Issues in Education Mid-Term Study Guide

Beatty's educational view most resembles the approach of which of the following individuals?

Booker T. Washington.

Dewey believe in a classroom that was

Child Centered

Potential for indoctrination and necessary in some situations (for example, driving).

training

One of the main reason the Ku Klux Klan was founded was to keep African Americans from voting.

true

Women began dominating the ranks of teachers due in part to the belief that

women were more virtuous than men, and women could be paid less than men

Du Bois was a featured speaker at the first National Negro Committee meeting. This committee was formed after and spoke out against the violent lynchings of two Black men. This group later became known as the...

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

_______________________ resulted in teachers who were trained in pedagogy but not as well versed in what should be taught or why things are taught.

Normal schools that separate teachers-in-training from other higher education curriculums

What was the major change in the South that reversed the gains that were being made for African Americans following the Reconstruction era?

The withdrawal of federal troops that allowed many White southerners to begin trying to "redeem" their White dominance over political and economic life.

During the White "redemption" movement, African Americans were oppressed through..

a lack of job opportunities and, therefore, many remained as sharecroppers. "Pig laws" that were meant to enslave Black people in harsh ways. "convict lease" programs for already-harsh punishments that essentially made convicts work for free. literacy and poll-tax requirements to suppress votes of Black people.

Political economy most accurately refers to

a society's institutions and organizations.

progressive education emphasizes learning by

doing

Collier believe that American Indian youths would benefit more in school away from the reservation

false

The idea that schools could create wealth, thus relieving the plight of the poor without cost to the rich, is reflective of

human capital theory.

Mann believed that the common schools had a responsibility to

inculcate students with an appropriate set of moral values.

An attempt to explain reality and practice.

social theory

Which one of the following statements holds true for the Progressive Era's idea of "new psychology"?

"New psychology" is a revised view of human nature that was influenced by several new approaches to psychology

Despite Mann's call for the teachings of values through _______________, that he thought all men would agree on, Mill claimed all schools should provide ___________ education so that minorities would not feel religious exclusion.

"great Christian truths"; secular

According to Mann, what would the economic values of education be?

*Children could become intellectual thinkers and, therefore, live more fulfilled lives. *Schooling would make people more productive. *Was "the great equalizer" between social classes *Would make people more punctual and able to follow directions. *Would allow all to go to continue to higher education

In the early 1900s, how would you describe schools in New England?

*Losing attendees *Not attended by wealthier students *In undesirable locations *Payed teachers well *Barely-literate teachers *Focused on teaching reading for the understanding of religion and laws

Educational reform began in the mid-1820s but not until the following demographic and ideological shifts

*Massive flow of settlers to the interior territories *View that schools to could build nationalism *Immigration Irish, Germans, and others *Urbanization stimulated by industrialization, especially in port cities *View that school could mark gap between rich and poor and slow alcoholic consumptio

Educational reform began in the mid-1820s but not until the following demographic and ideological shifts:

*Massive flow of settlers to the interior territories *View that schools to could build nationalism *Immigration Irish, Germans, and others *Urbanization stimulated by industrialization, especially in port cities *View that school could mark gap between rich and poor and slow alcoholic consumption

Why did the government begin to intervene in economic affairs and ultimately gain power, despite a Classic Liberalist affections for laissez-faire?

*Protective tariffs for factory owners *Financial aid and land grants for railroads *Welfare for industrial class on the grounds it would benefit all members of society.

Which of the following were direct and indirect affects of Taylorization?

*Skilled artisanship *Opportunity for unskilled workers *Lower pay for workers *Replaceable workers *Dilution of skills *Democratic principals in the work place *Centralized control of decision-making power *Goods could be produced cheaper *Formation of unions

What are some benefits of unions?

*Support protections for safe labor *Support protections for fair pay and benefits *Support the right to make decisions and speak up about working conditions

Which of the following reasons contributed to "old" immigrants' buy-in to thought that the "new immigrants" were inferior?

*The fact that they landed in dirty, overpopulated areas when they came to America. *The fact that they created more competition for jobs, *Nationalism and a distrust of foreigners due to WWI relations.

Which of the following is true of the Socialist party after its separation from the Socialist Labor party?

