ITPM Chapter 8
Fitness for use
a product can be used as it was intended.
An important tool used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process is the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.
analyze
Complete the formula: sample size = 0.25 * ( _____ /acceptable error)2
certainty factor
A _____ is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.
control chart
A(n) _____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements.
defect
Performing quality assurance is a subprocess of the _____ process of project quality management.
executing
_____ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function.
functionality
Frameworks for helping organization improve their processes and system are
maturity models
A _____ is a standard of measurement in quality management.
metric
A ____ is a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical regarding the average value of the population (the data being analyzed).
normal distribution
The purpose of _____ is to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken.
project quality management
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines _____ as "the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs."
quality
A(n)_____ is a structured review of specific quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that could improve performance on current or future projects.
quality audit
_____ are groups of non-supervisors and work leaders in a single company department who volunteer to conduct group studies on how to improve the effectiveness of work in their department.
quality circles
The _____ process is often associated with the technical tools and techniques of quality management, such as Pareto charts, quality control charts, and statistical sampling.
quality control
In a _____, the closer data points are to a diagonal line, the more closely the two variables are related.
scatter diagram
The _____ is a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities problems.
six 9s of quality rule
Watts S. Humphrey defines a(n) _____ as anything that must be changed before delivery of the program.
software defect
The _____ represents the number of units handled correctly through the process steps.
yield
_____ is the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range.
Appraisal cost
_____ diagrams trace complaints about quality problems back to the responsible production operations.
Cause-and-effect Fishbone Ishikawa
____ wrote Quality Is Free in 1979 and is best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects.
Crosby
_____ is a cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to the customer.
External failure cost
T/F: A run chart is a bar graph that depicts data points and their order of occurrence.
False
T/F: Customer requirements are an important aspect of the quality planning process.
False
T/F: DeMarco and Lister's study on organizations and productivity found direct correlations between productivity and programming language, years of experience, and salary.
False
T/F: Frameworks for helping organizations improve their processes and system are called Six Sigma charts.
False
T/F: Gantt charts cannot be used to aid project quality management.
False
T/F: Integration testing involves testing of each individual component to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
False
T/F: Only in-house auditors can perform quality audits.
False
T/F: Reliability is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under deviant conditions.
False
T/F: Testing as a stage is important only at the end of an information technology product development.
False
T/F: The design of experiments technique cannot be applied to project management issues such as cost and schedule trade-offs
False
T/F: The term sigma means median.
False
T/F: Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the quality assurance process.
False
_____ are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users.
Features
_____, a quality system standard is a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization.
ISO 9000
_____ addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product.
Maintainability
_____ help users to identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system.
Pareto charts
T/F: In TQC, product quality is more important than production rates, and workers are allowed to stop production whenever a quality problem occurs.
True
T/F: Products that are accepted by project stakeholders are considered to be validated deliverables.
True
T/F: Project managers are ultimately responsible for quality management on their projects.
True
T/F: The Six Sigma approach works best for a project where a quality problem is identified between the current and desired performance.
True
T/F: The quality assurance process involves taking responsibility for quality throughout the project's life cycle.
True
T/F: Using Six Sigma principles is an organization-wide commitment and all employees must embrace its principles.
True
In the DMAIC process, the letter "C" stands for _____.
control
Important tools used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process include a project charter, a description of customer
define
Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the _____ subprocess of project quality management.
monitoring and controlling
Performing _____ involves monitoring specific project results to ensure that they comply with the relevant quality standards while identifying ways to improve overall quality.
quality control
_____ measures how much variation exists in a distribution of data.
standard deviation
A(n) _____ is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.
unit test
____ is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system.
user acceptance testing
Six Sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than _____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities.
3.4
_____ helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes.
CMMI
Projects that use Six Sigma principles for quality control normally follow a five-phase improvement process called _____.
DMAIC
_____ is a quality planning technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.
Design of experiments
_____ correct(s) or prevent(s) further quality problems based on quality control measurements.
Process adjustments
The _____ model focuses on defining user requirements and planning software projects.
SQFD
_____ involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
Statistical sampling
_____ are the screens and reports the system generates.
System outputs
_____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.
Benchmarking
Which of the following is one of Deming's 14 Points for Management?
Eliminate the annual rating or merit system.
_____ addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use.
Performance
_____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.
Reliability
_____ refers to action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations.
Rework
Genichi Taguchi's _____ methods focus on eliminating defects by substituting scientific inquiry for trial-and-error methods.
Robust Design
One of Juran's ten steps to quality improvement states that:
an organization should build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement.
The _____ means taking responsibility for failures or not meeting quality expectations.
cost of noncomformance
_____ is a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.
design of experiments
The term _____ means a product can be used as it was intended.
fitness for use
Process improvement plan, quality metrics, and quality checklists are the outputs of the _____ process of project quality management.
planning quality management
_____ correct or prevent further quality problems based on quality control measurements.
process adjustments
Performing _____ involves periodically evaluating overall project performance to ensure that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.
quality assurance
_____ is a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities.
six 9s of quality
Conformance to requirements
the project's processes and products meet written specifications.
