Jewish Special Days

Passover

Celebrated for seven days beginning on the 15th day of Nissan (the seventh month), this holiday commemorates the Exodus from Egypt. It is also the ancient Hebrew New Year (superceded in that role by Rosh Hashanah). On the first two days, Jews have a festival dinner called a seder, where they retell the story of the Exodus, from a book called a hagaddah. Jews are required to abstain from eating or owning leavened bread for the duration of the festival; matzah (usually a square flat unleavened bread) is eaten instead. On Passover, the Song of Songs is recited. Passover also begins a cycle of seven weeks, called the Omer, a period of semi-mourning.

Purim

Celebrated on the 14th of Adar (the sixth month) and commemorating the victory of the Jews, led by Esther and Mordechai, against Haman, who tried to destroy the Jews because of his anger at Mordechai. The story, recorded in the Book of Esther (read from a one-handed scroll called a megillah), takes place in Shushan, the capital city of the kingdom of the Persian King Ahasueras. On this holiday, it is traditional to dress up, get drunk, give charity, eat triangular pastries called hamentaschen, and exchange gifts (Mishloach Manot) with friends.

Sukkot

Celebrated on the 15th of Tishrei, this holiday commemorates the sukkot (booths) that the Israelites lived in following the Exodus from Egypt; it also celebrates the harvest. Traditionally, Jews build booths, in which they live and eat for seven days. In synagogue, four symbolic species (the palm, the etrog [a large yellow citrus], myrtle, and willow) are waved in seven directions. Each night, in the sukkah, it is traditional to invite a Biblical figure to be your guest for that night.

Rosh Hashanah

Celebrated on the first and second days of Tishrei, it marks the beginning of the Jewish year. It is believed that on this day, people's souls are judged, and God "temporarily" decides their fate. Between this holiday (the Jewish New Year) and Yom Kippur are the Ten Days of Repentment, when people are given a chance to reflect and repent. On this holiday, it is customary to wear white clothes and eat apples, honey, and pomegranates. Other customs include the blowing of the shofar (an instrument made from a ram's horn) and the ceremony of Tashlich, in which Jews throw bread crumbs into running water to symbolize the cleansing of their sins, is also performed.

Shavu'ot

Celebrated on the sixth day of Sivan (the ninth month), the 50th day of the Omer, after Passover; this word means "weeks," hence the name Pentecost. This holiday commemorates the giving of the Torah to the Israelites at Mt. Sinai, as well as the beginning of the harvest in ancient Israel. Sukkot, Passover, and this holiday are the three pilgrimages, when Jews would all gather at the Temple each year. On this holiday, Jews would dedicate their first harvest fruits to the Temple. The Book of Ruth is read in synagogue, and it is traditional to study all night on this festival.

Yom Kippur

Celebrated on the tenth day of Tishrei, it is the Jewish Day of Atonement. At the end of this holiday, it is believed that one's fate is sealed. Jews are required to abstain from eating, drinking, washing, and sex. Forbidden fashions include jewelry, makeup, and leather shoes. One traditionally wears white clothes to symbolizing purity from sin. In the afternoon, the Book of Jonah is read. A full day of prayers begins with the Kol Nidre, an ancient incantation that forgives Jews from vows or promises unwittingly made during the past year. As on Rosh Hashanah, the shofar is blown.

Hanukkah

This festival lasts for eight days, starting on the 25th day of Kislev (the third month). It celebrates the victory of the small Maccabee army against the large Greek army of Antiochus, as well as the recapture and purification of the Temple in Jerusalem (ca. 168 BC). It is traditional to light the eight-branched Menorah each night and spin the dreidel. Exchanging presents is only a recent tradition developed in the U.S.

The Ninth of Av

This is a day of mourning for the destructions of both the First and Second Temples. It is traditional to fast and to keep oneself in a solemn mood. The Book of Lamentations and the Book of Job are read, traditionally while sitting on the floor and with candles as the only lights, as Jews are supposed to refrain from physical comfort.

Shabbat

This is the seventh day of the Jewish week and the Jewish day of rest. On this day, Jews recall the Genesis creation narrative in which God creates the Heavens and the Earth in six days and rests on the seventh. This day's observance also entails refraining from a range of activities prohibited on this day, such as lighting a fire and cooking.