*Was relatable to Protestants because of its concern for human equality, compassion for the poor, and sharing of goods *Was supported by women because of its fight for their social and political equality *Supported Democratic candidates because of lack of chance for major success on a political ticket and prohibition of socialist materials in the U.S. mail especially after the "Red Scare"

The commitment to public schooling of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was driven in part by

*a religious view of the public good. *an economic view of the public good. *a legal view of the public good.

During the Progressive Era, the term scientific management included

*de-skilling: breaking down each complex, skilled task into its component parts. *increased worker production and worker dissatisfaction at the same time. *a 60 percent increase in wages and a 400 percent increase in production.

According to Rubalcava (1991), taken together, multicultural education . . . (check all that apply)

*fosters pride in minority cultures *paints white culture in a negative light *helps minority students develop new insights into their culture *reduces prejudice and stereotyping *promotes intercultural understandings

John Dewey believed that classrooms and schools should.... (Choose all of the following that apply.)

*have students should chose the activities *allow students to practice democratic rule *penalize students who are overly social and expressive *have students exercise in intense physical training *have students exercise goal-setting, failures, and hurdles *have students prepare for specific occupations

Common schooling was seen as one solution to the "immigrant problem" because of perceptions that

*immigrants were uneducated and needed to learn skills necessary for democratic participation. *immigrants' value systems did not include the work ethic required for the factory system. *immigrants did not usually provide an education for their children.

the curriculum that Mann proposed for the normal schools reflected his concerns

*improving academic preparation of teachers *having teachers who could learn and apply appropriate techniques of teaching *credentializing the teaching profession

The curriculum that Mann proposed for the normal schools reflected his concerns about (check all that apply

*improving academic preparation of teachers. *competition with Europe nations. *having teachers who could learn and apply appropriate techniques of teaching. *making sure women understood their place in society. *credentializing the teaching profession.

Schooling includes

*learning achieved through the hidden *curriculum. the state's goals for its citizens. *planned instruction and programs of study.

Educators and others who advocated Progressive education reforms held a view of the "new" students as

*learning through emotions more than intellect. *requiring guidance toward their eventual place in life. *learning through pursuing their own interests.

All of the following were past models of multicultural education that were rarely based on ethnographic or empirical studies of minorities' cultures (check all that apply).

*multicultural education for cross-cultural understanding, which, among other things, stresses teaching strategies affirming the right to be different and the need for members of different cultures to respect one another *culturally responsive education" at the elementary and secondary schools to enhance minority school learning by including minority cultures in the content of the curriculum and as a medium of instruction; *cultural pluralism in education, designed to preserve and strengthen ethnic-group identity and to increase minority groups' social, political, and economic participation in society; *cultural exceptionalism that stresses group identities distinct and separated from others.

Jefferson's justification of his slaveholding, on the grounds that slaves were incapable of self-government, reflects

*the influence of classical liberal racism. *Jefferson's efforts to rationalize an apparent inconsistency in his own beliefs and actions. *the probable influence of economic considerations on Jefferson's political thought

What caused the United States to change from being primarily rural to primarily urban? (Check all that apply)

*the number of people migrating to the cities from rural areas *immigration *industrialization reducing the need for farm labor and increasing the need for factory labor in cities

In regards to discipline, Mann believed...

*the teacher needs to understand the child if he/she were to development them. *against authoritarian and corporal punishment methods *fear corrupted the morality and intellect of a child and that "blind obedience is without value."

The classical liberal conceptions of virtue included belief in (check all that apply)

*the womanly virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. *piety and faith in God. *all men were created equally *fulfilling one's duty to nature.

An industrial morality...

*was supported by merchants who organized cottage industries and entrepreneurs of factories *adhered to punctuality, rules, and delimination of childhood and adulthood *was instilled through schooling eventually.

The northern military presence to support the Reconstruction of the South to include Black people dwindled and and the North became less and less committed to these efforts because...

, although they knew equality had not been met, they had to focus on their own Northern economic problems.

