ITE 221 - PC Hardware & O/S Architecture - Exam 1
array
"A(n) _____ is a sequence of primitive data elements stored in sequential storage locations."
integer, floating point
"In a CPU, _____ arithmetic generally is easier to implement than ____ arithmetic because of a simpler data coding scheme and data manipulation circuitry."
Overflow
"_____ occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the number of bits available to store it."
Economies of scale
"______" is the concept that the per-unit cost of producing goods or providing services decreases as the organization size increases.
executes
The CPU ______ progrma instructions one at a time.
wait states
The CPU incurs one or more ______ when it is idle, pending the completion of an operation by another device in the computer system.
TRUE
The CPU laternates constantly between the fetch and execution cycles.
TRUE
The CPU moves data and instructions continually between registers and primary storage.
TRUE
The Difference Engine computed logarithms by moving gears and other mechanical components.
TRUE
The PC revolution wouldn't have been possible without standardized microprocessors.
ISO, Latin-1
The _____ has defined a character-coding table called _ , which combines the ASCII-7 coding table with an additional 128 Western European multinational characters.
least significant bit
The _____ is the bit of lowest magnitude in a byte or bit string.
80486
The ______ chip provided integrated memory caches, enhanced computational capabilities, and increased raw CPU speed. Windows 95 was developed to take better advantage of this chip's capabilities.
storage medium
The ______ is the device or substance that actually holds data.
areal density
The ______ is the surface area allocated to a bit.
system management
The ______ software layer has utility programs used by end users and system administrators to manage and control computer resources.
collating sequence
The assignment of numberic codes to characters follows a specific order called a(n) _____.
FALSE
The biggest impetus for the change to electronic computing devices cam during World War I.
distributed resources
The complexity of modern networks arises from the huge quantity of ______.
op code, operands
The components of an instruction are its ______ and one or more ______.
load
The contents of a memory location are copied to a register while performing a(n) ______ operation.
TRUE
The earliest computers were constructed with ordinary copper wire and vacuum tube switches and were unreliable because of the heat the vacuum tubes generated.
TRUE
The evolution of Microsoft OSs is a good example of how software development depends on hardware technology.
FALSE
The need or idea that motivates a request for computer processing is stated at a specific level.
TRUE
The number and complexity of network functions and components have grown as network technology has matured and become more widespread.
TRUE
The number of bits in a floating-point string and the formats of the mantissa and exponent impose limits on the range of values that can be represented.
collating sequence
The ordering of characters in a coding table is called a(n) ___ .
underflow or truncation
The result of adding, subtracting, or multiplying two integers might result in overflow but never ___ or _____ .
server
The term ______ can describe computers as samll as microcomputers and as large as supercomputers.
speculative execution
The term ______ describes instructions executed after the guess but before the final result is known with certainty.
systems architecture
The term ______ describes the structure, interaction, and technology of computer system components.
rotational delay
The time the disk controller must wait for the right sector to rotate beneath the heads is called ______.
TRUE
The write operation for recordable discs is destructive, so recordable disc formats can be written only one time.
TRUE
With bit strings, NOT treats each bit in the bit string as a separate Boolean value.
FALSE
Workstation hardware capabilities depend on the resources being shared and the number of simultaneous users.
EBCDIC
_____ is a character-coding method developed by ITM in the 1960s and used in all IBM mainframes well into the 2000s.
Floating-point
_____ notation encodes a real number as a mantissa multiplied by a power (exponent) of 2.
Underflow
_____ occurs when the absolute value of a negative exponent is too large to fit in the bits allocated to store it.
Double data rate (DDR)
______ are a series of technologies that doubled the data transfer rate of the previous SDRAM technology.
grids
______ are typically implemented by installing softare on each machine that accepts tasks from a central server and performs them when not busy doing other work.
Resistance
______ generates heat in electrical devices.
Miniaturization
______ has been the primary basis for CPU speed and clock rate improvement since the first electrical computer.
Pentium processors
______ improved memory access and raw CPU speeds and added features such as support for higher-speed system buses, pipelined instruction execution, and multimedia processing instructions.
Pipelining
______ is a CPU design technique in which instruction execution is divided into multiple stages and different instructions can execute in different stages simultaneously.
CD digital audio (CD-DA)
______ is a format that Sony and Philips developed for music.
Block
______ is a geneeric term for describing secondary storage data transfer units.
Nonvolatile memory (NVM)
______ is a generic term for memory devices that are semiconductors and other forms of RAM with long-term or permanent data retention.
