job

enterprising

(adj.) energetic, willing and able to start something new; showing boldness and imagination good at thinking of and doing new and difficult things, especially things that will make money: The business was started by a couple of enterprising young women. ("The first reason why the Yes hat is far more popular than its negative counterpart is the social fear of not being sufficiently enterprising or 'on the ball'.)

job

/dʒɒb $ dʒɑːb/ ●●● S1 W1 AWL noun 1 WORK [countable] the regular paid work that you do for an employer Do you enjoy your job? It was the first paid job I ever had. He's been in the job for six years. I'm looking for a new job. Your pension can be affected if you change jobs. (When I tell people that I quit working for the company after only a year, most of them think I'm crazy. They can't understand why I would want to give up a prestigious and secure job. But I think I'd have been crazy to stay) Register In everyday English, people usually ask What do you do? or What does she/he do? when asking what someone's job is. OLLOCATIONS VERBS have a job Mark doesn't have a job right now. apply for a job I've applied for a job at the university. offer somebody a job Well, Miss Taylor, we'd like to offer you the job. get/find a job Eventually, Mary got a job as a waitress. land a job (=get a job, especially unexpectedly) My husband finally landed a job in marketing. take a job (=accept a job you are offered) I was so desperate that I took the first job that came along. hold down a job (=keep a job) He had never been able to hold down a job. lose your job At least there's no danger of you losing your job. leave/quit your job Oh, Rick, you didn't quit your job, did you? be out of a job (=not have a job) If the project fails, we're all out of a job. ADJECTIVES temporary/permanent The job is only temporary, but I'm hoping it will be made permanent. part-time/full-time He had a part-time job at the pet shop. a steady job (=a job that is likely to continue) I haven't had a steady job since last March. a dead-end job (=a job with low wages and no chance of progress) He had a series of dead-end jobs. JOB + NOUN job satisfaction (=the enjoyment you get from your job) Levels of job satisfaction vary between departments. job security (=how permanent your job is likely to be) As an actor, he has very little job security. job losses/cuts The factory is closing, with 600 job losses. THESAURUS job noun [countable] the regular paid work that you do for an employer a full-time job John got a job in a car factory. work noun [uncountable] activities that you are paid for doing - used either when you work for an employer or when you work in your own business I started work when I was 18. He graduated from college last year and is still looking for work. profession noun [countable] a job for which you need special education and training There are now a lot more women in the legal profession. Many teachers are leaving the profession. occupation noun [countable] formal a job, or a type of job - often used on official documents Please give your name, age, and occupation. a traditionally male occupation career noun [countable] the work you do or plan to do for most of your life I'm interested in a career in journalism. position noun [countable] formal a particular job within an organization I am writing to apply for the position of technical assistant. We regret that the position has already been filled. Please state the position which you are applying for. post noun [countable] formal a job, especially an important one in a large organization She has held the post of managing director for two years. He applied for the post of Senior Manager. vacancy/opening noun [countable] a job that is available for someone to do The hospital has been unable to fill the vacancy. There are very few openings in scientific research. appointment noun [countable] an important job which someone is asked to do He took an appointment as US trade ambassador in Geneva. posting noun [countable] a situation in which someone is sent somewhere to do a job for a period of time by the organization they work for This was his first posting outside the UK. an overseas posting His next posting took him to the Ministry of Defence. trade noun [countable] a job that involves using your hands, and for which you need special training Most of the men had worked in skilled trades such as carpentry and printing. employment noun [uncountable] the fact of having a job The factory will provide employment for local people. She was offered employment in the sales office.

pay

/peɪ/ ●●● S1 W1 verb (past tense and past participle paid /peɪd/) 1 GIVE MONEY [intransitive, transitive] to give someone money for something you buy or for a service How would you like to pay? pay for Mum paid for my driving lessons. pay (in) cash You'd get a discount for paying cash. pay by cheque/credit card Can I pay by credit card? pay somebody for something He didn't even offer to pay me for the ticket. pay somebody to do something Ray paid some kids to wash the car. pay somebody something I paid him $5 to cut the grass. pay (somebody) in dollars/euros etc He wanted to be paid in dollars. GRAMMAR: Patterns with pay • You pay an amount or you pay a person: We paid $700. Pay the delivery man. • You pay for something that you buy: I'll pay for the tickets. ✗Don't say: I'll pay the tickets. • You pay an amount or a person for something that you buy: I paid £100 for this jacket. She paid me for the drinks. • You pay someone an amount: They paid the owner €3,000. • You pay in a type of money: Can I pay in euros? • You pay by a particular method: You can pay by credit card. 2 BILL/TAX/RENT [transitive] to pay money that you owe to a person, company etc I forgot to pay the gas bill! You pay tax at the basic rate. Is it okay if I pay you what I owe you next week? 3 WAGE/SALARY [intransitive, transitive] to give someone money for the job they do How much do they pay you? pay somebody $100 a day/£200 a week etc They're only paid about £4 an hour. Some lawyers get paid over $400 an hour. be paid weekly/monthly (also get paid weekly/monthly) We get paid weekly on Fridays. well/badly/poorly paid Many of the workers are very badly paid. paid work (=work you are paid to do) paid holiday/leave (=time when you are not working but are still paid) COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 3: to give someone money for the job they do PHRASES pay somebody £200 a week/$100 a day etc The cleaners are paid £5 an hour. be paid by the hour/day/week I was working on a building site, being paid by the hour. ADVERBS be paid weekly/monthly Most of us get paid weekly or monthly. well-paid Teachers here are well-paid. highly-paid a highly-paid football player badly-paid/poorly-paid For a long time I didn't realise how badly-paid and overworked I was. noun [uncountable] 1 money that you are given for doing your job Staff have been working without pay for the last month. The tax is deducted from your pay every week. He was suspended on full pay until the hearing. ► see thesaurus at salary (i like my work because i work outside. it is hard work but the pay is good and it keeps me in shape) COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + PAY low Nurses often work long hours for relatively low pay. good The work was steady and the pay was pretty good. higher/better Workers demanded higher pay. equal pay (=the same pay for the same type of work) The women at the factory went on strike for equal pay. basic pay British English, base pay American English (=not including overtime pay or bonuses) The basic pay is so low you end up doing lots of overtime. take-home pay (=after tax etc has been taken away) Their average take-home pay is just £120. overtime pay (=for extra hours that you work) Their bosses had to approve any overtime pay. holiday pay British English, vacation pay American English (=pay when you are on holiday) Servicemen and women get no holiday pay, no overtime, no weekends off. sick pay (=pay when you are ill) As a self-employed person, you get no sick pay or benefits. maternity pay (=pay while a woman takes time off to have a baby) If you have worked here a year, you are entitled to 3 month's maternity pay. redundancy pay British English, severance pay American English (=pay when there is no longer a job for you) We invested our redundancy pay in a new business venture. full pay They were immediately suspended on full pay pending a full inquiry. half pay In 1822 he retired from the army as captain on half pay. PAY + NOUN a pay increase Teachers will be awarded a 6% pay increase this year. a pay rise British English, pay raise American English If you get promoted, will you get a pay rise? a pay cut Staff were asked to take a 10% pay cut. a rate of pay (also a pay rate) (=the amount paid every hour, week etc) Many workers in the catering industry are on low rates of pay. a pay cheque British English, a paycheck American English (=the money you earn every week or month) Stretching your money until the next pay cheque arrives often becomes difficult. a pay freeze (=when no one's pay is increased) Ministers have approved a public sector pay freeze. a pay claim British English (=official request for more pay) The miners voted for strike action in support of their pay claim. a pay dispute (=disagreement between an employer and employees about pay) Many flights were cancelled because of a pilots' pay dispute. pay and conditions (=the conditions in which people work and the pay they get) The unions are demanding better pay and conditions. COMMON ERRORS ► Don't say 'the salary pay'. Just say the pay. THESAURUS income money that you receive from working, investments etc families on a low income salary the pay that professional people such as teachers or lawyers earn every year a salary of $65,000 a year wages the pay that someone earns every hour or every week Her wages barely cover the rent. bonus money added to someone's pay, as a reward for good work or as a reward when the company does well The company pays an attendance bonus - if you go 30 days without being late or absent, you get the bonus. earnings all the money that you earn by working In a good year, a bonus can double an executive's earnings.

construction

/kənˈstrʌkʃən/ ●●○ AWL noun 1 BUILDING SOMETHING [uncountable] the process of building things such as houses, bridges, roads etc construction of the construction of a new airport under construction (=being built) The hotel is currently under construction. a road construction project construction workers 2 MAKING SOMETHING FROM MANY PARTS [uncountable] the process of making something using many parts Work out the exact design before you start construction. 3 WAY SOMETHING IS MADE [uncountable] the materials used to build or make something, or its design and structure The houses were partly timber in construction. External doors should be of robust construction. 4 A BUILDING/STRUCTURE [countable] formal something that has been built a modern construction 5 GRAMMAR [countable] the way in which words are put together in a sentence, phrase etc difficult grammatical constructions 6 IDEAS/KNOWLEDGE [uncountable] the process of forming something from knowledge or ideas the construction of sociological theory COLLOCATIONS CONSTRUCTION + NOUN the construction industry The construction industry had a hard time during the recession. a construction company/firm It's the largest construction company in Mexico. a construction worker Thousands of construction workers are out of work. construction work Construction work on the new road is expected to take two years. a construction site (=an area where something is being built) Safety is very important on a construction site. a construction project/programme There are always a lot of large construction projects in Dubai. construction materials expensive construction materials like cement and steel construction costs The total construction costs will reach £125 million. VERBS be under construction (=be being built) A new road is currently under construction. begin/start construction Developers are planning to begin construction on a new housing project. complete construction We expect to complete construction in January.