What ideals on the education of women did each political position hold in the early 19th century? Match the political position on the right with the ideal on the left. 3__ Demanded gender equality. __1__ God intended for the woman to be useful only a wife and to maintain the status quo and not participate in any system of education. __2__ Thought that a weak woman would not be able to be "governed"; therefore, education would make her a better companion. __3__ Resisted against male privilege and dominance. __2__ God intended for women to fulfill their role as wives and moral exemplars, but state that they must be educated to do be able to teach the young. __2__ Deemphasized Augustine blame on women for original sin

1 conservatism 2 liberalism 3 radicalism

-6- Her liberalism led her to make a significant contribution to the education and autonomy of women. __5__ Was known for her activism on the part of African-American women, her position that Christian ideals were compatible with educational ideals, and her belief that political and social quality in a racist culture was possible through the education of African-American women. __8__ Endorsed a view of women's capacity for rationality that is contrary to that held by Jefferson and classical liberals and very similar to the view later held by Mary Leal Harkness and Matthew Vassar. __4__ Wrote that "superstition begins to hamper a girl's education almost at the very beginning", referring first to the belief that girls' education should be deemphasized to protect their delicate health. __2__ In 1861, this person established a college dedicated to the best intellectual preparation for women that money could buy. __3__ Early in the twentieth century it endorsed the view that vocational education for girls should focus on sex-typed occupations. __7__ Were meant to train teachers for schools __1__ Used classical liberal notions of natural rights and human rationality to frame a manifesto of resistance to male privilege in society, politics, and education.

1. Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention of 1848 2. Matthew Vassar 3. National Education Association 4. Mary Leal Harkness 5. Anna Julia Cooper 6. Emma Willard 7. Normal schools 8. Elizabeth Cady

This article addresses which two contrasting educational responses to the cultural diversity?

1. a core curriculum education movement 2. a multicultural education movement

Progressive educators generally believed in the need for a "varied" curriculum but differed between which two (2) following philosophies:

A focus on the their best interest in the child and, therefore, a need for an educational "track" A focus on the concerns and motivators for each child A focus on the needs to teach children about progressivism and a greater need for the study of history A focus on how to discipline each childe

Social-efficiency progressives would be most likely to support which of the following in today's educational world..

A trade curriculum for high school students who they think are destined for work in a factory

Which of the following are true of the "cult of domesticity":

A woman's primary role was to be able to engage in her husband's conversations about economics. A woman's primary role was to provide comfort for her husbands and their role in the economic world. Women were to remain in the home and not be educated. Women were to be minimally educated so they could guide development in early years of childhood. Confined women to the gender role of being nurturing and mannerly. Expanded women's abilities to be able to speak out in public platforms. N

Why were women pushed into secretarial practice and other office work?

Because they aligned wit the housekeeping, chores, and organizational skills that aligned with keeping a home tidy.

What are the two key factors that continued development of education for Black communities despite the "redemption"?

Black people could still vote. Black people were still sharecroppers. White funding of public schools filtered over to support Black equity gaps. Legal safeguards for equal funding for education.

Which of the following races faced severe prejudices from the "old" immigrants when coming to America in the late 19th century and early 20th?

Chinese Slavs Jews and Italians

After reading "How can this chapter make me a better educator?", summarize in no more than 5 sentences: Why does an educator need to understand policy, as education pertains to society and economy?

Currently, people making policies that drive education are those who are not even educators -- many of which have never been educators. Public schools affect business community, according to Mann. Teachers can better serve with ethics instead of uncritically serving public agenda that does not understand the needs of children.

Before the belief of a benevolent God, was the Puritan God who demanded strict justice and harsh punishment -- with few up for elected for salvation. In addition to the dilution of people who had this ideology through immigration, scientific discovery opened the doors to the ________________ of progress, capability for humans to improve, and reasoning.

Enlightenment thought

"Education to meet the needs of group differences" has traditionally been attempted under the stated or implied claim that each child's development requires an individualized curriculum

False

"Progressive education" is a universal term that is understood by anyone in education. It means the same progressive methods today as it did at the start of the 20th century.

False

According to Ogbu, some of the needed changes for involuntary minorities can be effectively brought about without community effort.

False

According to Ogbu, there is a unwavering definition of multicultural education.

False

As prominent male educators in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries advocated that women's education suit women for their domestic roles in society, most women educators publicly rejected that position.

False

Both Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois believed that assimilation through self-assertion of individual and social rights was important.

False

Elliot believed in meritocracy, that every student will find his or her path throughout the course of their education.

False

In 1875, the Black belt redeemers allowed for children to choose which school they wanted to attend. This was a part of the new Alabama state constitution.

False

Mann did not advocate for higher education for women

False

Mann did not advocate for higher education for women.

False

Men were the only ones who thought and think women are fundamentally different and inferior to men.

False

When private schools for girls and young women were established in the nineteenth century they were designed primarily for the poor, who could not otherwise attend school.

