ITE 221 Final Exam

The surface area allocated to store on a bit is called the ____. bit density surface density areal density object density

areal density

____ is a generic term for describing secondary storage data transfer units. Sector Wafer Cluster Block

block

Written Western languages are based on systems of symbols called ____. fonts characters types schemes

characters

____________________ is the capability of a substance or magnetic storage medium to accept and hold a magnetic charge.

coercivity

Through the ____ layer, a user or system administrator can run application and OS utility programs and manage system resources, such as files, folders, and I/O devices. service kernel hypervisor command

command

A set of commands and syntax requirements is called a ____. command structure command database command language command layer

command language

When memory allocation is ____, it means all portions of the program and OS are loaded into sequential locations in memory. partitioned incremental dynamic contiguous

contiguous

Pointing devices can be used to enter drawings into a computer system or control the position of a(n) ____ on a display device. pointer arrow cursor marker

cursor

A ____ consists of all tracks at an equivalent distance from the edge or spindle on all platter surfaces. cylinder sector block cluster

cylinder

​A(n) ____________________ provides the interface between the storage device and system bus.

device controller

Data is represented in the CPU as ____. analog electrical signals quantum signals digital electrical signals digital optical signals

digital electrical signals

A(n) ____ is a microprocessor specialized for processing continuous streams of audio or graphical data. analog signal processor virtual signal processor electronic signal processor digital signal processor

digital signal processor

(quiz 7 & 9)Current optical storage devices use a(n) ____________________ storage medium.

disc

A ____ reorganizes disk content so that a file's contents are stored in sequential sectors, tracks, and platters. disk defragmentation utility disk organization utility disk defragmentation firmware disk reorganization firmware

disk defragmentation utility

____ is a process that generates color approximations by placing small dots of different colors in an interlocking pattern. Merging Banding Dithering Retracing

dithering

In the United States, resolution is generally stated in ____. lines per inch pixels per line dots per inch dots per millimeter

dots per inch

The ____, a newer packaging standard, is essentially a SIMM with independent electrical contacts on both sides of the module. double inline memory module dual inline package surface mount package zero-insertion force package

double inline memory module

Multiple hard drives can be enclosed in a single storage cabinet; this arrangement is referred to as a ____. drive cluster drive tray drive unit drive array

drive array

(quiz 7 &8)Electrical current can generate a magnetic field but a magnetic field cannot generate electricity. True False

false

Coercible material per sector is greater at the center than in the platter edge. True False

false

Communication channel capacity is generally a restriction on a single disk drive's data transfer rate. True False

false

HTH switching time is the most important component of access time. True False

false

In Windows thread scheduling, a thread's current priority level is called its "local priority." True False

false

In explicit priority scheduling, the scheduler always dispatches the ready thread that has been waiting the longest. True False

false

Magnetic tape and disk are considered volatile storage media. True False

false

The act of giving control of a CPU to a ready thread is called engaging. True False

false

The only portion of a process that must be in memory at any point during execution is the next instruction to be fetched. True False

false

Software stored in NVM is called ____. software firmware flash storage system software

firmware

Current SSDs use ____ as the storage medium. SDRAM flash RAM EEPROMs PGAs

flash RAM

A collection of characters of similar style and appearance is called a ____. type scheme pitch font

font

A disk with many program and data files scattered on it is said to be ____. partitioned segmented clustered fragmented

fragmented

____________________ touchscreen input interprets a sequence of touch information as a single command

gesture-based

An Intel CPU maintains a ____ containing descriptors for all memory segments. local descriptor table page allocation table global definition table global descriptor table

global descriptor table

Intel Core CPUs implement virtual memory management tables in ____. software hardware firmware BIOS

hardware

A ____ is an OS that enables dividing a single physical computer or cluster into multiple virtual machines. kernel hypervisor transaction monitor trusted platform module

hypervisor

A modern large format printer is a _____ printer that can print on wider-than normal rolls of paper. laser dye sublimation inkjet impact

inkjet

The ____ is the OS portion that manages resources and interacts directly with computer hardware. core kernel hypervisor scheduler

kernel

In a CD, flat areas in the reflective layer that represent bit values are called "____." lands grooves rings plateaus

lands

(quiz 7 & 8)The tendency of magnetically charged particles to lose their charge over time is called ____. magnetic half-life magnetic flux magnetic field magnetic decay

magnetic decay

A(n) ____ is a ribbon of plastic with a coercible (usually metallic oxide) coating. optical disk magnetic tape magnetic disk recordable disk

magnetic tape

____________________ is the only widely used form of serial access storage.

magnetic tape

The ____________________ data transfer rate is the fastest rate the drive can support.

