iss 305

appeal to questionable authorities

appeal to questionable authorities, experts are more likely to be right than non-experts

false empirical statement

approaches 0

true empirical statement

approaches 1

assertion derived

argument

Brigham and bothwell

asked to estimate the percentage of accurate eyewitness identification

metaphysical statement

asserts something that cannot be observed by our senses

fallacies of relevance

attack the person

composition fallacy

what is true of parts is true of the whole

hawthorne

when they knew they were being observed they changed their actions

structure they take looks fine

why do we fall for fallacies

Skeptic

will not change their view no matter what

24%

""I have 25 pages can I use it to make copies"

24% complied

"I have 25 copies can I use the copy machine?"

93% complied

"I have 5 pages may I use it because I have to make copies?"

42% complied

"can I use the copy machine for 25 copies I am in a rush?"

94% complied

"excuse me I have 5 copies and I am in a rush?"

science does not require

-math and stats -use elaborate and complicated lab equipment -large or useful bodies of knowledge -findings that agree with our common sense -findings which disagree with common sense

straw man

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.

if I feel it it must be true

If some assertion/event/person makes us feel good, then it must be true/safe/trusted.

anecdotal evidence

Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences.

negativity effect

Skeptic

easier to create

Skeptics rather than skeptics

Consequence-Intentionality Fallacy

The effect does not prove an intent to produce that effect

loaded question

You asked a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn't be answered without appearing guilty.

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

construct

a hypothetical factor that is not observed directly; its existence is inferred from certain behaviors and assumed to follow from certain circumstances

Empirical Statement

a statement based on observation, experiment, or experience

operational definition

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

contradiction

a statement that is false by definition

invalid deductive reasoning

affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent

genetic fallacy

an alternative motive or ulterior motive so they must not be telling the truth

Hasty Generalization

basis of evidence of particular cases one draws more general conclusion

wells, Lindsay and Ferguson

calculator stolen and eyewitnesses were asked to identify who stole them

deductive arguments

conclusion is specific and evidence is more general

consequent

conclusion that may be false

abuse of ideas

could be stealing ideas presented or had bias on the counterintuitive opinion of this

converse to bandwagon

counterintuitive so it must be wrong

operational definition

definition of how one attaches experience to words

valid deductive arguments

does not guarantee true conclusion

False Dichotomy

either A or B is true A is not true therefore B is true

objectivity

evaluate the evidence/take out the bias

publicness

expects results will replicate

attitude statements

express speakers feeling or what they think but hold no empirical meaning

fallacy

fails to provide good reasons

cannon

fundamental principle that is more or less accepted as truth but is basically accepted on faith

poisoning the well

give false information about your opponent to make your side look better

shelly taylor

happy and healthier if shielded from the truth

false cause

if a is associated with b then a causes b

affirming the antecedence

if statement

guarantees conclusion deductive argumetns

if valid and premise is true

appeal to fear

if you do not accept A to be true then something bad will happen to you

begging the question

in any case you end up right where you started

more

is negative information weighed more heavily or less

paradox

jumble of words that defy comprehension because its saying nothing

falsification

line between science and non-science

empiricism

making systematic observations

determinism

meanings have systematic causes are not random and can be predicated

Irrelevant Thesis

misleads or distracts in an effort to lead people to false conclusion

fundamental attribution error

not paying attention to the situation and too much internal factors

bandwagon

most people take course of action so it must be true

past practice fallacy

must be true because people have always done it and believed it

nominal fallacy

naming something doesn't explain it

opposite of genetic fallacy

no argument is found argument must be true

controlled/systematic observations

not all observations are equally relevant to an empirical statement or question

tautology

not real arguments

two wrongs make a right

proving ones own wrong positions correct by finding fault in an opposing position

Step 2 of self fulfilling prophecy

perceived behavior toward the target

Step 1 of self fulfilling prophecy

perceives evidence

parsimony

picking between what's good and what's not

assertion

point of view or opinion

argument

point of view supported by reasons the view is good

appeal to authority

potential bias against certain authors or institutions

uncertainty with empiricism

potential bias that come into play

Converse of Ad Hominem

praise the person

invalid

premise more specific than conclusion

skeptic

question everything and doubt

huristics

quickly looking for evidence, make decision right now

generalizability

real world application

60% complied

request 1: "I only have 5 pages may I use the copy machine?"

uncertainty

result of a scientific evaluation of an empirical statement is never certain

stanovich

science should reveal the truth

confirmation bias

search out evidence that confirms bias

dogma

set of principles laid down by authority figures that are absolutely true

equivocation

using a simple work or phrase with several meanings as If it only had one meaning or changing meanings halfway through

argh and shalv

shower study-relation between hot showers and loneliness

peer review process

slow process that does not equal broad statements in scientific community

Candide

someone who believes anything

Brian w from Cornell

studies retracted because a lot of his studies rely on common sense

Langer, Blank, & Chanowitz

study saying people rely on heuristics when they hear questions

Step 3 of self fulfilling prophecy

target haves toward the perceiver

Rosenthal and Jacobson

teachers were told some students were bloomers and those students ended up doing better in the class than the non bloomers

hindsight bias

tendency to overestimate how predictable something is after one learns it has occurred

testability

the ability to realistically test your theory with available measures

appeal to ignorance

the absence of evidence is taken as evidence

Occum's Razor

the fewer the assumptions an explanation relies on, the better the explanation

reification error

treating an abstract concept as if it were concrete or physical entity

analytic statment

true or false by definition and says something about the meaning of the word

value statements

use judgment words like good, bad, nice, cheap, ugly, hopeless used to judge

weasel words

used to suggest a positive meaning without actually really making any guarantee