prestigious

/preˈstɪdʒəs $ -ˈstɪː-, -ˈsti-/ ●○○ adjective admired as one of the best and most important a prestigious literary award a highly prestigious university(They can't understand why i would want to give up a prestigious and secure job)

receptionist

/rɪˈsepʃənɪst/ ●●○ noun [countable] someone whose job is to welcome and deal with people arriving in a hotel or office building, visiting a doctor etc • The alternative of using a fully trained adviser as receptionist would probably not be considered an efficient use of staff. • Foreign visitors will expect the receptionist to have a very good knowledge of the country in general.

rewarding

/rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ $ -ɔːr-/ ●○○ adjective making you feel happy and satisfied because you feel you are doing something useful or important, even if you do not earn much money → satisfying, worthwhile Teaching can be a very rewarding career. children who experience a rewarding friendship before the birth of a sibling are likely to have a better relationship with that brother or sister that endures throughout their chidhood.

the jobless

[plural] people who are jobless

redundancy

rɪˈdʌndənsi/ noun (plural redundancies) 1 [countable, uncountable] British English a situation in which someone has to leave their job, because they are no longer needed SYN layoff The closure of the export department resulted in over 100 redundancies. Two thousand workers now face redundancy. An employee is not eligible for a redundancy payment unless he has been with the company for two years. voluntary/compulsory redundancy We were offered a £3,000 cash bonus to take voluntary redundancy. 2 [uncountable] when something is not used because something similar or the same already exists COLLOCATIONS VERBS make redundancies The company is to make 1,400 redundancies. face redundancy Up to 300 leather factory workers are facing redundancy. take/accept redundancy Twenty staff members took voluntary redundancy. volunteer for redundancy (=offer to take redundancy) Nearly 40% of the workforce volunteered for redundancy. ADJECTIVES compulsory redundancies (=when workers are forced to be redundant) He promised there would be no compulsory redundancies. voluntary redundancies (=done willingly, without being forced) Wherever possible the cuts will be achieved by voluntary redundancies. mass/large-scale redundancies The company is preparing large-scale redundancies at its British factories. REDUNDANCY + NOUN redundancy money/pay He spent his redundancy money on a plot of land. a redundancy payment He was not entitled to a redundancy payment. redundancy terms (=the conditions of a redundancy agreement, for example how much money someone will receive) Some staff had chosen to go because the voluntary redundancy terms were attractive. a redundancy package (=a set of things offered to someone who is being made redundant) The trade union negotiated a generous redundancy package for its members. a redundancy notice (=a printed statement telling a worker that they are being made redundant) 1,100 of the bank's 1,260 staff in the UK were given redundancy notices. PHRASES a round of redundancies (=one set of redundancies in a series) The industry has announced a new round of redundancies. a wave of redundancies (=a sudden increase in the number of redundancies) The latest wave of redundancies resulted in 4,000 job cuts. redundancy payment • Equally, the right to a redundancy payment is subject to the rules about offers of alternative employment mentioned above. • The 20 members of staff were offered alternative employment but accepted redundancy payments instead. • The relatively high levels of unemployment and redundancy payments in the north are important factors to consider. • Everyone will, as per standing Union agreements, receive outplacement counselling, redundancy payments. • As a result of this change, no statistics are now available on the size of redundancy payments made directly by employers. • Such dismissals may lead to claims for unfair dismissal and/or redundancy payments. • In effect, therefore, the redundancy payment is based on final earnings. • The redundancy payments legislation allows employees a four-week trial period in which to make up their minds. From Longman Business Dictionary re‧dun‧dan‧cy /rɪˈdʌndənsi/ noun (plural redundancies) [countable, uncountable] especially British English when someone loses their job in a company because the job is no longer needed Over 2000 car workers now face redundancy. Several members of staff have taken voluntary redundancy (=they have agreed to be made redundant, usually in return for a cash payment). Because of low export sales, the company was forced to make 700 redundancies. a generous redundancy package (=all the payments and other benefits that someone receives from their company when they are made redundant) When people lose their job or are made redundant, they are forced to leave their job because their company can no longer afford to employ them At least 2,000 computer programmers have been made redundant in the past year. If someone is fired or dismissed formal, they have to leave their job, especially because they have done something wrong She was fired for serious professional misconduct. If someone is sacked British English or given the sack British English, they must leave their job, for example because they did not do the job well enough, they were no longer needed, or they did something wrong He was sacked for drinking during office hours.

the executive

the part of a government that makes sure decisions and laws work well → judiciary, legislature

working practices/methods

the way in which you do your job training in up-to-date working practices → working Examples from the Corpus working practices/methods • But it will coincide with political pressure for doctors to accept fundamental changes in their working practices. • However, only 44% had changed their working practices. • Their work allowed them to identify working methods and the characteristics of particular ateliers. • The courses, examinations and working practices have been based on their perceptions. • Those familiar with the work and working methods of Frank Auerbach may find all this oddly familiar. • The accident happened because of a culture in which working practices were not checked, Whitehaven magistrates heard. • New working practices would be introduced once passenger services were privatised which would be more flexible.

downsizing

ˈdaʊnˌsaɪzɪŋ/ noun [uncountable] when the managers of a company decide to reduce the number of people working for the company in order to save money or increase profits The retail chain has not yet put a figure on the number of job losses involved in the downsizing. (Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb)

flight attendant

ˈflight atˌtendant ●●○ noun [countable] someone who serves food and drinks to passengers on a plane, and looks after their comfort and safety • She should have been either a flight attendant or a Greyhound bus driver. • Kim, 31, is a flight attendant for Delta Air Lines. • He is a flight attendant with Alitalia. • In 1956 he married Joy Turney, a flight attendant.

employee

/ɪmˈplɔɪ-iː, ˌemplɔɪˈiː/ ●●● S2 W2 noun [countable] someone who is paid to work for someone else SYN worker a government employee

businessperson

/ˈbɪznəsˌpɜːsən-ˌpɜːr-/ noun (plural businesspeople /-ˌpiːpəl/) [countable usually plural] a businessman or businesswoman The hotel is owned by a group of Japanese businesspeople.

applicant

A person who requests or seeks something, such as a job. ˈæplɪkənt/ ●○○ noun [countable] someone who has formally asked, usually in writing, for a job, university place etc → apply applicant for He was one of 30 applicants for the manager's job. successful/unsuccessful applicant (=someone who is accepted or not accepted for a job etc) Successful applicants will be expected to travel extensively.

server

American English someone whose job is to bring you your food in a restaurant SYN waiter, waitress

labour

British English, labor American English ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun 1 WORK [uncountable] work, especially physical work The garage charges £30 an hour for labour. Many women do hard manual labour (=work with their hands). Workers withdrew their labour (=protested by stopping work) for twenty-four hours. 2 WORKERS [uncountable] all the people who work for a company or in a country a shortage of skilled labor We need to reduce our labour costs. 3 BABY [singular, uncountable] the process of giving birth to a baby in labour Meg was in labour for ten hours. Diane went into labour at 2 o'clock. a long/short/difficult labour The labour pains were unbearable. labour ward/room (=a room in a hospital where women give birth) COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: all the people who work for a company or in a country ADJECTIVES/NOUN + LABOUR skilled/unskilled labour Employers want to keep skilled labour because of the cost of training. cheap labour (=workers who have low wages) Women and children were used as cheap labour. casual labour (=workers who do jobs that are not permanent) The industry makes use of a large supply of casual labour. child labour The shoe company was accused of using child labour in its factory. slave labour Cotton was grown using slave labor. LABOUR + NOUN the labour force (=all the people who work in a country or for a company) We need an educated labour force. the labour supply (=all the people available to work) What was the effect of the war on the labour supply? the labour market (=the people looking for work and the jobs available) the percentage of women in the labour market a labour shortage Immigrants came into the country to fill the labour shortage. labour costs There was pressure to keep down labour costs. British English, labor American English ●○○ AWL verb [intransitive] 1 to work hard They laboured all day in the mills. labour over I've been labouring over this report all morning. labour to do something Ray had little talent but labored to acquire the skills of a writer.

shift leader

Employees who receive wages and, in addition to their regular tasks, train new employees, answer work related questions, and perform other functions assigned by managers Shift Managers are trained to perform all of the duties performed by the Crew Members and Shift Leaders, with additional responsibility for directing the daily operations of a restaurant in the Restaurant General Manager's absence, ensuring compliance with company standards in all areas of operation including product preparation and delivery, customer relations, restaurant maintenance, team management, inventory management, financial accountability, and other duties as required or assigned.

wage freeze

an action taken by a company, government etc to stop wages increasing → wage Examples from the Corpus wage freeze • The 340 hourly-paid workers would not accept a wages freeze and cuts in their benefits and were sacked. • Three-quarters of the workforce was sacked after failing to accept a management plan which involved a wages freeze and benefit cuts. • Those who had feared price and wage freezes were relieved. • They agreed to return to work but under protest at the wage freeze and benefits cuts. • The wage freeze was part of a campaign to bring down inflation from 2,000-2,500 percent to a target of 13 percent.

construction

kənˈstrʌkʃən/ ●●○ AWL noun 1 BUILDING SOMETHING [uncountable] the process of building things such as houses, bridges, roads etc construction of the construction of a new airport under construction (=being built) The hotel is currently under construction. a road construction project construction workers COLLOCATIONS CONSTRUCTION + NOUN the construction industry The construction industry had a hard time during the recession. a construction company/firm It's the largest construction company in Mexico. a construction worker Thousands of construction workers are out of work. construction work Construction work on the new road is expected to take two years. a construction site (=an area where something is being built) Safety is very important on a construction site. a construction project/programme There are always a lot of large construction projects in Dubai. construction materials expensive construction materials like cement and steel construction costs The total construction costs will reach £125 million. VERBS be under construction (=be being built) A new road is currently under construction. begin/start construction Developers are planning to begin construction on a new housing project. complete construction We expect to complete construction in January.

working life

the part of your adult life when you have a paid job He spent all his working life in a factory. → working Examples from the Corpus working life • But all teachers are concerned about their own level of stress, and how to lead a satisfying working life. • Objectives for Care outlines practical applications for nurses to use in their everyday working lives. • They could anticipate earning a decent, middle-class wage there for most of their working lives. • What do I want out of my working life? • Both procedures reflect current government policy concerns with increasing vocationalism and preparation for working life at the pre-16 stage. • Your working life can go back as far as April 1936, but not further. • Deborah Manley trained as a social worker but has spent most of her working life in publishing. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌworking ˈlife noun (plural working lives) [countable] the part of your adult life when you work Geoff spent all his working life with the same company.