maximum

____ is the assignment of specific memory addresses to system software, application programs, and data. Memory allocation Memory management Memory mapping Memory control

memory allocation

The OS maintains a ____ and updates it each time a partition is allocated or freed. memory use table memory partition table memory map table memory control table

memory partition table

Access times for secondary storage devices are typically expressed in ____ or microseconds. milliseconds exoseconds nanoseconds picoseconds

miliseconds

____ output is only able to generate one frequency (note) at a time. Stereophonic Monophonic Polyphonic Monosyllabic

monophonic

(quiz 12 & 11)A process or program that divides itself into multiple threads is said to be ____. multi-headed multipartite multithreaded multiplied

multithread

In ____ memory allocation, each process partition has its own offset value. partitioned contiguous dynamic noncontiguous

noncontiguous

(quiz 6&8) A storage device or medium is ____ if it holds data without loss over long periods. volatile dynamic nonvolatile archival

nonvolatile

Memory devices comprised of semiconductors and other forms of RAM with long-term or permanent data retention are generically known as ____. volatile memory tertiary storage nonvolatile memory persistent memory

nonvolatile memory

A small circle on the output of a logic gate is used to represent the: Not operation AND operation Comparator operation OR operation

not operation

​The ____ plays a dual role as a high-level manager and a tireless low-level worker. application system​ ​operating system ​system manager ​BIOS

operating system

____ devices combine optical-scanning technology with a special-purpose processor or software to interpret bitmap content. Optical image recognition Optical character recognition Optical character reproduction Optical image resolution

optical character recognition

In virtual memory management, a ____ is a small fixed-size portion of a program, normally between 1 and 4 KB. block page sheet frame

page

Each memory page in virtual memory management is called a ____. page frame sheet bundle page tear

page frame

A reference to a page held in memory is called a ____. page hit page pull page miss page collision

page hit

____ store information about page locations, allocated page frames, and secondary storage space. Page tears Page blocks Page tables Page addresses

page tables

Human speech consists of a series of sounds called ____, roughly corresponding to the sounds of each letter of the alphabet. phonemes homonyms cheremes visemes

phenoemes

In a CD, concave dents in the reflective layer that are used to represent bit values are called "____." lands grooves hills pits

pits

​Each cell in the matrix representing one part of a digital image is called a ____. bubble​ ​pixel ​dot ​block

pixel

Magnetic disk media are flat, circular ____________________ with metallic coatings that are rotated beneath read/write heads.

platters

A ____ is a printer that generates line drawings on wide sheets or rolls of paper. sublimation thermal line printer plotter

plotter

In ____, a thread can be removed involuntarily from the running state. proactive scheduling reactive scheduling starvation scheduling preemptive scheduling

preemptive scheduling

A(n) ____________________ is a unit of executing software that's managed independently by the OS and can request and receive hardware resources and OS services.

process

A group of processes descended from a common ancestor, including the common ancestor itself, is called a(n) ____________________.

process family

The difference between the first address in physical memory and the address of the first process instruction is called the ____. thread offset process offset launch offset entry point

process offset

Average access time is computed under the assumption that two consecutive accesses are sent to ____________________ locations.

random

A ____ device isn't restricted to any specific order when accessing data. random access serial access dynamic access linear access

random access

The stored charge held within a bit of magnetic storage must be above the ____________________ for a read operation to be successful.

read threshold

In a magnetic disk drive, a(n) ____________________ is mounted on the end of an access arm for each platter surface.

read/write head

Threads in the ____ are idle, pending availability of a CPU. ready state wait state hold state run state

ready state

Each refresh operation in DRAM is called a(n) ____________________.

refresh cycle

The number of refresh cycles per second is normally stated in hertz and called the ____. refresh rate pixel depth resolution scan rate

refresh rate

The ____ of a display is the number of pixels displayed per linear measurement unit. resolution refinement accuracy pitch

resolution

​ OS ____________________ functions ensure that overall system objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively.

resource allocation

The time the disk controller must wait for the right sector to rotate beneath the heads is called ____. track-to-track seek time rotational delay average access time synchronization delay

rotational delay

a network system that can start with just a few nodes and easily expand to thousands SaaS hybrid cloud public cloud scalability

scalability

The term ____________________ describes the data transfer unit for magnetic disk and optical disc drives.

