Its a Disaster

Effects of Sinkholes

- A change in the general topography of the area which diverts streams of underground water - Sinkholes can cause a lot of damage to human life and property in heavily populated areas - Can cause danger in the foundations of buildings and other ground structures - Produce leak in underground storms drains and sewer system

Sinkhole

- A depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. - Can be mandmade tunnel or collapsed caves

Flashflood

- A rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas; washes, rivers dry lakes and basins. - It may be caused by and heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstrom. - An event that occures within 6 hours follwing the end of a causative event.

Can sinkholes be prevented

- Almost all natural sinkholes cannot be prevented because of its unexpected and rapid occurrences - Sinkholes due to human activities cam be prevented by having awareness and being conscious on sinkholes related activities such as drilling, mining and others.

Storm Surge

- An abnormal rise of the ocean generated by a weather disturbance such as tropical cyclone, over above the predicted high tide mark.

Flood

- An event that occurs after 6 hours following the end of the causative event. - The duration if flooding events may extend longer than 234 hours, perhaps several days.

Causes of Fires

- Faulty Electrical Wiring - Open Flames - Smoking - Fireworks - Arson (illegal burning of houses)

Warning signs that you may have natural sinkholes underneath you

- Gradual localized ground settlement - Doors and windows fail to close properly - Cracks in a foundation; - A circular pattern of ground cracks outlining the sinking area; - Vegetation stress due to a lowered water table - Turbidity in local well water due to sediment washing into the limestone's pores.

El Nino

- Has a 3 month average warming of at least 0.5°C (0.9°F) which anomaly happens at irregular intervals of two to seven yeards, and lasts nine months to two years. - When this warning occurs for 7 to 9 months, It is classified as El Nino "conditions" When the duration is longer, it is classified as an El Nino "episode"

Heat

- Heat source is responsible for the initial ignition of fire, and heat is also needed to maintain the fire and permit it to spread it.

The Fire Tetrahedron

- Heat, Fuel, Oxygen, Chemical Chain Reaction

Thunderstorm

- Is a storm with lightning and thunder. - Produced by cumulonimbus clouds - Prroducing gusty winds, heavy rain and sometimes hail - Basic ingridients : moisture, unstable are, and lift

Fuel

- Is any kind of combustible material, and is characterized by its moisture content (how we the fuel is) - The moisture content determines how easily that fuel will burn.

Combustion

- Is the chemical reaction that feeds fire more heat and allows it to continue.

Oxygen

- It supports the chemical processes that occur during a wildland fire. - When fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen from the surrounding air releasing heat and generating combustion products also known as oxidation.

Fire Triangle

- Or combustion triangle is the simple model for understanding the ingredients of fire - HEAT, FUEL, OXYGEN

La Niña

- began first in 1903 - Approximately 9 to 12 months, though some episodes may persist for as log as 2 years - Since 1975, only half as frequent as El Nino - Studied by Dr. William Gray of Colorado State University

Rainfall

Most important climatic element in the Philippines

Contributing factors for landslides

-erosion by riverss, glaciers, or ocean waves created by oversteepend slopes. -rock and soil slopes are weakend through saturation by snowmelt or heavy rains. -earthquakes create stresses that make weak slopes fail. -earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 and greater have been known to trigger landslides.

Landslide

-is the movement of rock, earth or debris down a sloped section of land. - they are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes or other factors that makes the slope unstable.

THE STAGES OF FIRES

1. Incipient - The first stage begins with the three elements (heat, oxygen, and fuel) - This stage is also known as the "ignition" - Usually represented by a very small fire which often goes out on its own - Recognizing fire in this stage provides a best chance at suppression or escape. 2. Growth - The structures fire load amd oxygen are used as fuel for the fire. - It is during this shortest of the 4 stages when a deadly "flashover" can occur; potentially trapping, injuring or killing firefighters. 3. Flashover - The transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages and is not a specific event such as ignition. - The fire changes from onw that is dominated by the burning of the materials first ignited to one that involves all of the exposed combustible surfaces within the compartment. 4. Fully Developed. - This is the hottest phase of fire and the most dangerous for anybody trapped within 5. Decay - Usually the longest stage of fire - Characterized by a significant decrease in oxygen or fuel, putting an end to the fire. - 2 common dangers during this stage (the existence of non-flaming combustibles, which can potentially start a new fire if not fully extinguished) (There is the danger of a backdraft when oxygen is reintroduced to a volatile, confined space)

What shall we do during thunderstorm and lightning?

1. Keep an eye for darkening skies, flashes of lightning and increasing winds 2. lighting follows rain. When you hear the sound of thunder, go to a safe place before a rain starts to fall. 3. Choose a sturdy building or a vehicle with closed windows. Avoid sheds, picnic areas, and from trees. 4. Crouch down in an open area, twice as far away from a tree in relation to its height 5. Put the feet together and hands over the ears to minimize hearing damage from thunder. 6. Keep away from water because water is a good conductor of electricity

What could slow down storm surge?