On the ball

to be quick to understand and react to things: I didn't sleep well last night and I'm not really on the ball today. aware of any changes or developments and quick to react to them: We need someone who's really on the ball to answer questions from the press.

employ

to hire and put to work for pay n everyday English, people usually say give someone a job rather than employ someone, and have a job rather than be employed: They gave him a job delivering furniture. He has a job at the factory to use a particular object, method, skill etc in order to achieve something employ a method/technique/tactic etc The report examines teaching methods employed in the classroom. ► see thesaurus at use Register In everyday English, people usually say use a method rather than employ a method.

paid

peɪd/ adjective 1paid work is work which you receive money for It will become increasingly difficult for those over retirement age to obtain any paid work with which to supplement their pension. 2a paid worker receives money for the work which he or she does 75 percent of all paid employees work in firms with less than 100 workers. 3if a tax, bill etc is paid, a payment has been made for the money that was owed Unless the bottles are stamped 'duty paid', the wine cannot be sold.

Workaholic

ˌwɜːkəˈhɒlɪk $ ˌwɜːrkəˈhɒː-/ noun [countable] informal someone who chooses to work a lot, so that they do not have time to do anything else • By 2015, workaholics were considered as socially handicapped as the chronically unemployed. • He had one overriding ambition-to act-and confessed to being a workaholic. • Steve's doing a sixty-hour week at the moment - I never realized he could be such a workaholic. • A self-confessed control freak and workaholic, no-one is allowed in his control room. • Selling is a career that seems to attract workaholics.

unemployed

ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd◂/ ●●● S2W3 adjective without a job SYN out of work an unemployed actor I've only been unemployed for a few weeks. Register In everyday English, people often say out of work rather than unemployed: He's been out of work since January. THESAURUS unemployed someone who is unemployed does not have a job Fifty percent of the men in this town are unemployed. out of work unemployed, especially for a long period of time, when you had a job before I've been out of work for two years. redundant British English if someone is redundant, they have been told that they no longer have a job He was made redundant earlier this year. redundant miners

company

ˈkʌmpəni/ ●●● S1 W1 noun (plural companies) 1 BUSINESS [countable] a business organization that makes or sells goods or services SYN business, firm Which company do you work for? I called the phone company about the bill. The company was set up just after the war. The company directors have awarded themselves a massive pay increase. GRAMMAR: Singular or plural verb? • In this meaning, company is usually followed by a singular verb: The company makes machine parts. • In British English, you can also use a plural verb: The company make machine parts. COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 1: a business organization that makes or sells goods or services ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMPANY a computer/phone/oil etc company an international oil company a manufacturing/shipping/publishing etc company I'm working for a printing company at the moment. a large/big company She has a senior position in a large manufacturing company. a small company His father is the director of a small company. an international company (=with offices in different countries) She works for a major international company. a multinational company (=with offices in many countries) Within ten years the business grew into a huge multinational company. a private company (=not owned by the government) There are many tiny private companies. a state-owned company (=owned by the government) a public/listed company (=offering its shares for sale on the stock exchange) a limited company (=one whose owners only have to pay a limited amount if it gets into debt) a subsidiary company (=owned or controlled by a larger company) the parent company (=the one that owns or controls a smaller one) a local company The new development will bring more business to local companies. a reputable company (=with a good reputation) Choose a reputable building company to do the work. VERBS work for a company How long have you been working for your present company? join a company (=become an employee) I joined the company ten years ago. run/manage a company Nick runs a property company. set up/start/form a company Two years later he started his own software company. found/establish a company The company was founded in 1993 by William J. Nutt. take over a company (=buy it and run it) The company was taken over by the management in a £32.5 million deal. a company grows/expands The company has expanded year on year. a company goes bankrupt/goes out of business (=stops doing business after losing too much money) a company fails (=goes bankrupt) His audio equipment company failed in the mid 1980s. a company goes bust informal (=goes bankrupt) a company goes to the wall informal (=goes bankrupt) a company goes into liquidation (=is closed and sold in order to pay its debts) COMPANY + NOUN company policy It is not company policy to give that information. a company director/executive He earns a huge amount of money as a senior company executive. a company car (=that your company gives you to use) THESAURUS company an organization that makes or sells something, or provides a service big oil companies telephone companies He runs a software company. firm a company, especially one that provides a service rather than producing goods a law firm a firm of accountants a security firm business a company - often used when talking about a company that employs only a small number of people She set up her own catering business. small businesses a family business corporation a large company that often includes several smaller companies IBM is one of the biggest corporations in the world. multinational a very large company with offices in many different countries American multinationals are establishing research and development facilities across the developing world. conglomerate /kənˈɡlɒmərət $ -ˈɡlɑː-/ a very large company that consists of several different companies which have joined together The company was taken over by a German media conglomerate. giant a word used mainly by newspapers for a very large company Their clients include the retail giant, Wal-Mart. subsidiary a company that is owned by a larger company The company runs its New York operations through a US subsidiary.

flying

/ˈflaɪ-ɪŋ/ adjective 1 [only before noun] able to fly SYN winged a story about a flying horse (it is an interesting job and it is good for me because i love travel and flying i visit lots of countries every year) noun [uncountable] the activity of travelling by plane Quite a lot of people are still nervous about flying. Examples from the Corpus flying • The young were free flying, and the future status of this species in Sussex will be strongly influenced by this population. • She's afraid of flying. • To fully appreciate the reasons we must ignore the training aspect and look at the basic costs of flying. • Last night's film examined a one-day course which helps people overcome their fear of flying. • In practical terms this required a duration that recorded the most recent 25 hours of flying.

job description

noun [countable] an official list of the work and responsibilities that you have in your job • Examine and agree on a job description first and a contract of employment which you are satisfied with and understand. • To do this, study the application form carefully as well as the job description. • Subsequently qualifications which indicate the holder's ability to carry out the elements defined in the job description are identified.

employable

Having the skills and abilities necessary to hold a job adjective UK /ɪmˈplɔɪ.ə.bəl/ US /ɪmˈplɔɪ.ə.bəl/ having enough skills and abilities for someone to employ you: Computer skills make you far more employable. (". You put on the Yes hat not just to be attractive and 'employable' in the eyes of others, but also because life is finite, and you're supposed to think that it's important to 'make the most of it'.)

money wages

[plural] the amount of money that someone receives as their wages, rather than payments in the form of goods, a place to live etc Both money wages and prices are rising, leaving real wages unchanged.

Apply

əˈplaɪ/ ●●● S1 W1 verb (applied, applying, applies) 1 REQUEST [intransitive] to make a formal request, usually written, for something such as a job, a place at a university, or permission to do something apply for She applied for a job with the local newspaper. We need to apply for planning permission to build a garage. apply to I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.

turn (somebody/something)down

2 to refuse an offer, request, or invitation They offered her the job but she turned it down. I'm not going to turn down an invitation to go to New York! Josie's already turned him down (=refused his offer of marriage).

Server

ˈsɜːvə $ ˈsɜːrvər/ ●●○ noun [countable] American English someone whose job is to bring you your food in a restaurant SYN waiter, waitress

cue card (ideas about job)

(1-I'd been used to living independently as a student, looking after myself and organizing my own schedule. As soon as I started working all that changed 2-Most single company employees live in a dormitory like this, and many married employees live in company apartments. The dorm system is actually a great help because Iiving in Tokyo costs more than young people can afford 3-Working,drinking, sleeping, and standing on a horribly crowded commuter train for an hour and a half each way: This was my life. 4-I soon lost sight of the world outside the company 5- This isolation is part of the brainwashing process.s A personnel manager said: "We want excellent students who are active, clever, and tough. Three months is enough to train them to be devoted businessmen....)Iany employees put the company's profits before their or'rr mental and physical well-being

basic wage

(also base wage American English) [singular] the amount of money that workers are paid for each normal hour, week etc that they work, not including any extra payments basic wage of a base wage of $11 an hour The company proposed a 2% basic wage increase.

be sick (and tired) of (doing) something

(also be sick to death of (doing) something) spoken to be angry or bored with something that has been happening for a long time I'm sick and tired of your excuses. I am sick of working for other people. (I don't like my job since it's boring I do the same thing every year I really sick of it) • I was sick of concealments - those retentions of his. • I was sick of following baseball through the abbreviated box scores of the international Herald Tribune. • No one, knowing the Patriarch, could doubt that, after a day of his voice, Zacco was sick of him.

working clothes

(also work clothes) clothes which you wear for work or are designed for people to work in → working Examples from the Corpus working clothes • As he approached them, Mungo could see that they wore blue uniform trousers under their working clothes. • But she had to turn up at Maggie's school in her working clothes. • They went from the workplace into the canteen, they sat and opened their lunchboxes in their working clothes. • They woke on Sunday morning and people wre going to church ... they daren't be seen in their working clothes. • In fact I felt rather a lout in my working clothes among the elegant gathering. • Jonadab was not to be hurried and methodically finished changing into his working clothes before putting in an appearance. • Still clad in her tattered working clothes, her wellingtons pumped away assiduously to give the instrument the breath it required.

