IPV4

Static Routing with IPv6 To make static routing work, whether in IP or IPv6, you need these three tools:

- An accurate, up-to-date network map of your entire internetwork - Next-hop address and exit interface for each neighbor connection - All the remote subnet IDs

6to4 Tunneling

6to4 tunneling is really useful for carrying IPv6 data over a network that's still IPv4. It's quite possible that you'll have IPv6 subnets or other portions of your network that are all IPv6, and those networks will have to communicate with each other.

Multicast 2

Again, as in IPv4, packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces tuned into the multicast address. Sometimes people call them "one-tomany" addresses. It's really easy to spot a multicast address in IPv6 because they always start with FF.

Entire IP address set to all 1s (same as 255.255.255.255)

Broadcast to all nodes on the current network; sometimes called an "all 1s broadcast" or local broadcast.

reserved private addresses

Class A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

Dual Stacking (ISATAP) Command

Corp(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing Corp(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 Corp(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:3c4d:1::/64 eui-64 Corp(config-if)#ip address 192.168.255.1 255.255.255.0

Class C Valid Host IDs

Here's an example of how to find a valid host ID in a Class C network: All host bits turned off is the network ID: 192.168.100.0. All host bits turned on is the broadcast address: 192.168.100.255. The valid hosts would be the numbers in between the network address and the broadcast address: 192.168.100.1 through 192.168.100.254.

Class B Valid Host IDs

Here's an example of how to find the valid hosts in a Class B network: All host bits turned off is the network address: 172.16.0.0. All host bits turned on is the broadcast address: 172.16.255.255. The valid hosts would be the numbers in between the network address and the broadcast address: 172.16.0.1 through 172.16.255.254.

Network address of all 1s

Interpreted to mean "all networks."

Node address of all 1s

Interpreted to mean "all nodes" on the specified network; for example, 128.2.255.255 means "all nodes" on network 128.2 (Class B address).

Node address of all 0s

Interpreted to mean "network address" or any host on a specified network.

Network address of all 0s

Interpreted to mean "this network or segment."

6to4 Tunneling distraction

One important note here: If the IPv4 network that you're traversing in this situation has a NAT translation, it would absolutely break the tunnel encapsulation you've just created! Over the years, NAT has been upgraded a lot so that it can handle specific protocols and dynamic connections, and without one of these upgrades, NAT likes to demolish most connections. Because this transition strategy isn't present in most NAT implementations, that means trouble.

Network 127.0.0.1

Reserved for loopback tests. Designates the local node and allows that node to send a test packet to itself without generating network traffic. The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used to test the IP stack on an individual node and cannot be used as a valid host address. However, the loopback address creates a shortcut method for TCP/IP applications and services that run on the same device to communicate with each other.

OSPFv3 configuration will look, starting with the optional configuration of the router ID in global configuration mode:

Router1(config)#ipv6 router osfp 10 Router1(config-rtr)#router-id 1.1.1.1

Understand the classes of IP address ranges.

The Class A address range is 0-127. The Class B address range is 128-191. The Class C range is 192-223. The Class D range is 224-239. The Class E range is 240-255.

6to4 Tunneling The whole idea

The whole idea of tunneling isn't a difficult concept, and creating tunnels really isn't as hard as you might think. All it really comes down to is snatching the IPv6 packet that's happily traveling across the network and sticking an IPv4 header onto the front of it.

Layer 2 broadcasts

These are sent to all nodes on a LAN.

Describe IPv6 Addresses Global Unicast

These are your typical publicly routable addresses and they're the same as in IPv4. Global addresses start at 2000::/3. The ISP can provide you with a minimum /48 network ID, which in turn provides you 16 bits to create a unique 64-bit router interface address. The last 64-bits are the unique host ID.

Loopback (localhost)

Used to test the IP stack on the local computer. Can be any address from 127.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254.