False

During his time, Jefferson's advocacy of the natural aristocracy was consistent with conservatism.

False His ideas were consistent with liberalism.

Meritocracy is equivalent to democracy.

False Historically, meritocracy values social position over talent.

The Protestant Whigs wanted to educate their kids independently of others to make them intellectually ready for moral responsibilities such as voting.

False The Protestant Whigs supported public school education so that they could "inform," what they considered to be, an otherwise ignorant electorate now that more were able to vote.

Jefferson's belief in democratic localism was greatly impacted by his belief in the feudal system.

False the physical distance between cities and other centers of social activity, and the nature of communication and transportation at the time.

What was one of the things that Du Bois believed in?

Higher education for blacks

the "trust" relationship that Native Americans have with the United States means that

Indians can reliably trust the United States to honor treaties formed with native people.

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote: ""The success of democratic institutions... depends upon the intellectual and moral character of the mass of the people. If they are intelligent and virtuous, democracy is a blessing; but if they are ignorant and wicked it is only a curse... The proper education of a man decides the welfare of an individual; but educate a woman, and the interests of a whole family are secured." This stance is considered....

Liberal because although it allowed women to be educated, it did not challenge the social order.

In 3 sentences or less, what are two reason Mann campaigned for female teachers?

Mann claimed: Could pay teachers a lower salary. Males views as more rational; women as more emotional and loving. Females would offer affection and, in turn, access to the inner psyche of the students.

Reflecting the influence of Darwin on many intellectuals of his day, Eliot devised a plan of barring unmarried southern and eastern Europeans from immigrating to the United States for what reason?

Married, they would be a lesser threat to the American gene pool.

Although women were thought to be unsuited for intellectual activities, few women from affluent homes were able to attend female seminaries. However, it was thought by most colonial Americans that the goal for females was

Matrimony

Which of the following is NOT true of women's rise in the secretarial and clerical jobs?

Men were upset about women in these roles due to the higher-pay of these non-industrial jobs.

The dominant ideology of a society

None of these answers is correct.

How would you describe the early 1900s in America?

People were mostly established in overpopulated urban areas

Black Belt representatives replaced the 1890 House Bill 504 wording of "just and equitable" with "for the equal benefit of all the children." This meant...

Schools with Black children would receive less money per capita than White schools because they said you could pay teachers at "colored schools" less.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, which of the following was among the most important political-economic developments?

State funding for common schooling was approved in Massachusetts

How did Booker T. Washington rise to leadership in American influence?

Stated that Black people should accept being separate from Whites in social and political matters and should become more industrious and thrifty to "earn respect."

Which of the following is NOT a reason that historians like Gabriel Kolko say the progressive era and the rise of government regulation was good for the "common person"?

The government could provide universal healthcare to those who cannot afford basic needs

how have American Indians in general responded to previous Indian affairs

They regarded the policies with skepticism and resistance

What is one of the main reasons that state governments increased the size of their militias?

To restore order when their was labor resistance

A device that was used to suppress the African American vote, literacy tests, was also campaigned for use by the Immigration Restriction League to restrict immigration around the 1890s.

True

According to the text, beliefs that national, ethnic, cultural, economic, racial, or gender groups posses unequal inherent characteristics are still used to hamper groups of people from being equal. This is seen in political, economic, and educational exclusions to this day.

True

Although former slaves and other African-Americans were given the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment, in the period following Reconstruction many of the educational gains a lowering of blacks' power to exert political influence.

True

At the time of his research, Ogbu suspected that multicultural education theories and programs were rarely based on actual study of minority cultures and languages.

True

Booker T. Washington made the statement, "the Indian refused to submit...and to learn the white man's ways. The result is that...American Indians have disappeared.... The Negro, wiser and more enduring than the Indian, patiently endured slavery [and therefore has] a civilization vastly superior to that of the Indian". This statement reflects Washington's belief(s) that blacks were inherently superior to American Indians.

True

Despite Booker T. Washington's passive style and pragmatic approach, his efforts remained true to the education of Black students.

True

Du Bois advocated assimilation, protest, and self-assertion.

True

For Jefferson, "truth" was a property of the natural world, and could be discovered through the free exercise of intellect and reason.

True

Hart's own reasonings for her advocacy for women as teachers directly contradicted her statement that men and women are equal.

True

IQ testing began as a way to assess students' predetermined destinies.