Long hours

/lɒŋ $ lɒːŋ/ ●●● S1 W1 adjective (comparative longer, superlative longest) LARGE AMOUNT OF TIME continuing for a large amount of time, or for a larger amount of time than usual OPP short a long period of time a long history of success He has a long memory. (for) a long time/while He's been gone a long time. I haven't been there for a long while. It took a long time to get everything ready. She died a long time ago. long silence/pause/delay etc There was a long silence before anybody spoke. She's recovering from a long illness. Doctors often work long hours (=work for more time than is usual). the longest time American English spoken (=a very long time) It took me the longest time to figure out how to open the windows. 4 PARTICULAR LENGTH/DISTANCE/TIME used to talk or ask about a particular length, distance, or time How long is your garden? How long is the film? The cable is not quite long enough. two metres/three miles etc long The bridge is 140 feet long. two hours/three days etc long The speech was twenty minutes long. (For all that employees complain about long hours, they too have reasons not to trade money for leisure. "People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms," Schor maintains. )

niche

/niːʃ, nɪtʃ $ nɪtʃ, niːʃ/ ●○○ noun 1 [countable] if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very suitable for you Amanda soon found her niche at the club. He's managed to create a niche for himself in local politics. 2 [singular] an opportunity to sell a product or service to a particular group of people who have similar needs, interests etc niche in He spotted a niche in the market. 3 [countable] a hollow place in a wall, often made to hold a statue COLLOCATIONS VERBS have a niche She feels that she has her own niche in the company. find a niche He had a hard time finding his niche academically. create/carve out a niche (=do something in a particular way that is different to and better than anyone else) She had carved out a niche for herself as a children's television presenter. ADJECTIVES a particular/special niche As a player, he's carved out his own special niche on the team. a little niche informal: I feel as if I've found my little niche in life. your own niche Everyone has their own niche within the sales team. found ... niche • Love is the Devil found a niche, but there was less room for the films of Ken Loach. • Andrew McCarthy has found a comfortable niche in the direct-to-video market. • We were fortunate, however, to have found a niche that no one else cornered. • Luch found her hidden niche before anyone noticed her. adjective [only before noun] relating to selling goods to a particular small group of people who have similar needs, interests etc niche marketing a niche market a niche product From Longman Business Dictionary niche /niːʃ/ noun [countable] a part of a market which is small but may be profitable In the US market for shoes, the company occupies an upmarket niche where it can trade on its English image.

accomplishment

/əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt $ əˈkɑːm-, əˈkʌm-/ ●○○ noun 1 [countable] something successful or impressive that is achieved after a lot of effort and hard work SYN achievement impressive/significant/great etc accomplishment Cutting the budget was an impressive accomplishment. It was a major accomplishment for a player who had been injured so recently. (the kind of work that makes the best use of one's abilities and gives one a feeling of accomplishment.)

achievement

/əˈtʃiːvmənt/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL noun 1 [countable] something important that you succeed in doing by your own efforts achievement of We try to celebrate the achievements of our students. His great achievement is to make all the players into a united team. somebody's achievement in (doing) something The test measures children's achievements in reading, spelling, and maths. 2 [uncountable] when you achieve something or when people achieve something Roberts is researching the effect of social class on educational achievement. As we climbed the final few metres, we felt a sense of achievement. COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES a great/fine/impressive achievement (=one that deserves to be admired) Winning the award was a great achievement. a remarkable/extraordinary achievement (=one that is unusual or surprising and deserves praise) In recognition of this remarkable achievement he was awarded the OBE. a major/important achievement Writing the book was a major achievement.an outstanding achievement (=an extremely impressive achievement) Eisenhower' s outstanding achievement was to avoid war.a considerable achievement (=one that has a large effect) These studies represent a considerable achievement. somebody's crowning/supreme achievement (=the best of several impressive achievements) Her appointment to the Paris post was the crowning achievement of her life. VERBS something represents an achievement (=something is an achievement) Few people realised what an enormous achievement Concorde represented. PHRASES be no mean achievement (=be difficult to achieve and therefore worth admiring) He got the top mark in the country which is no mean achievement. be quite an achievement (=be an impressive achievement) Working and bringing up kids on your own is quite an achievement.

earn

/ɜːn $ ɜːrn/ ●●● S2 W2 verb 1 MONEY FOR WORK [intransitive, transitive] to receive a particular amount of money for the work that you do He earns nearly £20,000 a year. You don't earn much money being a nurse. He did all sorts of jobs to earn a living. I was the only person in the house who was earning. She was earning good money at the bank. Chris will pay - he's earning a fortune. ► see thesaurus at get 2 PROFIT [transitive] to make a profit from business or from putting money in a bank etc The movie earned £7 million on its first day. You could earn a higher rate of interest elsewhere. COLLOCATIONS NOUNS earn money I'd like to earn more money than I do now. earn a wage/salary You are more likely to earn a decent wage if you have a degree. earn a living (also earn your living) (=earn the money you need to live) She started to earn a living by selling her jewellery on a market stall. earn £30,000 a year/$200 a week/£5 an hour etc Newly qualified teachers earn a minimum of £24,000 a year. earn good money (=earn a lot of money) You can earn good money working in London. earn a fortune (=earn an extremely large amount of money) Footballers at the top clubs earn a fortune these days. THESAURUS earn to be paid a particular amount of money for your work. Earn is more formal than get or make A newly-qualified teacher can expect to earn about £20,000 a year. get to earn a particular amount of money every hour, week etc How much do you get an hour? She gets more than I do. make to earn money, especially a lot of money, or money that is not from regular employment You can make a lot of money in banking. Jo makes a bit of extra money by selling his paintings. be on something British English to earn a particular amount of money each year. This is the most common way of talking about someone's salary in British English How much are you on? Some chief executives are on huge salaries. be/get paid to receive money for work that you do for an employer, not by working for yourself Workers are paid around $500 a month. I get paid monthly. well-paid/badly-paid paid a lot of money/not much money for the work that you do well-paid lawyers working in the city It was boring badly-paid work. take home to earn a particular amount of money after tax etc has been taken away from your pay After tax and other deductions, I only take home £200 a week.

employment

/ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ ●●● S2 W1 noun [uncountable] 1 the condition of having a paid job She was offered employment in the sales office. terms and conditions of employment employment opportunities/prospects The employment prospects for science graduates are excellent. Steve's still looking for full-time employment. the needs of women who combine paid employment and care for their families in employment 21.7% of all those in employment were in part-time jobs. ► see thesaurus at job 2 the act of paying someone to work for you employment of Mexican law prohibits the employment of children under 14. 3 the number of people who have jobs OPP unemployment Nationwide employment now stands at 95%. full employment (=a situation in which everyone has a job) Many economists consider full employment an unrealistic goal. the fact of someone being paid to work for a company or organization: Employment levels are unlikely to rise significantly before the end of next year. How long have you been looking for employment? be in employment uk formal to have a job: Are you in employment at the moment? 4 formal the use of a particular object, method, skill etc to achieve something employment of Was the employment of force justified? COLLOCATIONS - Meanings 1,2 & 3 ADJECTIVES paid employment (=a job for which you receive money) 51% of women return to paid employment within 5 years of having a child. full-time/part-time employment Mike is in full-time employment, but his wife is not working. permanent/temporary employment university graduates entering permanent employment for the first time long-term/regular employment (=working for the same company for a long time) She finally found regular employment at a hospital in York. continuous employment (=working all the time, without any periods being unemployed) You can join the pension scheme after two years of continuous employment with the company. VERBS give/offer somebody employment He was offered employment in the company's main office. provide employment (=offer jobs to people) The new power station will provide employment for around 400 people. create employment (=make new jobs) The government is trying to stimulate the economy and create employment. find/get employment The men hope to find employment in the construction industry. obtain/secure employment formal (=get employment) He found it difficult to obtain employment because of his criminal record. look for employment (also seek employment formal) My son had to leave the farm and seek employment elsewhere. EMPLOYMENT + NOUN employment opportunities (=jobs that are available for people to apply for) There are very few employment opportunities in the area. employment prospects (=someone's chances of getting a job) Better qualifications will improve your employment prospects. employment rights (=the rights that someone has in their job) Part-time workers don't have the same employment rights as full-time staff. employment levels (=the number of people employed in an area ) Employment levels in the region are above the national average. employment conditions (also conditions of employment) (=details about someone's employment such as how much they are paid, how much holiday they get etc) All workers have a right to a fair wage and decent conditions of employment. an employment contract (also a contract of employment) (=an official document stating the details about someone's employment) There is a clause in your employment contract covering holiday entitlement. employment terms (also terms of employment) (=the details about someone's employment that are written in their employment contract, including rules that they must follow) It's in the terms of their employment that they can't go on strike. PHRASES loss of employment Closure of the factory will lead to a substantial loss of employment. somebody's place of employment formal (=the building where they work) They had a long journey to their place of employment.

take on

1 take somebody ↔ on to start to employ someone → hire We're taking on 50 new staff this year. 2 take something ↔ on to agree to do some work or be responsible for something Don't take on too much work - the extra cash isn't worth it. (she was cast in her first role at 14 as an extra in the film The Red and continued take on smaller parts until her lead role in the toll of the sea in 1932.) can you take on this client? i took on too many projects last month. sorry, i can't take that on right now.i already have a lot on my plate(i am busy)

jobless

/ˈdʒɒbləs $ ˈdʒɑːb-/ adjective 1 without a job SYN unemployed • The factory closure will leave 3,000 workers jobless. • It would have meant seven hundred vacancies and work for the jobless. • The jobless rate a month ago was 8. 6 percent. • The jobless rate dropped to 8. 1 percent, the lowest in five years, the Bureau of Statistics today reported. • When he left office, the jobless rate was a record 12 percent. • the jobless rate • Young women, fine; and no doubt plenty, in these jobless times, would volunteer. • The bill would allow the jobless to collect 4 to 20 weeks of additional benefits. • The Liberal Democrats have stated they would cut the national jobless total by 400,000 within a year.