Class C Addresses

Using the example IP address 192.168.100.102, the network address is 192.168.100 and the node address is 102. In a Class C network address, the first three bit positions are always the binary 110. The calculation is as follows: 3 bytes, or 24 bits, minus 3 reserved positions leaves 21 positions. Hence, there are 221, or 2,097,152, possible Class C networks. Each unique Class C network has 1 byte to use for node addresses. This leads to 28, or 256, minus the two reserved patterns of all 0s and all 1s, for a total of 254 node addresses for each Class C network.

OSPFv3 configurations

You get to execute some configurations from router configuration mode, like summarization and redistribution, but we don't even need to configure OSPFv3 from this prompt if we configure OSPFv3 from the interface! This is because if we go with the interface configuration option, the router configuration process is added automatically. The interface configuration looks like this: Router1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 10 area 0 So, if we just go to each interface and assign a process ID and area—shazam, we're done!

Dual Stacking (ISATAP) 2

is an IPv6 transition mechanism meant to transmit IPv6 packets between dual-stack nodes on top of an IPv4 network. - This is the most common type of migration strategy because -allows our devices to communicate using either IPv4 or IPv6.

The new version of OSPF

- Anyway, in OSPF version 2, the router ID (RID) is determined by either the highest IP addresses assigned to the router or one you manually assigned. In version 3, you assign the RID and area ID, which are both still 32-bit values but aren't found via the IP address anymore because an IPv6 address is 128 bits. Changes in how these values are assigned, plus the removal of the IP address information from OSPF packet headers, make the new version of OSPF flexible enough to be used over almost any Network layer protocol. - Adjacencies and next-hop attributes now use link-local addresses. OSPFv3 still uses multicast traffic to send its updates and acknowledgments, with the addresses FF02::5 for OSPF routers and FF02::6 for OSPF-designated routers. These new addresses are the replacements for 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6, respectively.

Dual Stacking (ISATAP)

- Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)

Class A network and broadcast Id

All host bits off is the network address: 10.0.0.0. All host bits on is the broadcast address: 10.255.255.255.

6to4 Tunneling command

Router1(config)#int tunnel 0 Router1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:1:1::1/64 Router1(config-if)#tunnel source 192.168.30.1 Router1(config-if)#tunnel destination 192.168.40.1 Router1(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip Router2(config)#int tunnel 0 Router2(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:2:2::1/64 Router2(config-if)#tunnel source 192.168.40.1 Router2(config-if)#tunnel destination 192.168.30.1 Router2(config-if)#tunnel mode ipv6ip

Understand the private IP address range.

The private Class A address range is 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255. The private Class B address range is 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255. The Class C range is 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255.

Class A Valid Host IDs

The valid hosts are the numbers in between the network address and the broadcast address: 10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254. Notice that 0s and 255s can be valid host IDs. All you need to remember when trying to find valid host addresses is that the host bits can't all be turned off or on at the same time.

Link Local

These are like the Automatic Private IP Address (APIPA) addresses that Microsoft uses to automatically provide addresses in IPv4 in that they're not meant to be routed. In IPv6, they start with FE80::/10, as shown in Figure 3-11. Think of these addresses as handy tools that give you the ability to throw a temporary LAN together for meetings or create a small LAN that's not going to be routed but still needs to share and access files and services locally

Multicast

These are packets sent from a single source and transmitted to many devices on different networks. Referred to as "one-to-many."

Broadcasts (layer 3)

These are sent to all nodes on the network. Referred to as "one-to-all."

Unicast

This is an address for a single interface, and these are used to send packets to a single destination host. Referred to as "one-to-one."

way around 6to4 Tunneling distraction

called Teredo; it allows all your tunnel traffic to be placed in UDP packets. NAT doesn't blast away at UDP packets, so they won't get broken as other protocols packets do. With Teredo in place and your packets disguised under their UDP cloak, the packets will easily slip by NAT alive and well.

Class B Addresses

to manipulate, therefore 16,384, or 2^14, unique Class B network addresses. A Class B address uses 2 bytes for node addresses. This is 2^16 minus the two reserved patterns of all 0s and all 1s for a total of 65,534 possible node addresses for each Class B network.