True

Many attempts at social reform during the common school era were guided by humanitarian concerns. This humanitarian emphasis was largely a result of a sense of religious obligation

True

Most problems caused by primary cultural differences are not due to differences in cultural content and practice.

True

Some problems caused by primary cultural differences can also be solved through well, designed and implemented multicultural education

True

Teachers and interventionists must recognize that involuntary minority children come to school with cultural and language frames of reference that are not only different from but probably oppositional to those of the mainstream and school

True

Women's opportunities for employment as teachers increased during the common school era because of a societal belief that the ability to nurture was seen as a primary characteristic of women.

True

Womens opportunities for employment as teachers increased during the common school era becuase of a societal belief that the ability to nurture was seen as a primary characteristic of women

True

many attempts as a social reform during the common school era were guided by humanitarian concerns, this humanitarian emphasis was largely a results of a sense of religious obligation

True

partially realized because . they encountered considerable prejudice from established Euro-American groups.

True

What did Washington urge Black people to not do?

Vote Run for political office Speak out against racial injustice

The identification of men with an essentially rational nature and women with an emotional nature

Was a significant part of Augustine's thinking about gender roles

Although former slaves and other African-Americans were given the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment, in the period following Reconstruction many of the educational gains they had achieved were eroded or lost. This can be traced to

a lowering of blacks' power to exert political influence

Which of these is not consistent with Jefferson's advocacy of education?

a state-approved textbook list for all districts

Willard Walcott Beatty's progressive administrative speech approach to Indian education included

adjusting Indian attitudes toward manual labor

Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech calling for the advancement of public education was made as

an argument aligned with human capital theory. an economic justification for education of Blacks. a call to bring blacks into useful employment

In the southern states during Reconstruction, advances in African-Americans' access to formal schooling came largely from

an extension of the educational efforts blacks themselves developed during slavery

Emma Hart's thesis focused on female education. It's main purpose(s) was to

analyze the principles that drive female education. convince legislators and voters to provide funds for women in higher education. outline and show the benefits of female seminaries.

In the name of equality and justice, Alabama and other southern states sought to provide school funding that was

apportioned in favor of white schools

If you are able to describe the dominant ideology of your society, you

are better able to understand and evaluate it

Training differs from education, in that training

attempts to get people to perform specific tasks in a predictable manner

American examples are Jews, Mormons, and the Amish.

autonomous

minorities primarily in a numerical sense

autonomous

manifest destiny is a term used by John L O'Sullivan to describe

both American justification for subduing all native cultures on the continents and a god given duty to civilize Indians

By the late nineteenth century, girls outnumbered boys in public high school graduation,

but fewer than ten percent of the entire high school-aged population graduated.

Systematic exclusion of some groups of people from the decision-making processes of their culture occurs in societies considered to be

communist.

Social theory is an important analytical tool because it

contributes to an interpretive understanding of how or why something occurs.

Booker T. Washington's counsel to blacks can be characterized most accurately as _______________. This toleration of prejudice led to the worst treatment of Black public education by the state and local school officers since the end of slavery.

cooperation with whites.

Catharine Beecher's perspective on the role and social position of women

did not challenge the second-class status of women in public life. maintained that happiness derived from subordination to one's husband. emphasized the liberal education of women's rational capacities.

During Booker T. Washington's time, the prevailing explanation for the unequal distribution of wealth and powe

did not take into account the effects of institutionalized racism. was supported by a social Darwinist theory of evolution. was based on white experience in organizing society.

Of the following, which might best be included in the concept of pluralism

differences and interactions amoung group are perceived as positive cultural resources for all groups

Nourish reason, intellect, intuition, and creativity.

education

Promotes the skills and understandings to develop a wide range of human capacities.

education

Although normal schools were a nice alternative to factory work and domestic work in other people's homes, normal schools kept many doors closed for women. Women's admission to secondary and collegiate education was won at the price of..

embracing the female gender role of compassion and mercy instead of logical reasoning and sense of justice.

According to Ogbu, James Banks (1981), probably the most prolific theorist, criticizes multicultural education models for them for emphasizing cultural differences and deficiencies.

emphasizing cultural differences and deficiencies.

Focusing efforts on achieving social harmony could most likely lead to

encouraging conformity

focusing efforts on achieving social harmony could most likely lead to

encouraging conformity

Application of the scientific method for reaching reasonable conclusions

enhanced the status of experts.