famous

/ˈfeɪməs/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective 1 a) known about by many people in many places a famous actor Many famous people have stayed in the hotel. The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark (=a famous place or building that is easy to recognize). famous for France is famous for its wine. famous as Virginia is famous as the birthplace of several US presidents. Da Vinci's world-famous portrait of the Mona Lisa b) the famous [plural] people who are famous a nightclub used by the rich and famous (it is a good job for me because i like food and i love cooking. lots of famous people come to our restaurant,too ) THESAURUS famous known about by a lot of people in many places, often all over the world She always wanted to be famous. The Mona Lisa is Da Vinci's most famous painting. well-known known about by a lot of people, especially in a particular place Shilpa Shetty was well-known in India, but few people in the UK had heard of her. a well-known brand of cat food celebrated written very well-known and admired Dalí is one of Spain's most celebrated artists. Martin Luther King's celebrated speech renowned/noted famous, especially for a particular thing or activity. Noted is more formal than renowned The British are renowned for their love of animals. The area is noted for its wines. An internationally renowned chef owns the restaurant. legendary very famous and greatly admired - used especially about people who have been doing something for a long time or who have died the legendary blues guitarist, BB King Her stage performances were legendary. FAMOUS BECAUSE OF SOMETHING BAD notorious /nəʊˈtɔːriəs, nə- $ noʊ-, nə-/ famous because of doing something bad a notorious criminal a notorious legal case infamous famous because of doing something very bad, which seems immoral or evil the infamous attack on the World Trade Center the infamous Jack the Ripper

nursing

/ˈnɜːsɪŋ $ ˈnɜːr-/ ●●○ noun [uncountable] the job or skill of looking after people who are ill, injured, or old → nurse I'd love to go into nursing. the nursing profession psychiatric nursing Examples from the Corpus nursing • Last week a Department of Environment inspector heard a planning appeal seeking to change it into a nursing home. • Aubrey sipped his brandy, nursing the balloon in both hands and studying Langford openly. • There is no easy solution to the education versus training argument in nursing. • The department offers general and honours degree courses in nursing. • Individualised nursing is based on knowledge of a patient's individuality.

salesperson

/ˈseɪlzˌpɜːsən $ -pɜːr-/ ●●○ noun (plural salespeople /-ˌpiːpəl/) [countable] someone whose job is selling things Examples from the Corpus salesperson • But if the idea makes you uncomfortable, ask a salesperson to help. • For a salesperson to disregard the emotional aspects of dealing with objections is to court disaster. • Discuss. 2 Discuss the ways in which a salesperson can attempt to identify buyer needs. • A salesperson is usually hovering there, to exchange a garment or help with a zipper. • Thus an industrial salesperson may be able to advise his customers on improving productivity or cutting costs. • Mr Moore found Jill was knowledgeable, helpful, and a skillful salesperson. • The selling process essentially follows a set pattern that the salesperson learns from a manual. From Longman Business Dictionary

wealthy

/ˈwelθi/ ●●○ adjective (comparative wealthier, superlative wealthiest) 1 having a lot of money, possessions etc SYN rich very/extremely/immensely/fabulously etc wealthy He left as a poor, working class boy and returned as a wealthy man. the wealthy nations of the world ► see thesaurus at rich(There's a lot of competition to get into this and other similar companies, which promise young people a wealthy and successful future)

unemployment

/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ ●●● S2 W2 noun [uncountable] 1 the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a job a town where there is high unemployment 2 when someone does not have a job Closure of the plant means 80 workers are facing unemployment. 3 American English money paid regularly by the government to people who have no job on unemployment He's been on unemployment for two months

layoff

1 lay somebody ↔ off to stop employing someone because there is no work for them to do → lay-off The company laid off 250 workers in December. Millions of people have been laid off in the steel industry. 2 lay off (something) informal to stop using or doing something I think you'd better lay off alcohol for a while. lay off doing something I had to lay off running for several months. 3 lay off (somebody) informal to stop annoying someone or hurting them Just lay off, will you! I wish he'd lay off me! 4 lay something ↔ off to pass the ball to someone in your team in a game such as football - used in sports reports lay something off to somebody Murphy has the ball and then lays it off to Owen • Lay off the swearing, if you don't mind. • Hey, lay off Vinnie, will you? He hasn't done you any harm. • The sort of business which flourished in the eighties but suffered in the recession hit nineties, laying off workers. lay off (something) • Three years later, it reported its worst quarterly loss ever and laid off 16 percent of its work force. • An estimated 3 million workers have been laid off be-tween 1989 and 1995 as corporate profits have soared. • He and Dean had just been laid off during a seniority lapse because of a drastic reduction of crews. • We sought out people who had been laid off from large corporations and were forced to create new lives. • The station has laid off one-third of its staff. • We must lay off the booze even during Holy Communion. • He must lay off the kif. • The sort of business which flourished in the eighties but suffered in the recession hit nineties, laying off workers. lay off (somebody) • Three years later, it reported its worst quarterly loss ever and laid off 16 percent of its work force. • An estimated 3 million workers have been laid off be-tween 1989 and 1995 as corporate profits have soared. • He and Dean had just been laid off during a seniority lapse because of a drastic reduction of crews. • We sought out people who had been laid off from large corporations and were forced to create new lives. • The station has laid off one-third of its staff. • We must lay off the booze even during Holy Communion. • He must lay off the kif. • The sort of business which flourished in the eighties but suffered in the recession hit nineties, laying off workers. lay something off to somebody • Neville laid the ball off to Emile Heskey, who squared it into the six-yard box for Scholes to turn it in. • Quakers broke out of defence, Cork laying the ball off to give Gaughan a clear run on goal. • He drew the top card and laid it off to his right. ˈlay-off noun [countable] an occasion when an employer ends a worker's employment for a temporary period of time because there is not enough work more lay-offs in the car industry → lay off From Longman Business Dictionary lay somebody → off phrasal verb [transitive] to stop employing a worker, usually when there is not enough work for them to do The group plans to lay off 10% of its workforce. → see also lay-off → lay→ See Verb table ˈlay-off, layoff noun [countable] the act of stopping a worker's employment because there is not enough work for them to do a layoff affecting more than 500 workers Some employees at the company are getting layoff notices (=letters saying they will be losing their jobs).

take on

1 take somebody → on to start to employ someone We're taking on 50 new staff this year. 2 take something → on to agree to do some work or to be responsible for something Gibson is taking on the post of vice president. (And try not to take on work you cannot perform or will only perform poorly.)

be around

1. To be present at or come to a certain place, usually specified by a particular time. Sorry I can't make it out to see you today! Will you be around tomorrow? Thanks for taking care of my pets while I'm away! I'll be around to collect them on Monday. 2. To exist, be relevant, or have significance, usually specified by a particular period of time. Yes, I'm still around after all these years. Printed books are just something humanity won't forget; they'll be around forever. 3. To socialize with or have close physical proximity to somebody. I just feel safer when you're around. John is so pleasant to be around. (you can not always be around for special occasions like birthdays in new years eve)

away

3 if someone is away from school, work, or home, they are not there SYN absent Simon is away with flu. Kate is away on holiday. away from You must bring a note from your parents if you've been away from school.

Cash Bonus

A payment method that pays cash based on some measured performance. Also called lump-sum reward, pay for performance, or merit pay. A cash bonus refers to a lump sum of money awarded to an employee, either occasionally or periodically, for good performance. A cash bonus for better-than-expected performance may be awarded to an individual, division, or the entire organization depending on the level at which performance targets were exceeded. Most cash bonuses are paid once a year, and can range from a few hundred to millions of dollars, depending on the employee's position and the company. A bonus is any type of financial compensation given to an employee above and beyond his or her normal wage. It complements his or her salary. Bonuses may be made to employees in a number of different ways from company stock and ownership, through their paychecks, or in cash. Any bonus, whether it's in cash or in kind, is seen as a token of gratitude from the employer for a job well done.