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
______ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus.
Gallium arsenide
______ is a semiconducting material with optical properties
DVD
______ is a standard format for distributing movies and other audiovisual content.
virtualization
______ is a technique that enables a single computer to host multiple virtual resources.
Moore's Law
______ is based on the observation that the rate of increase in transistor density on microchips had increased steadily, roughly doubling every 18 to 24 months.
CD read-only memory (CD-ROM)
______ is compatible with CD-DA but includes additional formatting information to store directory and file infomration.
Static RAM (SRAM)
______ is implemented entirely with transistors.
Firmware
______ is software stored in NVM.
System software
______ is targeted to general-purose tasks that support many applicaiton programs and usrs.
Flash RAM
______ is the most common NVM in use today and is competitive with DRAM in storage density (capacity) and read performance.
Magnetic decay
______ is the tendency of magnetically charged particles to lose their charge over time.
Head-to-head (HTH) switching time
______ is the time needed to perform a switch to the correct read/write head before a sector can be accessed.
Access Time
______ is the time required to perform one cmplete read or write operation.
Hardware
______ is typically the cheapest component of current information systems.
Germanium, antimony, and tellurium (GST)
______ is used in phase-change memory (PCM).
Moore's Law
______ predicts that transistor density will double every two years or less.
Grosch's Law
______ says that larger compuer classes are more cost-effective than smaller ones - - a statment that doesn't accurately describe modern computing hardware.
optical
______ signals can carry more data than electrical signals.
application development
______ software describes programs used to develop other programs.
Dynamic RAM
______ stores each bit by using a single transistor and capacitor.
Cycle
the __________ time of a processor is one divided by the clock rate (in hz).
radix point
the fractional portion of a real number is represented by digits to the right of the _____.
physical
A ______ network is a complex combination of communication, methods of data transmission, and network hardware devices.
direct access
A ______ storage device is a synonym for a random access storage device.
magneto-optical (MO) drive
A ______ uses a laser and reflected light to sense magnetically recorded bit values.
FALSE
A computer system requires at least two hardware devices to connect to a network.
TRUE
A machine capable of addition can perform multiplcation by executing the addition function multiple times.
microprocessor
A microchip containing all the components of a CPU is called a(n) ______.
photon
A particle of light is a called a ______.
FALSE
A perfect conductor can be described as one having maximum resitance.
FALSE
A personal digital assistant is a laptop computer that emphasizes small size, reduced weight, low cost, and wireless networking and is capable of performing only light-duty tasks, such as web browsing, e-mailing, and word processing.
TRUE
A physical network can be implemented with a dizzying array of technologies and architectural approaches.
linked list
A set of data items that can be accessed in a specified order by using pointers is called a(n) _____ .
512
A single sector usually holds ______ bytes.
nonvolatile
A storage device or medium is ______ if it holds data without loss over long periods.
TRUE
A typical computer system must have much more secondary storage capacity than primary storage capacity.
byte, bits
A(n) _____ contains 8 _____ .
boolean
A(n) _____ data item can contain only the values true or false.
data structure
A(n) _____ is a data item composed of multiple primitive data items.
record
A(n) _____ is a data structure composed of other data structures or primitive data elements, commonly used as a unit of input and output to and from files or databases.
class
A(n) _____ is a data structure containing both static data and methods.
string
A(n) _____ is an array of characters.
index
A(n) _____ is an array of data items, each of which contains a key value and a pointer to another data item.
long integer (double-precision)
A(n) _____ is an integer stored in double the normal number of bit positions.
object
A(n) _____ is one instance or variable of a class.
pointer
A(n) _____ is the address of another data item or structure.
singly linked list
A(n) _____ list stores one pointer with each list element.
CISC
A(n) ______ CPU typically uses variable-length instrutions and has a large instruction set.
computer network
A(n) ______ consists of hardware and software components that enable multiple users and computers to share information, software, and hardware resources.
heat sink
A(n) ______ improves heat dissipation by providing a thermal mass and a large thermal transfer surface.
unconditional BRANCH, conditional BRANCH
A(n) ______ instruction always alters the instruction execution sequence. A(n) ______ instruction alters the instruction execution sequence only if a specified condition is true.
MOVE
A(n) ______ instruction copies data from one memory location to another.