sector

Modern computers use memory implemented with ____. vacuum tubes resistors quasiconductors semiconductors

semiconductors

____ is the time required to read the second of two adjacent sectors on the same track and platter. Track-to-track seek time Rotational delay Sequential access time Average access time

sequential access time

A ____ storage device stores and retrieves data items in a linear, or sequential, order. direct access random access dynamic access serial access

serial access

The ____ of the OS contains thousands of reusable components that provide functions ranging from file and folder manipulation to accessing I/O devices, starting and stopping programs, and creating, moving, and resizing GUI windows. service layer kernel layer command layer metering layer

service layer

The ____ is the user interface to the OS. shell GUI transaction monitor desktop manager

shell

____ scheduling chooses the next thread to be dispatched based on the expected amount of CPU time needed to complete the process. Shortest time remaining First in first out Last in first out Least recently used

shortest time remaining

A ____ is a storage device that mimics the behavior of a magnetic disk drive but uses flash RAM or other NVM devices as the storage medium and read/write mechanism. traditional hard drive hybrid hard drive solid-state drive memory drive

solid-state drive

Most current speech-recognition systems are ____, which means they must be "trained" to recognize the sounds of human speakers. speaker independent speaker dependent speaker neutral speaker attuned

speaker dependent

____ is the process of recognizing and responding to the meaning embedded in spoken words, phrases, or sentences. Text recognition Pattern recognition Speech recognition Natural recognition

speech recognition

​A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a(n) ____________________.

storage medium

​The ____ is the device or substance that actually holds data. storage device​ ​storage medium ​storage method ​storage speed

storage medium

Read/write circuitry uses ____ data to compensate for minor variations in rotation speed and other factors that might disturb the precise timing needed for reliable reading and writing. quantization aggregation synchronization averaging

synchronization

The resources consumed by resource allocation procedures are sometimes referred to as ____. system bloat system requirements system underpinnings system overhead

system overhead

A(n) ____________________ is a portion of a process that can be scheduled and executed independently.

thread

(quiz 12 & 14) A ____ can execute instructions to process a single transaction, retrieve and store data from an I/O device, or retrieve and analyze one set of process variables. thread bundle process cycle thread cycle fiber bundle

thread cycle

The time needed to move from one track to another is called ____, typically measured in milliseconds. track-to-track seek time random seek time average seek time relocation seek time

track-to-track seek time

A hypervisor can make the sum of physical resources allocated to all virtual machines appear greater than the underlying physical resources. True False

true

A programmer can explicitly include the process offset in any memory address operands when writing or compiling a program. True False

true

(Quiz 13)The format used to present the logic output for the various combinations of logic inputs to a gate is called a(n): Truth Table input logic function Boolean constant Boolean variable

truth table

As allocated by the OS, the resources that are apparent to a program or user are called ____. physical resources managed resources virtual resources exposed resources

virtual resources

A storage device or medium is ____ if it can't hold data reliably for long periods. nonvolatile volatile transient archival

volatile

A ____ is a CPU cycle spent waiting for access to an instruction or data. wait state hold state purge state clock state

wait state

Primary storage devices must closely match CPU speed and word size to avoid ____________________.

wait states

Modern SSDs use a technique called "____" to spread write operations around the storage medium, thus evening out the impact of destructive writes and extending the storage device's useful life. wear aggregation wear prevention wear mitigation wear leveling

wear leveling

An OR gate with inverted inputs functions as (Hint: HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0 ): will output a HIGH functions as an AND will output a LOW will not function

will output a LOW

Which of the following equations would accurately describe a 4-input OR gate when A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 and D = 0? 1+1+0+0 = 00 1+1+0+0 = 1 1+1+0+0 = 01 1+1+0+0 = 0

1+1+0+0 = 1

For a two-dimensional storage medium like a disk platter, having the length and width of the area that stores one bit increases storage capacity by a factor of

4

A single disk sector usually holds ____ or 4096 bytes. 250 512 760 1024

512

Which of the examples below expresses the distributive law? A (B + C) = AB + AC A(BC) = (AB) + C A + (B + C) = AB + AC (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

A (B + C) = AB + AC

Which of the examples below expresses the associative law of addition: A + (B + C) = A + (BC) A(BC) = (AB) + C A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C ABC = A + B + C

A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

What is a hybrid cloud? A blend of public and private cloud services with orchestration between them A cloud service deployed across multiple offices or locations A blend of private cloud and legacy on-premises hardware None of the above

A blend of public and private cloud services with orchestration between them

Which of the following statements could be used to describe a private cloud deployment? A cloud environment maintained within an enterprise's own data center A private environment within a third-party or public cloud provider's architecture A cloud service inaccessible to anyone but the cultural elite A cloud environment maintained within an enterprise's own data center or within a third-party or public cloud provider's architecture

A cloud environment maintained within an enterprise's own data center or within a third-party or public cloud provider's architecture

What is a public cloud? A cloud formation that can be seen across the globe A cloud service that can only be accessed from a publicly shared computer A multi-tenant cloud environment accessed over the internet A cloud environment owned, operated and controlled by a public company