flexible work

Gives employee the flexibility to determine where they work and for how long they work Simply put, flexible work arrangements are alternate arrangements or schedules from the traditional working day and week. Employees may choose a different work schedule to meet personal or family needs. Alternatively, employers may initiate various schedules to meet their customer needs. Many benefits have been reported by various studies. Common findings include: Increased ability to attract, retain and motivate high-performing and experienced employees. Reduced absenteeism. Helps employees manage their responsibilities outside of work. Increased job satisfaction, energy, creativity, and ability to handle stress. No matter which program or how many options are available, the duties, expectations, and deadlines should be clearly outlined by the supervisor and agreed upon by both the supervisor and the employee. Supportive organizational culture, clear communication, teamwork and reciprocal support between management and employees will help ensure the success of these initiatives. Other issues that should be considered include: Initial start-up costs and additional administrative duties/time. How to schedule meetings and training courses so most employees can attend. Workload management. Meeting customer demands. Impact the employee's absence will have on the group or the organization. Impact on terms and conditions of employment (e.g., leave benefits may be pro-rated). Whether formally written into company policy or an informal agreement between the employee and employer, common arrangements include: Flex time Flex time is an arrangement where employees work a full day but they can vary their working hours. These arrangements are usually established with specific guidelines so that a "core" working day exists. Flex time is usually arranged in advance with the employee and employer or supervisor and a set range of start and finish times are established. The total hours of work are not usually affected by this arrangement. For example, the employee may choose to start between 7:30 and 9:30 AM, and finish between 3:30 and 5:30 PM. This arrangement establishes that core hours are between 9:30 AM and 3:30 PM when all employees will be at work. Lunch periods are usually mandatory and for a set length (30 to 90 minutes). Employees should maintain their start/finish times so that a routine is established and co-workers can become accustomed to each others' schedules. Reduced hours/Part-time Employees may choose to work fewer than the standard 37.5 or 40 hours work week. These arrangements may be on a temporary or permanent basis depending on individual circumstances. It may also be considered in some cases for employees with health problems or disabilities. Work hours may be negotiated, or they may be chosen to coincide with peak workload hours depending on the type of business. However, employee benefits and qualification for government programs (such as employment insurance or pension plans) may be affected, and should be examined thoroughly before commencing. Compressed work week Compressed work week occurs when an employee works for longer periods of time per day or shift in exchange for a day off. Employees may start earlier or finish later that the normal work day. Compressed work weeks are often initiated by the employee, but sometimes the employer may initiate the option to improve operational efficiency, to maximize production (reduced daily start up costs) or to establish longer business hours which can enhance customer service. Common arrangements for a 40 hours work week are working 10 hours per day, 4 days a week; working an extra hour a day with 1 day off every 2 weeks; or working an extra half hour a day and having one day every 3 or 4 weeks off. Telework/Telecommuting Telework or telecommuting occurs when people to do at least some of their regular work from home instead of going into the office. Details such as hours of work, and how communications between the teleworker, co-workers and customers need to be outlined. For more information, please see the OSH Answers document on Telework/Telecommuting. Job sharing Job sharing occurs when two or more people share one or more positions or set of duties. It should be clear before starting how these arrangements affect pay, benefits, and holidays. It is very important that those in a job sharing arrangement work effectively as a team, and communicate well. Job sharing may be an option when few part-time positions are available within the company. Banking of Hours/ Annualized hours This arrangement allows employees to choose, within negotiated boundaries, their days and hours of work to the maximum for a set period of time. This period of time may be weekly, monthly or yearly. Such arrangements are often a combination of flex time and compressed work week and can help reduce the amount of overtime hours required. These arrangements may be suited to fields where there is variation in demands such as peak hours or seasonal peaks. Gradual Retirement Gradual retirement allows employees to reduce their working hours or reduce their workload over a period of time rather than switching from full time employment to retirement abruptly. This phased period can be used to train the replacement employee, help others adjust to restructuring within the company, or to adjust for the redistribution of tasks among the remaining employees. Leaves and Sabbaticals Leaves and sabbaticals are authorized periods of time away from work without loss of employment rights. Paid or unpaid leaves are usually granted for family, health care, education or leisure reasons. Sabbaticals are usually paid (or partially funded) and occur on a regular basis in addition to vacation time. In some cases, self-funded leaves are also possible where a portion of the employee's salary is withheld and returned to the employee 'as pay' during the time away from work.

A raise at work

In this tough economy, everyone could use a raise at work. But getting your boss to add extra money to your paycheck isn't an easy feat - you have to position yourself as an invaluable asset to the company for the raise to make sense for management. This is business after all, and the investment must pay off. A raise is an increase in the amount of hourly pay or salary that an employee receives for work performed in an organization. Organizations provide raises for employees in a number of different ways and for a variety of reasons. A raise is considered a positive event because it increases the employee's take-home pay and spending power. ("A decision to ask for a raise at work starts with setting an appointment with your boss.)

Pay

Pay is the money that you earn by working "What's the pay?" "About $30 an hour." A salary is the money that someone is paid every month by their employer, especially someone who is in a profession, such as a teacher, office worker, or manager The university provides a salary of $3000 a month plus benefits. A wage is the money that someone is paid every week by their employer, especially someone who works in a factory, shop etc She earns an hourly wage of $11.Income is all the money that you receive regularly for work His annual income is just over $40,000.Earnings is the total amount of money you earn from the job that you do The average worker's earnings have not kept up with inflation. A fee is money that you pay to a professional person, such as a doctor or a lawyer, for work that they do Last year the company paid $12 million in legal fees to a single law firm.Remuneration is a formal word for payment for work, especially in the form of a salary and additional benefits such as a car We are offering an attractive remuneration package, including a company car and other benefits.

call it quits

informal a) to agree that a debt or argument is settled Just give me $20 and we'll call it quits. b) to stop doing something After 25 years as a teacher, he's decided to call it quits. When they realize this isn't going to happen, they call it quits and blame the system or the job market or the fact that big companies don't want to hire PhDs.

cover

WORK [uncountable] an arrangement in which people do a job or provide a service, especially because the people who normally do it are not there → backup It's your responsibility to arrange adequate cover for holiday periods. night-time ambulance cover The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace."

real wages

[plural] the amount of goods and services that can be bought with someone's wages, after taking into account inflation (=rising prices) Since 1975, real wages for US manual workers have fallen. (Therefore, nominal wages are also called money wages. For example, a worker gets Rs. 200 from his/her organization in exchange of services rendered by him/her. In this case, the amount of Rs. 200 is regarded as a nominal wage. On the other hand, real wages can be defined as the amount of goods and services that a worker purchases from his/her nominal wages. Therefore, real wages are the purchasing power of nominal wages. According to classical theories, the supply of labor is determined by the real wages. However, according to Keynes, the supply of labor depends on the wages received in terms of money or nominal wages. Let us understand the difference between nominal wages and real wages with the help of an example. Suppose a worker earns Rs. 100 per day and his/her wages are increased to Rs. 120. In such a case, it is not necessary that his/her economic condition or purchasing power will increase. The economic condition of a worker depends on the amount of goods and services he/she can purchase with nominal wages. In case, the prices of goods and services are doubled, the worker would need the double amount of his/her nominal wages what he/she is getting at present to purchase goods and services. Therefore, the economic condition of an individual is determined by his/her real wages.)

the unemployed

[plural] people who have no job the long-term unemployed (=people who have not had a job for a long time) a retraining scheme for the long-term unemployed • We are making sure that employment training is making its full contribution to the aim and guarantee groups for the long-term unemployed. • We will continue to finance training programmes for the long-term unemployed and those who face particular difficulties. • Training for the long-term unemployed is permitted, however. • Rather it reflects the creation of an even poorer group, the long-term unemployed, who have very low incomes.

working day

a day of the week when most people work. In Britain and the US this is usually Monday to Friday SYN workday It will be returned within three working days (=three days, not including weekends or public holidays). • Since the scheme was introduced, only motorists with special passes are allowed to use Ipswich Street during the working day. • They proceed not to turn up on Monday, the next working day. • In many areas the Hearing is held on the first working day after the removal of the child. • This downward trend was so significant during this period that the average working day fell by around 1 hour. • As if to signal that the working day was about to begin, the telephone rang. • Additional reports e.g. showing approved entries and responsible lexicographer, will be produced within one working day when required.

flexible/short-time etc working

a particular way of working, especially relating to the hours which someone works → working Examples from the Corpus flexible/short-time etc working • Meanwhile, solicitors were last week urged to consider flexible working for staff in line with the government's family friendly policies. • Recruitment procedures focus on individual skills and potential for flexible working. • Through grants to local authorities, we are financing schemes to introduce more flexible working practices - such as job sharing. • An outside problem can sometimes be helped by, say, more flexible working hours and so be resolved at management level. • Flexible Hours Question: Has consideration been given to the introduction of flexible working hours? • Vauxhall bosses admit that the threat of short-time working at Ellesmere Port still remains a possibility. • Earnings might vary because of piece-work, overtime or short-time working. • Wage freezes have been brought in across most of the company and some short-time working introduced.

leave of absence

a period of time that you are allowed to spend away from work for a particular purpose She's been given leave of absence to attend a computer course. → leave Examples from the Corpus leave of absence • They say she was not fired, but failed to return after a leave of absence. • I could take a leave of absence from graduate study for one year and still have my fellowship held for me. • Arienne is taking a leave of absence to do a Master's degree. • Patrick Brady, 28, took a leave of absence from Gov. • Morales said his leave of absence from the district runs out May 23. • In 1624 he obtained leave of absence from the University and served as a Member of Parliament. • Whether this entitles the House to exclude a peer on leave of absence has not been tested. • I would have been pleased had Peter been somewhat hesitant to grant me a one-week leave of absence. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌleave of ˈabsence (plural leaves of absence) permission given to someone not to be at work when normally they should be Employees may only take leave of absence in special circumstances such as the death of a close relative.

worthwhile

adj. value in doing something syn. rewarding /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl◂ $ ˌwɜːrθ-/ ●●○ adjective if something is worthwhile, it is important or useful, or you gain something from it He wanted to do a worthwhile job. We decided to give the money to a worthwhile cause (=one that helps people).it is worthwhile to do something I thought it was worthwhile to clarify the matter.it is worthwhile doing something It wasn't worthwhile continuing with the project. • Didn't I almost want there to be some one - to make the fight worthwhile?• Ephesus alone made the trip worthwhile. • It was all part of a life that made me feel secure in the belief that at last I had found something worthwhile. • Patients who had experienced such treatment reported, on average, that small improvements in survival would make the treatment worthwhile .• Programs like this one get kids involved in worthwhile activities .• I don't ask, of course, because I wouldn't get any worthwhile answer.• worthwhile cause • Council leader Christopher Kingsley said the restoration project will create local jobs and was a worthwhile cause .• It's a simple idea which should channel hundreds of millions of pounds into worthwhile causes .• Triodos's range of accounts includes six Partnership Accounts that allow savers to channel money into worthwhile causes.

empowering

adjective UK /ɪmˈpaʊə.rɪŋ/ US /-ˈpaʊr.ɪŋ/ Something that is empowering makes you more confident and makes you feel that you are in control of your life: For me, learning to drive was an empowering experience. (The product manager is a job that is incredibly empowering, fulfilling and exciting.)