(inclusive) OR
A(n) ______ instruction transforms the bit pairs 1/1, 1/0, and 0/1 into 1.
grid
A(n) ______ is a group of dissimilar computer systems, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run an application.
cluster
A(n) ______ is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or runa a shared application.
benchmark
A(n) ______ is a measure of CPU or computer system performance when performing specific tasks.
algorithm
A(n) ______ is a program in which different sets of instructions are applied to different data input values.
application program
A(n) ______ is a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request, much as you might look up a recipe to prepare a particular dish.
transistor
A(n) ______ is an electrical switch built of semiconducting materials.
operating system
A(n) ______ is the most common type of system software.
word
A(n) ______ is the number of bits the CPU processes simultaneously. It also describes the size of a single register.
NOT
A(n) ______ operatio ntransforms a 0-bit vlaue to 1 and a 1-bit value to 0.
integrated circuit or microchip
A(n) ______ or ______ contains multiple transistors or gates in a single sealed package.
RISC
A(n) ______ processor doesn't directly implement complex instructions.
FALSE
All computers are automated computing devices, and all automated computing devices are computers.
pulses of light
Data can be represented as ______ and stored directly, such as an image as a hologram.
on the surface of a DVD
Data can be represented as pulses of light and stored indirectly, such as ______.
digital electrical signals
Data is represented in the CPU as ______.
Floating Point Notation
Data represented in _____ is transmitted accurately between computer equipment from different manufacturers if each computer s CPU represents real numbers by using an IEEE standard notation.
FALSE
Devices such as printers and secondary storage arrays cannot be attached directly to the network.
fetch
During the ______ cycle of the CPU, data inputs are prepared for transformation into data outputs.
FALSE
Each element of a doubly linked list has two pointers: one pointing to the next element in the list and one pointing to the top element in the list.
TRUE
Early Xeon processors filled an important niche in the small server market but weren't powerful enough to perform processing duties in many large-scale servers.
TRUE
Electronic computers addressed most shortcomings of mechanical computation.
FALSE
Generally, a byte is the largest unit of data that can be read from or written to a storage device.
fixed length
If the instruction format is ______, the amount by which the instruction pointer must be incremented after each fetch is a constant.
twos complement
In _____ notation, nonnegative integer values are represented as ordinary binary values.
mechanical clock
In a computation device, a(n0 ______ is a driven by a spring and pendulum, and each swing of the pendulum allows a gear to move one step under pressure from the spring.
bits
In a modern digital computer, data is represented by groups of ______.
radix point
In a positional numbering system, the _____ separates digits representing whole number quantities from digits representing fractional quantities.
TRUE
In a sequential file, records are stored in contiguous storage locations.
8
In classical physics, a group of 3 bits can store only one of ______ possible values at a time.
FALSE
In classical physics, a subatomic particle such as a photon, can be in multiple places at one time.
RAM
In current computer hardware, main memory is implemented with silicon-based semiconductor devices commonly called ______ .
FALSE
Magnetic tape and disk are considered volatile storage media.
double-precision
Many computers implement _____ numeric data types to increase accuracy and prevent overflow and underflow.
FALSE
Mechanical computation devices cannot perform complex calculations.
FALSE
Mechanical computers were used during World War I to compute trajectory tables for naval guns and torpedoes.
semiconductors
Modern computers use memory implemented with ______.
FALSE
Monetary amounts should be stored and manipulated as binary floating-point numbers.
segmented memory model
Most Intel CPUs use the _____, in which each memory address is represented by two integers.
end users
Most application software is used by ______.
programming language
Most programs are written using a(n) ______ such as FORTRAN or Java, which is then translated into equivalent CPU instructions.
drive array
Multiple hard drives can be enclosed in a single storage cabinet; this arrangement is referred to as a ______.
FALSE
Multiple-core CPUs in Pentium prcoessors resulted in major changes in CPU internals.
hertz (Hz)
One ______ is one cycle per second.
FALSE
One computer can use the CPU or storage but not the I/O devices of another.
TRUE
Optical processors might be easier to fabricate than current processors and are better matched to optical communication technologies.
FALSE
Optics have little advantage in most areas of computing technology.
TRUE
Scientific and floating-point notation is far more complex than integer data formats.
FALSE
Secondary storage is generally expensive compared with primary storage.
dopants
Silicon and germanium are basic elements with resistance characteristics that can be controlled or enhanced with chemicals called ______.
firmware
Softare stored in NVM is called ______.
TRUE
Some experimental computers have used quantum physics to perform data storage and computation.
access time
Storage device speed is called ______.
laser
Storing data optically involves using a(n) ______ and an optical disc's reflective coating.
operands
Subsequent groups of bits after the first group in an instruction hold its input values, called ______.
TRUE
System software has the intelligence needed to make and respond to external requests, and most operating systems incude support for both functions.