A multi-tenant cloud environment accessed over the internet

Sony and Philips originally developed compact disc (CD) technology for storing and distributing music in the ____ format. disk digital audio MPEG Layer 3 CD digital audio compressed digital audio

CD Digital audio

____ stores each bit by using a single transistor and capacitor. Dynamic ROM Static ROM Dynamic RAM Static RAM

Dynamic RAM

(quiz 6&8) Block size is normally stated in bytes and is generally the same between storage devices, especially in a single storage device. True False

False

Cost per unit decreases as an access method moves from serial to random to parallel. True False

False

Magnetic disk drives have an advantage over SSDs in power consumption. True False

False

Rewritable DVDs use a single standard adopted by the entire industry. True False

False

SRAM has higher density then DRAM. True False

False

Wait states increase CPU and computer system performance. True False

False

With current technology, secondary storage speed is typically faster than primary storage speed. True False

False

____________________ RAM is the most common non-volatile RAM used today.

Flash

Which one of the followings is defined as computer infrastructure, such as virtualization, being delivered as a service IaaS PaaS SaaS API

Iaas

____ is a standard for storing and transporting control information between computers and electronic musical instruments. Musical Instrument Digital Interface Musical Instrument Direction Interface Musical Interface Digital Interconnection Musical Interconnection Digital Interface

Musical instrumental digital interface

The logic gate that will have HIGH or "1" at its output when any one of its inputs is HIGH is a(n): AND gate Nor gate OR gate Not Operation

OR Gate

Which of the followings facilitates deployment of applications. SaaS PaaS API SaaS

Paas

Components of a video controller include display generator circuitry, software stored in ROM, a video processor, and ____. RAM font tables display pixels secondary storage

RAM

The term ____ describes primary storage devices that are implemented as microchips, can read and write with equal speed, and can randomly access bytes, words, or larger data units. RAM PROM ROM semiconductor

RAM

List the three states of an active thread. Your Answer:

Ready Running Blocked

____ in the CPU are storage locations for instructions and data. ALUs Shifters Registers Controllers

Registers

Which of the following acronyms refers to a software distribution model in which a cloud provider manages and hosts an app that users access via the internet? IaaS PaaS SaaS None of the above

Saas

____ is the most important characteristic differentiating primary and secondary storage. Capacity Density Transfer rate Speed

Speed

____ is implemented entirely with transistors. Dynamic RAM Static RAM Dynamic ROM Static ROM

Static Ram

____________________ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus.

Synchronous DRAM

​____ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus. Synchronous DRAM Asynchronous DRAM Flash DRAM Continuous DRAM

Synchronous DRAM

According to what's known as the shared responsibility model in a public cloud, which of the following components are cloud customers -- not providers -- responsible for? The security and maintenance of underlying hardware, such as servers The security of users' data The physical security of cloud data centers The provider is responsible for the physical security and the customer is responsible for the security of the users' data

The security of users' data

​A(n) ____________________ is one concentric circle of a platter, or the surface area that passes under a read/write head when its position is fixed.

Track

(quiz 7& 9)512- and 4096-byte blocks are the most common data transfer units for magnetic disks. True False

True

Capacitors can charge and discharge much faster than batteries. True False

True

Disk drives share one set of read/write circuits among all read/write heads. True False

True

Most optical storage media can retain data for decades because they aren't subject to magnetic decay and leakage. True False

True

Primary storage extends the limited capacity of CPU registers. True False

True

Serial access time depends on the current position of the read/write mechanism and the position of the target data item in the storage medium. True False

True

The CPU moves data and instructions continually between registers and primary storage. True False

True

The physical structure of a storage device's read/write mechanism and storage medium determines the ways in which data can be accessed. True False

True

To increase capacity per platter, disk manufacturers divide tracks into two or more zones and vary the sectors per track in each zone. True False

True

Volatility is a matter of degree and conditions. True False

True

​A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a storage medium.

True

An OR gate with inverted inputs functions as: a NOR an inventer an AND a NAND

a NAND

____ uses memory address operands that refer to actual physical memory locations. Relative addressing Virtual addressing Absolute addressing Random addressing

absolute addressing

Storage device speed is called ____. retrieval time access time movement time fetch time

access time

A NAND gate has (Hint: HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0 ): active HIGH inputs and active HIGH output active HIGH inputs and active LOW output active LOW inputs and active LOW output active LOW inputs and active HIGH output

active HIGH inputs and active LOW output

A(n) ____ display includes one or more transistors for every display pixel. cathode ray tube active matrix liquid crystal Passive matrix

active matrix

The process of determining the physical memory address that corresponds to a memory reference is called ____. address mapping address allocation address management address diversification

address mapping

A CPU's or computer's ____ is the highest numbered storage byte that can be represented. configurable memory addressable memory responsible memory variable memory

addressable memory