proactive

adjective making things happen or change rather than reacting to events a proactive approach to staffing requirements doing something to influence or make changes happen and being prepared for change to happen For our guarantee to be effective, our employees had to adopt a moreproactive attitude toward service. It's worth being proactive and actually asking for a contract. —proactively adverb Management will deal with all suggestions as proactively as possible, regardless of their source. (People who are proactive have a "can do" attitude that helps them succeed in both good and bad times. )

white-collar

adjective 1 [only before noun] white-collar workers have jobs in offices, banks etc rather than jobs working in factories, building things etc → blue-collar, pink-collar white-collar jobs white-collar • But white-collar crime seems to be the new image of the law profession. • In contrast, white-collar employment soared despite massive use of information technologies in areas such as accounting and finance. • It should also be pointed out that white-collar industries have suffered from privatisation. • The foremen, members of the white-collar Manufacturing Science and Finance union, were protesting over the threat of compulsory redundancies. • Effective measurement of white-collar performance would require more than just measurement of efficiency. • Stress and activity are the new white-collar sources of identity. • The expansion of white-collar unionism was a particular feature of the most recent phase. • a white-collar worker • The economic recession has put many white-collar workers in danger of losing their jobs. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌwhite-ˈcollar adjective [only before a noun] white-collar workers work in offices, banks etc, rather than in factories, mines etc The redundancies have devastatedwhite-collar workers. The car maker will cut 9,000white-collar jobs.

blue-collar

adjective [only before noun] blue-collar workers do physical work, rather than working in offices → white-collar, pink-collar Examples from the Corpus blue-collar • Lately, the restaurant chain, which caters mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition. • His ability to deliver the C2 blue-collar, Essex-man vote has, arguably, won them the last two general elections. • Aside from its cast, the show was lauded for its honest and realistic depiction of blue-collar family life. • Always a blue-collar town, Gary developed into a mighty industrial force on the strength of the nearby lakefront steel mills. • The school serves a community of approximately 10,000 people, mostly blue-collar workers who are employed by the pickle plant. • His political support comes mainly from blue-collar workers. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌblue-ˈcollar adjective [only before a noun] blue-collar work is unskilled work that may be hard and dirty the loss of a lot of blue-collar jobs in the docks a strike by blue-collar workers

organization

also organisation British English) /ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən $ ˌɔːrɡənə-/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 [countable] a group such as a club or business that has formed for a particular purpose The public expect high standards from any large organization. the World Trade Organization a voluntary organization which helps disabled people with their transport needs an illegal terrorist organization international organizations such as the UN 2 [uncountable] planning and arranging something so that it is successful or effective Putting on a show of this kind involves considerable organisation. organization of The college has helped Anne with the organization of the event. 3 [uncountable] the way in which the different parts of a system are arranged and work together organization of There needs to be a change in the organization of the health service. —organizational adjective organizational skills THESAURUS organization a group of people, companies, or countries, which is set up for a particular purpose Greenpeace is an international organization that protects the environment. the World Health Organization institution a large important organization such as a bank, church, or university The University is an important academic institution. financial institutions such as banks association an organization for people in a particular profession, sport, or activity, which officially represents its members - often used in names I met a representative of the National Association of Teachers. the Football Association party an organization of people with the same political aims which you can vote for in elections Which political party do you support? He voted for the Republican Party's candidate. body an important group of people who make the rules and advise people about what should be allowed the sport's governing body The government has set up an advisory body. club/society an organization for people who share an interest, for example a sport We belong to a tennis club. I joined the university film society. union an organization formed by workers in order to protect their rights The union ordered its members out on strike. charity an organization which collects money to help people who are poor, sick etc and does not make any profit for itself She has raised a lot of money for local charities. quango British English disapproving an organization set up by the government, which has official power but whose members have not been elected the amount of money that is wasted on government quangos

wage freeze

an action taken by a company, government etc to stop wages increasing • The 340 hourly-paid workers would not accept a wages freeze and cuts in their benefits and were sacked. • Three-quarters of the workforce was sacked after failing to accept a management plan which involved a wages freeze and benefit cuts. • Those who had feared price and wage freezes were relieved. • They agreed to return to work but under protest at the wage freeze and benefits cuts. • The wage freeze was part of a campaign to bring down inflation from 2,000-2,500 percent to a target of 13 percent.

job/careers fair

an event where people go to get information about different kinds of jobs • The workers also were given the chance to participate in a job fair. • The number of stalls and the range of employers represented at careers fairs has dwindled sharply. • The report is backed up by anecdotal evidence from careers fairs. • One visit to a nursing careers fair will convince you of this.

Frontline Employee

anyone who works directly with customers Frontline employees are the people who answer the phone or help clients in person in spaces like shops, banks and hospitals. Because they are the first port of call for many clients, they have a strong impact on user experience and influence the public's perception of the brand they represent. These valuable staff members need strong social and communication skills, and are often trained to handle emergency situations or taught how to calm upset clients. A friendly and convincing personality combined with appropriate training often leads to their success at work and better client satisfaction. (This change also has other implications. Communication, both up and down the organisation, has greatly improved. Decision-making has been forced down in many cases to front-line employees. As a result, guest requests are usually met without reference to a supervisor, improving both customer and employee satisfaction.)

by-product

byproduct /ˈbaɪˌprɒdʌkt $ -ˌprɑː-/ noun [countable] 1 something additional that is produced during a natural or industrial process by-product of a by-product of oil refining 2 an unplanned additional result of something that you do by-product of Job losses are an unfortunate byproduct of the recession. That was Jack's introduction to tinnitus, the head noises which are a deeply distressing by-product of some forms of deafness. • Turquoise, originally considered a mere by-product of copper mining, was vigorously promoted by Waddell's father, B.C. • Law itself is the by-product of custom built up by habit. • One of the by-products of the peace treaty was the growth of trade between the two nations. • The cakes themselves are unintended by-products of the recipes. From Longman Business Dictionary ˈby-ˌproduct (also byproduct) noun [countable] 1something produced during the process of making something else, especially during an industrial process Bran is a byproduct of the milling process. 2something unexpected or unplanned that happens as a result of something else happening The fiscal crisis is a byproduct of the recession. ("Doubt and uncertainty have fallen out of favour, most likely because we live in what sociologists term a risk society, in which one of the by-products of development, especially in technology, is that new risks are constantly generated. Environmental, climate and financial crises are all by-products of this.)

a working knowledge of something

enough knowledge of a system, subject, language etc to be able to use it or to do a particular job A good working knowledge of the building regulations is necessary for the job. → working Examples from the Corpus a working knowledge of something • Andy has a good working knowledge of accounting practices. • Ideally, you will have a degree in engineering or science with a working knowledge of heat transfer mechanisms. • Lambert was himself a skilled administrator, with a working knowledge of sanitary reform. • In this case, having a working knowledge of the types of microcomputer available will be important. • Those who supervise clerical supervisors must have a working knowledge of word processing, communications, data processing, and recordkeeping.

employee compensation

especially American English 1the total pay and benefits that a particular employee or group of employees receives An increasing proportion of the company's employee compensation is paid in stock. 2money paid to an employee by an employer's insurers because the employee has been harmed in some way, for example in an accident at work Because of the limitations of employee compensation policies, more people are turning to the courts to seek additional disability awards.

overworked

exhaust with too much work ˌəʊvəˈwɜːkt◂ $ ˌoʊvərˈwɜːrkt◂/ adjective 1 made to work too hard an overworked doctor They're overworked and understaffed. 2 a word or phrase that is overworked is used too much and has become less effective overworked metaphors Examples from the Corpus overworked • I'd been six months without any holiday, and I was tired and overworked. • It can be a different matter where staff are overworked and underpaid and still expected to smile constantly. • Teachers often complain that they are overworked and underpaid. • They are cheerful, competent, overworked and understaffed. • Our empty shipyards can not refurbish our cruise liners to the same time-scale as overworked but competitive foreign yards. • The cuckoo's cavernous red gape may be irresistible to the overworked foster parents. • The accident unit was manned by overworked junior medical staff. • But overworked officers at Dover had managed to inspect only 2,000 of the 2 million lorries which passed through Dover last year. • He immersed himself in parish work and made himself indispensable to the overworked parish priest. • overworked teachers

the judiciary

formal all the judges in a country who, as a group, form part of the system of government dʒuːˈdɪʃəri $ -ʃieri, -ʃəri/ noun • Is the notion of an independent judiciary a sham? 4. • The decisive factor in many of these wrangles may be the judiciary. • This is a key factor in preserving the Panel's integrity and independence from the judiciary. • In a perfect world, presidential campaigns should leave the judiciary alone.

fulfilling

fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ/ ●○○ adjective making you feel happy and satisfied because you are doing interesting, useful, or important things SYN satisfying Nursing is still one of the most fulfilling careers. Each of these courses is vocationally attractive, academically challenging and personally fulfilling. In these terms, the purpose of education is to enable the individual to lead a fulfilling and productive life. Finding a fulfilling career may be the key to personal happiness. a fulfilling and rewarding career (The product manager is a job that is incredibly empowering, fulfilling and exciting.)

given the chance/choice

idiom (also given half a chance) if I were allowed to, or if I could choose: Given the chance, I'd spend all day reading. (Given the choice, I would opt for teachers since they play a pivotal role in the society.)

long day/hours etc

if you work long hours or a long day, you work for more time than is usual Tax specialists often work long hours during assessment time.

stretch assignment

is a project or task assigned to employees that is beyond their current knowledge or skill level; the objective is to place them in an uncomfortable situation to encourage their development in a real time setting. (They manage their careers by joining professional organizations, subscribing to in- dustry trade journals to stay on top of trends and engaging in both self and environ- mental exploration on a continual basis, taking advantage of learning opportunities and stretch assignments within one's organization, attending seminars and training, or going back to school to diversify one's portfolio of skills.)

quit

kwɪt/ ●●○ S3 verb (past tense and past participle quit, also quitted British English, present participle quitting) 1 [intransitive, transitive] informal to leave a job, school etc, especially without finishing it completely He quit his job after an argument with a colleague. I quit school at 16. She has decided to quit show business. People are now calling on the chairman to quit. 2 [intransitive, transitive] especially American English to stop doing something, especially something that is bad or annoying → give up The majority of smokers say that they would like to quit the habit. Quit it, Robby, or I'll tell mom! We've done what we can. Let's quit. quit doing something He's been given six months to live if he doesn't quit drinking. I wish you'd all quit complaining. ► see thesaurus at stop 3 [intransitive, transitive] British English law to leave a house or apartment that you have been renting The landlord gave them notice to quit the premises within seven days. 5 [transitive] formal to leave a place It was ten years since he had quit Russia.