Theories help us

explain social phenomena

Du Bois believed that Washington asked African-Americans to give up three things to survive. Which of the following does not qualify as one of those aspects?

factory employment

Which of these best describes the most influential institution for the transmission of values during the early nineteenth century?

family

The historical exclusion of girls from schooling prior to the Revolution was grounded in the view that

girls didn't need formal education to take a productive place in society. girls were not suited for intellectual activities. education could be damaging to the female nature.

The historical exclusion of girls from schooling prior to the Revolution was grounded in the view that

girls were already being educated at home education could be damaging to the female nature. girls didn't need formal education to take a productive place in society. girls were not suited for intellectual activities.

Classical liberal emphasis on individualism was reflected in the desire for what we have termed "negative freedom". In contrast to this, the modern liberals desired

government regulations to protect certain freedoms.

the complexity of Indian education is partly because native Americans

have resisted Euro-American schooling as an institution that could damage their traditional, spiritual, and historic knowledge.

Euro-American cultural norms that subordinate women to men in secular society

have their basis at least partly in Christian tradition.

Euro-American cultural norms that subordinate women to men in secular society _______________________________________. These deep influences affected the nation's ideology and values and contributed to justifying different expectations for men and women in society and schooling.

have their basis at least partly in Christian tradition.

The authors believe that study in social foundations of education

helps teachers understand the social underpinnings of teaching and learning processes.

Anna Julia Cooper was known for

her activism on the part of African-American women. her position that Christian ideals were compatible with educational ideals. her belief that political and social quality in a racist culture was possible through the education of African-American women.

Jefferson's belief that three years of publicly funded education would help create a literate public reflected

his view that in three years people could develop a literacy foundation for lifelong learning.

Society's justification for its political, social, and economic arrangements

ideology

The beliefs, value systems, and understandings of social groups.

ideology

They do not experience lingering, disproportionate school failure

immigrant

people who have moved more or less voluntarily to the United States because they desire more economic well being, better overall opportunities, and/or greater political freedom

immigrant

The Chinese and Punjabi Indians are representative U.S. examples

immingrant/voluntary

Failure of teachers to understand the broader social and cultural contexts that surround their schools and classrooms

impairs their ability to interpret school and classroom events.

Aristotle's notion that a democratic society provides the same basic education to all of its citizens

implies that all kinds of education are suitable for all kinds of people.

how did pragmatisim influence Dewey's views of education

in the idea that students must interact with their environment in order to adapt and learn

American Indians, African Americans, early Mexican Americans in the Southwest, and native Hawaiians are U.S. example

involuntary

Historically, these minorities were often relegated to menial positions and denied true assimilation into the mainstream society.

involuntary

People who were originally brought into the United States or any other society against their will.

involuntary

According to Ogbu, the ability of a core curriculum to increase the school performance of some minority groups will be limited because

it does not address the nature of minority cultural diversity.

to early settlers, literacy was important becuase

it would combat Satan attempts to recruit followers form the ranks of the uneducated

To the early settlers, literacy was important because

it would combat Satan's attempts to recruit followers from the ranks of the uneducated.

Navaho educator Dilan Platero contrast between Indian control and involvement in their childrens schools is intended to show that

local control of community school embodies democratic ideas, while mere involvement does not.

Patricia Locke, former president of the NIEA believes that the best teacher of Natives American children will be

member of the child's own tribe, especially if they have not attended white college of education.

assimilation for Native Americas different from assimilation of the Irish and other European groups in that

native Americans were expected to assimilate into the invading culture.

Charles Darwin's On the Origin Species was meant to lay out the theory of _________________ but was instead used to drive the racist theory of ____________________.

natural selection; genetic inferiority

European and Native American cultural values in terms of ______ were closely aligned

none of the above

How a society is organized in order to function.

political economy

Social, cultural, economic, political, and demographic dimensions of a society.

political economy

Assimilationist efforts can have

positive and negative impacts of the assimilated people unintended consequences good and bag impacts on the dominate culture

Washington advocated for African Americans to "first class citizenship" through acquiescence by being patient, not voting, not standing up for oppressions or racism, getting a vocational education, and earning a living. Du Bois, on the other hand, argued that Black assimilation should be obtained through self-assertion instead. To acquire this assimilation, Du Bois called for...

public protest. legal action against racist institutions. higher education for Blacks.

