflictive Determined to transcend the security dilemma Driven by a normative vision that defined Soviet interests in wholly new ways.

How did Reagan intend to reach his goals with relation to the Soviets?

Relentless confrontation

Clark Amendment

Repealed by Reagan; prevented American aid to anticommunist forces in Angola

Which American president presided over the end of the Cold War?

Ronald Reagan

Freedom of the Commons brings ______ to all. (Hardin)

Ruin

Which nation is considered the most dominant player in the Arctic?

Russia

What historic deal is often cited as a model for future Arctic diplomacy? (CFR)

Russia and Norway resolved a decades-old maritime border dispute in 2010, equally dividing some 67,600 square miles of water in the Barents Sea, and partnering in the region on energy development.

Climate chante has always been linked to ____. (Dupont)

Security

If norms of ______ _________ are institutionalized, norms of ___________ are ruled out (Jackson)

Self-Determination Colonialism

After WWII what did self-determination mean?

Self-Determination was a right that could be reasonably be claimed only by peoples who were demonstrably capable of self-government. As long as colonies remained in a condition of relative backwardness socially and economically, they were in no position to take on the burdens of self-government

Resolution 1188

Self-determination was a right deserving due respect from all member states.

Foreign Jurisdiction Act

Set down precise rules for occupation and administration of overseas territories

Cognitive evolution is a ______ process

Social

Capture by the Private Producers and Investors

Some have argued that the mission of the WTO, IMF, and World Bank have been increasingly dominated by the interests of private producers and investors

Internal Dysfunctions and Failure of Accountability`

Some scholars claim these organizations have developed their own internal logics, which may not serve the interests of the poor (or rich) countries.

What country was the most noteworthy international outcast of the postcolonial era?

South Africa

How do specialist networks help learning explanations overcome their typical divorce from politics and questions of power?

Specialist networks provide the bridge b/t the emergence of new ideas and identities and their prospective adoption by the political leadership

In theory, globalization provides an opportunity to raise incomes through increased _____ and ____. (Scott)

Specialization Trade

General Act

Spelled out the mutual rights and obligations of the high contracting parties. Provided a normative framework not only for acquisition of territory in the African continent but also for its colonial governance afterward; Tried to eliminate or suppress war b/t or among European powers over African territories. Security cooperation for those on the operating level of the system.

History has shown that where nuclear capabilities emerge, so, too, does _______ (Waltz)

Stability

According to the security model, why do states engage in nuclear proliferation? (Sagan)

States build nuclear weapons to increase national security against foreign threats.

Periods of crisis can both ________ new ideas and create a ______ for them. (Herman)

Stimulate Demandq

New Trade Theory

Suggests the existence of additional benefits from trade, which are termed dynamic

Trusteeship Council

Supervised the independence of these new nations and pushed this process of transitioning former colonies into states (kind of like Mandate System but serious)

If the gap between global ______ and ______ for a range of primary foods narrows, price volatility on world markets is likely to increase

Supply Demand

What is the key factor in the spread of infectious diseases?

Temperature

What will affect the intensity of transmission?

Temperature Relative Humidity Precipitation

There is clearly a strong correlation between the steady rise in ocean _______ attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions and the demonstrable increase in _______ frequency and intensity

Temperature Frequency

Kuznets Curve

Tendency for income inequality to worsen at early stages of growth and then improve at later stages.

For what groups would the taboo hold little meaning?

Terrorist groups

What did Gorbachev announce in his 1988 speech to the General Assembly?

That the USSR would make major cuts in arms build up

What is Scott Sagan's realist interpretation of the taboo?

That the phenomenon of nonuse is better understood as a "tradition of nonuse" rather than as the expression of a taboo, because it is best explained by prudential rather than normative concerns.

What was the dominant justification for America's use of nuclear weapons in Japan?

That using the bomb had been necessary to save American lives

Pre- and post-WWI what did the "self" of self-determination refer to? What did "determination" imply?

The "self" was a distinctive and usually smaller nationality that elected to go it alone or unite with other such nationalities to form a new country of their own. "Determination" signified the desire and willingness of such peoples to govern themselves as independent states

Globalization

The "widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life" (Naim)

After 1958, whay crisis contributed greatly to Charles de Gaulle's obsession with nuclear weapons as the source of French grandeur? (Sagan)

The Algerian crisis

Why can't the Arctic council take action to help ensure that the new Arctic ocean from the melting is developed orderly?