1. Man-made seawalls and breakwaters 2. A sufficiently wide and tall vagetation canopy 3. Coral reefs and rocky shores help dissipate the wave energy as friction between the advancing water and the ocean floor underneath can slow down a storm surge. 4. Building a small bump on the oceanward terminus of the shore perpendicular road could at least slow down the storm surge velocity.

Mysterious sinkholes in the Philippines

1. Sinkhole in Bantayan Island and Badian, Cebu - Was found in July, 2014 - Is about 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep 2. Mysterious underwater sinkhole in Dadiangas, GenSan - Local TV stations have reported that it suddenly appeared in Feb, 2015 - Measured by an pumpboat anchor, only 20 dipa (fathoms) were left of the 350 fathoms of rop -The hole appears to be a collapsed wall that extended more than 100 meters to the sea. 3. Sinkholes in Bohol - The images provided by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority listed 1,182 sinkholes in Bohol. - Sinkholes are one of the effects of the 7.2 magnitude quake that sruck Bohol on Oct 15, 2013 - The quake killed 201 people in Bohol - A sinkhole in the village of San isidro that is 6 meters wide and 30 meters deep, found on March 1, 2014 in a private lot 4. Sinkhole in Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental - 6 people have reportedly fallen into a 12-feet deep sinkhole that suddenly appeared in a basketball court in Purok Jalandoni, Barangay Oringao in Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental July, 2014 5. Baguio City Sinkholes - Sinkholes are common in Baguio City - Has one of the 10 highest daily rainfall records in the worlds and is visited by an average of 5 cyclones in a three-year period, lanslides and sinkholes are common havocs in the city of pines.

Hydrometeorological Hazards

A process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life or much more environmental damages.

typhoon / bagyo

A tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRES AND THEIR EXTINGUISHMENT

Class A fire - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics. Water is used in cooling or quenching effect to reduce the temperature of the burning material. Class B fire - Fires involving flammable liquids, greases and gases. Other extinguishing method include removal of fuel and temperature reduction Class C fire - Fires involving energized electrical equipment. The safest procedures is always to attempt to de-energize high voltage circuits and treat as a Class A or B fire. Class D fire - Fires involving combustible materials, such as magnesium, titanium, sodium and potassium. There is no agent available that will effectively control fires in all combustible metals. Class K fires - A new classification of fire as if 1998 and involves fires in combustible cooking fuels such as vegetable or animal fats. Its fuels are similar to Class B. Class K agents are usually wet chemicals. These agents are usually used in fixed systems, but some extinguishers are available.

Lanslides in the Philippines

I2. Cherry Hill Subdivision Landslide -Located in Antipolo City, Rizal Province -Happened on the night of Aug, 13, 1999. -Following heavy rains from the approaching typhoon Olga. II. The fate of Mountain Village in Guisaugon -The disaster occured after ten days of heavy rainfall which dumped 27 inches of rain. -Followed by a minor earthquake with a magnitiude of 2.3 - A massive roch slide-debris avalanche occured on Feb 17, 2006 at around (9:00am to 10:00am) -246 students and 7 teachers died in a local elementary school near the mountain ridge. III. Landslide at the Compostela Valley - Jan 5, 2012 -First major landslide in the country occured at Compostela Valley in the area of Pantukan, Napnapan village, on the island of Mindanao -The landslide is reported to have happened during heaving rainfall about 3 am struck at least 50 up to 100 people were reported missing.

PAGASA

Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration

RACE method for fire response

Rescue Alarm Contain Extinguish

Tropical cyclone warnings in the form of public storm warining signals

Signal #1 - Winds of 30-61 km/h (20-28 mph) are expected to occur within 36 hours (preschool classes are suspended) Signal #2 - Winds of 61-120 km/h (20-28 mph) are expected to occur within 24 hours (elementary and highschool classes are suspended) Signal #3 - Winds of 121-170 km/h (20-28 mph) are expected to occur within 18 hours (college and universities are suspended) Signal #4 - Winds of 171-220 km/h (20-28 mph) are expected to occur within 12 hours (college and universities are suspended) Signal #5 - Winds of at least 221 km/h (137 mph) are expected to occur within 12 hours

How can we avoid damage to life and properties in cases of lanslides?

The most common way to avoid this kind of hazard is by relocation.

Lightning

The occurrence of a natural electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud, accompanied by a bright flash typically also with thunder. It is typically an electric current.

Geologic hazard

is one of the several types of adverse conditions of the earth, which is capable of causing damage or loss of property and life.

Subsidence

lowering of the ground surface, often occurs during earthquakes.