IPAP 1-18 A&P1 Skeletal
osteocytes
mature bone cells; regulate composition of bone matrix
metaphyses
where the diasphysis and epiphyses meet
osteons
Haversian systems in compact bone formed from concentric lamellae
bone deposition
addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
Perforating canals
allow transit of blood and lymphatic vessels to the outer cortex of the bone
spongy bone
also known as cancellous/trabecular bone
compact bone
also known as cortical bone
osteogenesis
another term for ossification
central canal
area of osteon's where blood and lymphatic vessels are found
epiphseal plate
ate the metaphysis of a growing bone
hematopoiesis
blood cell production that occurs in spongy bone
medullary cavity
bone breakdown by osteoclasts forms the:
fibrous joints
bones attached by fibrous connective tissue; little movement
mesenchymal
cells from which bone forms
chondrocytes
cells of mature cartilage
cartilaginous joints
components are connected by cartilage; no synovial cavity and little to no movement
cartilage
consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in a jelly-like ground substance of chondroitin sulfate
elastic cartilage
consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers
periosteum
dense irregular connective tissue that covers the bone
epiphyses
distal and proximal ends
outer circumferential lamellae
encircle the bone beneath the periosteum
inner circumferential lamellae
encircle the medullary cavity
vitamin D
essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood
osteoporosis
excessive loss of calcium that weakens the bones
remodeling
final step in the repair of a fracture
fracture hematoma
first step in fracture repair that occurs 6-8 hours after injury
bony callus
formed by osteoblasts following the fibrocartilaginous callus
fibrocartilaginous callus
formed weeks to months after an initial fracture; phagocytes remove debris and fibroblasts deposit collagen
interstitial lamellae
found between osteons; are left over fragments of older osteons
fibrocartilage
has thick bundles of collagen fibers; very strong and tough
articular cartliage
hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses
trabeculae
lattice of thin columns of lamellae in spongy bone
bone matrix
made up of 25% water, 25% collagen (flexibility/tensile strength), and 50% hydroxyapatite (Hardness)
hydroxyapatite
made up of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
elastic cartilage
makes up the malleable part of the external ear and the epiglottis
endosteum
membrane lining the marrow cavity
periosteum
mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the:
syndesmosomes
more space than a suture; more fibrous connective tissue
synovial joints
most movable joints; may contain articular discs
vitamins K and B₁₂
needed for synthesis of bone proteins
vitamin C
needed for synthesis of collagen
osteocytes
nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the trabeculae
fibrocartilage
occurs as a disc-shaped segment of cartilage between bones
osteomalacia
occurs when new bone formed during remodeling fails to calcify
articular cartilage
part of synovial joint that covers epiphyses of bone; not covered by synovial membrane
articular capsule
part of synovial joints that has dense irregular and regular connective tissue
synovial membrane
part of synovial joints that line the capsule and secrete synovial fluid
synchondroses
primary cartilaginous joints; hyaline cartilage connecting bones; cartilage may ossify with age
intra-membrane ossification
process beginning in embryonic development that produces spongy bone
endochondral ossification
process beginning in embryonic development whereby cartilage is replaced by bone
calcification
process by which calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and the extracellular matrix hardens
ossification
process of forming new bone
remodeling
process that removes injured bone and replaces it with new bone tissue
calcitonin
produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption
blood cell
production for these is in red bone marrow
calcitriol
promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
parathyroid hormone
promotes resorption of bone matrix and vitamin D formation, and prevents loss of calcium in the urine
symphyses
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and the manubriosternal joint are examples of:
primary ossification center
region of the diaphysis where bone tissue replaces most of the cartilage
osteoclasts
release enzymes that digest bone matrix for remodeling of bone
blood calcium increase
release of calcium from bone matrix and retention of calcium by the kidneys are the two main ways for
bone reabsorption
removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
chondroitin sulfate
resilience in cartilage is due to:
Rickets
result form inadequate calcification of the extracellular bone matrix, usually caused by vitamin D deficiency.
acromegaly
result when too much new tissue is formed and the bones become abnormally thick and heavy
concentric lamellae
ringsof calcified matrix
symphyses
secondary cartilaginous joints; fibrocartilage connecting bones
osteoblasts
secrete bone matrix; become osteocytes
diaphysis
shaft or body
canaliculi
small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae
marrow cavity
space inside the diaphysis
lacunae
spaces in cartilage where chondrocytes reside
osteogenic cells
stem cells that can divide and differentiate into osteoblasts
vitamin A
stimulates activity of osteoblasts
triglyceride
storage for this is in yellow bone marrow
trabeculae
support and protect the red bone marrow and are oriented along lines of stress
gomphoses
teeth in sockets of upper and lower jaw
osteoarthritis
the degeneration of articular cartilage such that bony ends touch, resulting in bone against bone which results in friction that worsens it
perichondrium
the dense, irregular connective tissue that covers cartilage
hyaline cartilage
the epiphyseal plate consists of:
hyaline
the most abundant type of cartilage
bone remodeling
the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
perichondrium
the only place that has nerves in the cartilage
sutures
thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
hyaline cartilage
this can be found at the ends of long bones, parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx
osteon
this is not found in spongy bones
intra-membranous ossification
used in forming the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle
calcium reservoir
used to regulate the level of calcium in the blood; 99% is stored in the bone
synovial fluid
viscous, clear fluid that lubricates and allows diffusion of nutrients and wastes
periosteum
what the perichondrium becomes after being vascularized