TRUE
Windows OSs tend toward an all-inclusing approach to system software, bundling most system software functions in the OS.
general-purpose
A CPU is a(n) ______ processor capable of performing many different tasks simply by changing the program.
instruction formats
A CPU typically uses multiple ______ to account for differences in the number and type of operands in instructions.
cylinder
A ______ consists of all tracks at an equivalent distance from the ede or spindle on all platter surfaces.
computer network
A ______ consists of hardware and software components that enable users and computer systems to share information, software, and hardware resources.
random access
A ______ device isn't restricted to any specific order when accessing data and it can access any storage location directly.
single inline memory module (SIMM)
A ______ incorporates multiple DIPS on a tiny printed circuit board.
BRANCH
A ______ instruction causes the processor to depart from sequential instruction order.
MOVE
A ______ instruction copies data bits to storage locations and can copy data between any combination of registers and primary storage locations.
wait state
A ______ is a CPU cycle spent waiting for access to an instructor or data.
blade
A ______ is a circuit board that cnotains most of a server.
microcomputer
A ______ is a computer system designed to meet a single user's information-processing needs.
cluster
A ______ is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a single application.
read/write head
A ______ is a mechanism within a storage device that reads and writes data to/from the storage medium.
program translator
A ______ is a program that translates instructions in a programming language into CPU instructions.
magnetic tape
A ______ is a ribbon of plastic with coercible (usually metallic oxide) coating.
cloud
A ______ is a set of computing resources with front-end interfaces and back-end resources.
tape drive
A ______ is a slow serial access device, for reading and writing.
compact disc (CD)
A ______ is the technology developed by Sony and Philips for storing and distributing music in the CD-DA format.
TRUE
Allocating and accessing resources are complex when a user or program can request resources that aren't on the local computer and aren't managed by locally installed system software.
doubly linked list
An element in a(n) ______ contains pointers to both the next and previous list elements.
qubit
Any matter that stores data in multiple simultaneous quantum states is called a ______.
Inclusive, Exclusive
Applying a(n) ______ OR transformation to input bit values 1 and 1 generates true. Applying a(n) ______ OR transformation to the same inputs generates false.
hexadecimal
Assembly (machine) language programs for most computers use _____ notation to represent memory address values.
TRUE
Because sequential access time is so much faster than average access time, disk performance is improved dramatically if related data is stored in sequential sectors.
Boolean
Binary numbers are well suited to computer prcoessing because they correspond directly with values in _____ logic.
FALSE
Block size is normally stated in bytes and is generally the same between storage devices, especially in a single storage device.
program status word (PSW)
In many CPUs, a register called the ______ stores bit flags representing CPU and program status, including those representing processing errors and the results of comparison operations.
TRUE
In numbering systems other than the decimal numbering system, the term radix point is used for the period or comma.
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
In older IBM mainframe computers, characters were encoded according to the ____ coding scheme.
flat memory model
In the _____ , memory addresses consist of a single integer.
FALSE
In the binary32 format, the leading sign bit applies to the exponent, not the mantissa.
raw data
In the early days of networks, the only important distributed resource was ______.
numeric range
Increasing a numeric representation format s size (number of bits) increases the _____ of values that can be represented.
TRUE
Integrated circuits reduced manufacturig cost per circuit because many chips could be manufactured in a single sheet, or wafer.
volatility
Key characteristics that distinguish primary and secondary storage include cost, capacity, speed and ______.
TRUE
Linked lists are easier to expand or shrink than arrays are.
TRUE
Primary storage extends the limited capacity of CPU registers.
qubit
Quantum computing, introduced in a Technology Focus in Chapter 2, uses quantum states to simultaneously encode two values per bit, called a ______.
floating-point notation
Real numbers are represented in computers by using _____.
FALSE
Today, a computer is considered useful even if it doesn't have the capability to interact with other comptuers.
AND
Two 1-bit values generate a 1 result value when a(n) ______ instruction is executed. All other input pairs generate a 0 result value.
TRUE
Unicode is widely supported in modern softare, including most OSs and word-processing applications.
unicode
Unlike ASCII and EBCDIC, _____ is a 16-bit or 32-bit character coding table.
fixed-length
Using ______ instructions simplifies the process of instruction fetching and decoding.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
WWW resources are identified and access by a(n) ______
Instruction register, decoded
When an instruction is first fetched from memory, it's placed in the ______ and then ______ to extract its components.
FALSE
computers are designed to process character data and can therefore represent characters directly.
FALSE
current fabrication technology is capable of squeezing more than two billion transistors onto a wafer of silicon approximately one square centimeter.