The constitution framed by the black belt redeemers in 1875 legally required

racial segregation in schools.

john collier emphasized that deep and central preoccupation can be helped to apple themselves to new and practical ends. this reflects liberal reform

reducing or eliminate Indian resistance to assimilation.

Jefferson feared that urbanization would wreak havoc on the nation. The Progressives saw an increase of crimes associated with urbanization. These two points are

related, in that Jefferson's and the Progressives' apprehension was that one component of urbanization would be poverty, which breeds crime.

with of these aspects of U.S. government trusteeship of Native American have been and continues to be contested.

rights of N A to manage their own affairs rights of N A to manage their own resources government provision of educational opportunities for N A

Viewing citizenship as something earned by achieving a certain level of education

runs counter to American constitutional guarantees.

Formal curriculum, extracurricular activities, "hidden curriculum.

schooling

The totality of experiences occurring within the institution of "school.

schooling

Should be internally consistent, account for the data, and agree with other relevant theories.

social theory

Education is often understood to refer to

socialization training for positions in the dominant culture a means of separating oneself from society a means for solving social issues such as illiteracy and poverty a vehicle for the economic growth of a society.

During the period of "redemption", there was a significant decline in the status previously achieved by blacks in the Reconstruction period. This was accomplished through

state and federal legal decisions extra-legal mechanisms. the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.

A democratically-oriented classroom is often characterized by

student participation in problem solving and shared decision making.

Jefferson and Mann would probably agree on

taxpayer funding of education states sovereignty in matters of education different kinds of education according to merit

The purpose of Normal Schools was to teach prospective educators

teaching methodology

The purpose of the normal schools was to teach prospective educators

teaching methodology

women began dominating the ranks of teachers due in part of the belief

that women were more virtuous than men and women could be paid less than men

In 1861, Matthew Vassar established a college dedicated to

the best intellectual preparation for women that money could buy

The rise of science as a guide to action seemed logical to the liberals of the young republic because

the capacity for scientific thought seemed to be a God-given ability that allowed humans to understand the God-created regularity of the natural world around them

A statue of Booker T. Washington is said to portray him as "lifting the veil of ignorance from the Negro race". This reflects

the power of myth in history

Washington found in Armstrong a "father figure" which led him to trust his teachings. Trusting in Armstrong, Washington believed the main reason for unequal distribution of wealth and political power among racial groups was.... One of the reasons then that Washington told people to "Cast down your bucket where you are" is because Armstrong taught...

the racist theory of social evolution, that Black people were behind in morality and leadership and needed to develop self-discipline.

Horace Mann entered the educational conversation in 1837 when he gained interest in the issue of dispersing funds received from the federal government for Massachusetts's militia service during War of 1812. He supported using the money for...

the state's common schools

The term "cult of domesticity" refers to

the use of accepted beliefs about women's role in the home as an argument for increased formal schooling of girls.

The freedman's culture crusaded for education so much so that in 1877 _____________________. This all changed with the end of the Reconstruction era.

there were more Black students enrolled in school than White students in a great portion of Alabama's counties. Black students stayed in school longer in the Black belt. Black teachers were payed more in most counties.

The influx of Irish immigrants, as a group, was considered problematic because

they were uneducated and unskilled, and they were Catholic.

the influx of Irish immigrants, as a group, was considered problematic because

they were uneducated and unskilled, and they were catholic

Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, interpreted Christian doctrine

to hold women responsible for the loss of free will among all humans.

Preparation for specific roles or to improve one's skills

training

The U.S. Constitution prohibits individual states from engaging in treaties with native Americans because

treaty makin with sovereign peoples is reserved for the federal government

the status of the protected nation is grounded in the limited opportunity of the protected to defend their own interests.

true

Domestic science courses in the Progressive Era approached the education of girls in ways that

upheld the view that women's place was in the home and in "female" occupations.

The belief that people learn best through physical activity is most associated with

vocational education assumptions

Charles Eliot said, "There is no such thing as equality of gifts, of powers, of faculties, among either children or adults". In promoting what kind of schooling did he say those words?

vocational education for the majority, and liberal education for the academically outstanding

The identification of men with an essentially rational nature and women with an emotional nature

was rejected by classical liberals but revived in modern liberalism. was a significant part of Augustine's thinking about gender roles. was a significant part of Augustine's thinking about gender roles.

"Patriarchy" refers to cultural traditions in which

women's perceived "worth" is not equal to that of men, and women's legal status is not equal to that of men.