The Arctic Council does exist to address environmental issues, but it has remained silent on the most pressing challenges facing the region because the United States purposefully emasculated it at birth, in 1996, by prohibiting it from addressing security concern

How did the Eisenhower administration want nuclear weapons to be viewed as? (Tannenwald)

The Eisenhower administration embarked on a deliberate and intensive policy to "conventionalize" atomic weapons

Brezhnev Doctrine

The Kremlin should have quelled the incipient revolution that was gnawing at the satellite orbit

What treaty addresses international nuclear proliferation?

The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1995)

America perceived the Soviet Union to be on the march everywhere. How did this condition lead to the USSR's downfall?

The Soviet empire failed in part because of its own history had tempted it inexorably toward overextension. The fatal flaw in all this bloated imperialism was that the Soviet leaders lost their sense of proportion along the way

More than any other state, ________ makes the rules and maintains the institutions that shape the international political economy (Waltz)

The US

Reagan Doctrine

The US would help anticommunist counterinsurgencies wrest their respective countries out of the Soviet sphere of influence.

Robert Jackson

The Weight of Ideas in Decolonization: Normative Change in International Relations

What can cause nuclear restraint - according to the security model? (Sagan)

The absence of the fundamental military threats that produce positive proliferation decisions.

What is the realist argument for decolonization?

The back to back sequence of 2 WWs that the Great Powers lacked the capability to maintain their empires. The indigenous ppl have the increased capability to resist.

Breakout Capacity

The capacity to build and test a nuclear weapon quickly

What is meant by the "flattening" of the world?

The communications revolution is profoundly democratic and liberating, leveling the imbalance between large and small. The world is increasingly wired, informed, and "flat"

The policy change that has most helped global integration to flourish is... (Wolf)

The growth of international institutions since WWII.

Invisible Hand

The idea that an individual who "intends only his own gain" is "led by an invisible hand to promote the public interest.

What is the ideal way to manage the Arctic? (Borgerson)

The ideal way to manage the Arctic would be to develop an overarching treaty that guarantees an orderly and collective approach to extracting the region's wealth.

According to Wolf, global governance will come not at the expense of the state but rather as an expression of...

The interests that the state embodies.

Identity

The link between norms and interests that motivate behavior

Interdependence

The mere mutualism of states; Politically less consequential

Until the financial crisis in 2008, what was the fastest-growing segment of the world's population?

The middle class in poor countries

What do the best adaptation plans draw on?

The most detailed type of info about conditions on the ground that is available only to locals

According to Naim, are great power politics back?

The never went away.

Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson Model:

The scarce factors of production will lose from trade, and the abundant factors will benefit

Openness

The sum of exports and imports as a share of GDP.

What is Friedman's controversial thesis?

The third wave of globalization has superseded the powers of the states (it's gone beyond); there is a social, economic force that dominates and subordinates the state system

Distributive Justice is Global

Theorists of global justice argue that no consistent logical argument can be sustained that limits justice to the domestic sphere

Classical economic theory

There are national gains from trade, associated with the phrase "comparative advantage"

MANDATE SYSTEM

There could not longer be brute annexation in the League of Nations era.

Constructivist reason for nonproliferation

There is a moral taint to nuclear weapons. A lot of countries are not interested in taking on a bad rep

Neoliberal reason for nonproliferation

There is a web of treaties and agreements that put in place a lot of barriers that prevent nations from going nuclear

Realist reason for nonproliferation

There is danger associated with getting nuclear weapons - have to be really desperate to go for them

How does a realist view international institutions?

These institutions may be more epiphenomenal; whatever impact they have, if any, is derived from their role in some larger political or economic structure

Capture by the powerful developed countries

These institutions were created by and for the interests of the large, rich countries. Pressure from the rich countries has been seen as causing the international institutions at times to provide unhelpful advice as well as to shift the agenda and negotiating outcomes away from those favorable to the developing world

How does the very efficiency of nuclear weapons make them ideal for starting a war? (Schelling)

They can suddenly eliminate the enemy's capacity to shoot back.

Who asserts that 10 forces are flattening the Earth and leveling the playing field of global competitiveness? (Ghemawat)

Thomas Friedman

Government's' control over the movement of people in search of employment [tightened/loosened] virtually everywhere in the early part of the last century.

Tightened

How does our commitment to the welfare state result in another aspect of the tragedy of the commons?

To could the concept of freedom to breed with the belief that everyone born had an equal right to the commons is to lock the world into a tragic course of action.

Import Sub. Industrialization

To develop the economy you need to identify those things that citizens buy from foreign producers, put tariffs on them, and develop your own version of those goods. Find domestic demands and substitute domestically produced products for foreign goods (decline in quality). By using this strategy you can build up your industrial base from which you can eventually engage the market when you reach a certain level.

The "______ _____" of a state is the key to their success in the world economy.

Transformative Capacity

How are the atomic bombs the US used on Japan examples of Coercive force?

Two atomic bombs dropped on Japan were weapons of terror and shock The bomb that hit Hiroshima was a threat aimed at all of Japan

What is considered the bedrock of Arctic governance? (CFR)

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

What convention has the US Senate failed to ratify keeping it out of the Arctic "gold rush"? (Borgerson)

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

8 Arctic States

US (Alaska) Canada Russia Norway Denmark (Greenland) Sweden Iceland Finland

First Wave of Nuclear Proliferation

US - the first nuclear proliferator; only nuclear proliferator to have used nuclear weapons against an enemy.

Domestic Politics Liberal Reasoning for the end of the Cold War

US and USSR began to cooperate more effectively when Gorb made efforts to liberalize the Soviet domestic political system

How did the Cold War play a role in decolonization?

US and USSR both needed to appeal for support from the emergent nationalists of the colonial world. It became too difficult/costly for nations to pursue imperial enterprises due to the US's antipathy to colonialism and the Soviet's willingness and ability to support anticolonial rebellions materially.

Second Wave of Nuclear Proliferation

USSR follows suit testing its first atom bombs in 1949

Instrumental Ideas (Jackson)

Understanding of the situation in which I find myself and the advantages or disadvantages it has for me.

Mercantilism

Using state power to create a trading system that raises national income

Common Europe Home (Gorbachev)

Vague structure in which everyone would be allied w/everyone else, diluting the meaning of an alliance to the point of irrelevance.

With nuclear weapons, _______ is no longer a prerequisite for hurting the enemy.

Victory

Terrorism

Violence intended to coerce the enemy rather than to weaken him militarily

In the 1990s, the dominant view held that booming business ties between countries were the best antidote to _____ (Naim)

War

The shift in public opinion toward colonialism flowed from...

Western political tradition of democracy and equality.

Who suggested the "tragedy of the commons"? (Hardin)

William Foster Lloyd

Most economic activity is conducted where?

Within one's borders (domestically concentrated)

Except for the ____ ______, the original and primary mission of these international institutions was not promoting growth in the developing world. (Milner)

World Bank

Integration (Waltz)

World would look like one big state Requires or presumes a government to protect, direct, and control

The global grassroots antinuclear weapons movement were driven by... (Tannenwald)

a growing fear of nuclear war and a general sense of revulsion regarding nuclear weapons

Theories about the value of reciprocity in trade depend on the assumption that the country is...

a large trader

The most important aspect of necessity that is the necessity of...

abandoning the commons in breeding.

Mainstream economic theory claims that immigration barriers need not be a major handicap to poor nations because they can be offset by...

capital flows from industrialized economies to developing ones.

No permanent solution to the climate problem is feasible without tackling.... (Victor)

carbon dioxide,

Critics maintain that developing countries have not gained much from the GATT trade rounds; most of the gains have gone to...

developed countries

Why does Rawls believe Justice is relevant only within states?

ecause individuals within them consent to be governed by certain principles and agree to be coerced, if need be, into doing so.

Web traffic within countries and regions had increased far [faster/slower] than traffic between them.

faster

A "world without nuclear weapons" would be a world in which the US, RUS, Israel, CNA, and a ½ dozen/dozen other countries would have.... (Schelling)

hair-trigger mobilization plans to rebuild nuclear weapons and mobilize to preempt other nations' nuclear facilities

The few cities that dominate what are at the height of modern global integration? (Ghemawat)

international financial activity

Land locked countries engage in ⅓ [more/less] trade

less

2 countries that are adjacent to e/o trade about 80% [more/less] than 2 otherwise similar countries.

more

Countries that speak the same language trade about 50% [more/less] than two otherwise similar countries

more

Two units that share the same colonizer still trade on average 80% [more/less] with w/o than two otherwise similar countries

more

Developed countries do the bulk of their external business with.... (Waltz)

one another

In short, global markets offer opportunities for all, but.... (Scott)

opportunities do not guarantee results.

Every new enclosure of the commons involves the infringement of somebody's...

personal liberty

Normative pressures may begin with the actions of entrepreneurial non-state actors, but their beliefs only have significant influence once... (Sagan)

powerful state actors join the cause

Historical change often is marked by a change of.... (Jackson)

principled beliefs and the institutions that embody them.

Development of energy in the Russian Arctic has been dominated by...

state-backed firms

The morality of an act is a function of... (Hardin)

the state of the system at the time it is performed

From the domestic model's perspective reversals of weapons decisions should occur when...

there are major internal political changes

Differential taxation is possible if there are at least some ______ costs (Wolf)

transport