quit

kwɪt/ ●●○ S3 verb (past tense and past participle quit, also quitted British English, present participle quitting) 1 [intransitive, transitive] informal to leave a job, school etc, especially without finishing it completely He quit his job after an argument with a colleague. I quit school at 16. She has decided to quit show business. People are now calling on the chairman to quit. quit doing something • Quit treating me like I'm a baby. • I quit smoking two years ago. notice to quit • They do not give anyone a notice to quit. • Tenants who refuse to accept leases are given notice to quit and find themselves on the streets after years of loyal service. • The tenants have been given a year's notice to quit and they face the loss of their livelihood and homes.

contingency

kənˈtɪndʒənsi/ ●○○ noun (plural contingencies) [countable] 1 an event or situation that might happen in the future, especially one that could cause problems a contingency plan Add up your outgoings, putting on a bit more for contingencies. contingency • Firms need to include a contingency fund within the budget. • City officials have implemented what they call Phase I of a contingency plan aimed at bringing pollution levels down. • But order there is and Hughes could find it as statuses established by social requirements. and in what Hughes calls contingencies. • A will should allow for contingencies. • Supt Peter Durham from Newcastle city centre will address staff on how contingency plans can be properly arranged for Newcastle. • Essentially they were informal contingency exchanges whose future character would be determined by perceptions of Soviet actions and intentions. • It concluded that the private contingency plans between presidents and their vice presidents since Presidents Eisenhower and Nixon in 1957 are inadequate. • The three A's must be making some contingency plans. • What must be changed are the contingencies which induce young people to behave in given ways towards their governments. contingency plan • Next, specific action may be agreed upon that is realistic and measurable with perhaps a contingency plan lined up too. • Carter ordered the Pentagon to prepare a contingency plan for military action to rescue the hostages. • Anticipating the possibility of such a crisis, G Group several months earlier had drawn up a contingency plan. • Mike had talked about contingency plans for catastrophe, he continued. • It had developed contingency plans before the incident and put them into effect when water in the mine began to overflow. • Supt Peter Durham from Newcastle city centre will address staff on how contingency plans can be properly arranged for Newcastle. • The Navajos have some contingency plans, however. From Longman Business Dictionary con‧tin‧gen‧cy /kənˈtɪndʒənsi/ noun (plural contingencies) [countable] 1an event or situation that might happen in the future, especially one that might cause problems Damage to television aerials is covered under the Contents section. Note: some contents policies do not cover this contingency. 2a plan for dealing with an event or situation that might happen or cause problems in the future Imagine a major crisis in your area of responsibility. Do you have a contingency for it? (The extra people can cover the contingencies that you know are going to happen, such as when crises take people away from the workplace.)

career

kəˈrɪə $ -ˈrɪr/ ●●● S2 W2 noun [countable] 1 a job or profession that you have been trained for, and which you do for a long period of your life career in a career in journalism a teaching career He realized that his acting career was over. career development/advancement/progression etc Career prospects within the company are excellent. a physiotherapist who wanted to make a dramatic career change by becoming an author Nurses want an improved career structure (=better opportunities to move upwards in their jobs). ► see thesaurus at job 3 the period of time in your life that you spend doing a particular activity She had not had a very impressive school career up till then. My career as an English teacher didn't last long. Beating the defending champion has to be the highlight of my career. COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES a successful career David had had a successful career in banking. a distinguished/brilliant career (=very successful) She retired last year after a distinguished career as a barrister. a glittering career (=very successful, especially in sport or acting) Winning the gold medal was the highlight of her glittering career. a promising career (=likely to be successful) She gave up a promising career in advertising in order to look after her children. a political/medical/military etc career The scandal ruined his political career. a teaching/acting/sporting career Her acting career lasted for more than 50 years. a professional career You have to be outstanding to have a professional career in music. somebody's chosen career His parents encouraged him in his chosen career as a scientist. VERBS have a career All my sons had careers in education. make a career It isn't easy to make a career in journalism. pursue a career (=try to make a successful career) She left teaching to pursue a career as a psychologist. begin/start out on/start a career Jacobson started his banking career in 1990. launch/embark on a career (=start one) Rita went to New York where she launched her dancing career. build a career (=make it develop) She built her literary career by writing about crime. change career People may change careers as many as seven times in their lives. revive/resurrect your career (=make it successful again) The singer is seeking to revive his pop career. somebody's career takes off (=starts to be successful) His career took off and he started making a lot of money. CAREER + NOUN career development/advancement/progression A good job offers a programme of training and career development. career opportunities Students often know little about the career opportunities available to them. career prospects (=opportunities to get a good job or a better position) Good computer skills will improve your career prospects. a career path (=a way of making a career) There's no fixed career path for becoming an actor. a career structure (=a system for making progress in a career) Teaching offers a clear career structure. the career ladder (=the way to higher positions in a career) Having children can disturb your progress up the career ladder. a career change/move After ten years in the job, I realized that I needed to make a career change. a career woman (=one whose job is very important to her) Career women tend to marry later. careers advice/guidance Most universities offer professional careers advice. a careers officer (=someone who gives careers advice) If you're not sure what to do, why don't you talk to a careers officer? PHRASES a career in journalism/politics/teaching etc At the age of 15, he knew he wanted a career in politics.

Leave your job

leave I left my last job because the salary was so low. Why don't you just leave? quit to leave your job permanently because you are not happy with it After enduring months of harassment, Mrs Collins decided to quit her job. I've told them I'm quitting. resign to officially announce that you have decided to leave your job The company director was forced to resign over the scandal. hand in your notice/resignation to write an official letter to your employer saying that you are going to leave your job on a particular date You have to hand in your notice at least four weeks before you leave. retire to leave your job in order to stop working permanently, usually because you have reached the age when most people stop working After forty years of working for the bank, Karl retired in May. He had to retire because of ill health.

in association with somebody/something

made or done with another person, organization etc concerts sponsored by the Arts Council in association with local businesses • The Britannia also runs accounts in association with Chelsea and Ipswich Town. • These species do not grow in association with Lagenandra and Hygrophila because they do not occur in river beds. • The potential mechanisms for development of hyponatremia in association with sodium loss are several. • Several reports from the older literature indicate that tetany may occur in association with hypokalemia, but the mechanism is poorly understood. • The little green cushions and incrustations occur not only in association with trees and rocks. • The genus Barclaya is very seldom seen in association with Cryptocoryne species.

a living wage

money you earn for work that is enough to pay for the basic things that you need to live The church no longer paid a living wage. • They had no solution to the possibility that even they might sometimes fail to find permanent employment at a living wage. • Do they feel women should remain in marriages because their jobs do not pay a living wage? • Does the example implicitly condone overtime working as a means by which a living wage is earned?

nonprofit

not in the business to make a profit; for charity (also non-profitmaking British English, not-for-profit especially American English) adjective a non-profit organization uses the money it earns to help people instead of making a profit a non-profit educational institution • Netscape Navigator is free to students, colleges and non-profit agencies. • It will operate them on a non-profit basis. • Private land trusts, not to be confused with state trust land, are non-profit groups dedicated to preserving open space. • The Center for International Exhibitions would have non-profit Kunsthalles without permanent collections in those cities.

day off

noun (plural days off) [countable] a day when you do not go to work, school etc because you have a holiday or because you are sick On my days off, you'll usually find me out in the back garden. take/have a day off I'm taking a few days off before the wedding. (Having a morning routine is essential to start a day of well) • In fact, you can take a day off. • Dad, taking a day off work! • No one at the company is penalized for taking a day off for child care. • Hadn't he taken a day off to go fishing, while Adam busied himself with prospective clients? • Hell, when was the last time he took a day off?

dual career

noun [ C ] UK US a situation in which both people in a marriage or relationship have a job: Employees are increasingly turning down overseas posts, citing family concerns, including dual careers and elder-care responsibilities. a situation in which someone has two jobs: At only 18, he has dual careers as a singer and actor. Dual-career:(two-career) adjective [ before noun ] dual-career couple/family/marriage

law and order

noun [ U ] UK ​ /ˌlɔː ənd ˈɔː.dər/ a situation in which the laws of a country are being obeyed, especially when the police or army are used to make certain of this: a complete breakdown in law and order a situation in which people respect the law, and crime is controlled by the police, the prison system etc We are concerned about the breakdown of law and order in the country It arises from the need to maintain law and order. • Neighborhood leaders are working with police to maintain law and order. • Indeed, it would represent a complete breakdown, not just of law and order, but of all civilised values. • I have tried to show the real gap between Labour and the Conservative party and Government on matters of law and order. (i have always been interested in law and order)

flight attendant

noun [countable] someone who serves food and drinks to passengers on a plane, and looks after their comfort and safety Examples from the Corpus flight attendant • She should have been either a flight attendant or a Greyhound bus driver. • Kim, 31, is a flight attendant for Delta Air Lines. • He is a flight attendant with Alitalia. • In 1956 he married Joy Turney, a flight attendant. • Finally, a passenger who I know was with the K G B, spoke with a flight attendant. • He then gave them the choice of apologizing to the flight attendant or taking another flight.

living wage

noun [singular] a salary that is high enough to allow you to buy the things that you need to live jobs that don't even pay a living wage Examples from the Corpus living wage • They had no solution to the possibility that even they might sometimes fail to find permanent employment at a living wage. • Do they feel women should remain in marriages because their jobs do not pay a living wage? • We need to be just as comfortable with the flip side: A living wage encourages work. • Does the example implicitly condone overtime working as a means by which a living wage is earned? From Longman Business Dictionary ˌliving ˈwage [singular] a wage high enough to allow someone to live a fairly comfortable life Trade Unions are still fighting for a living wage in many industries.

minimum wage

noun [singular] the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally pay to a worker Most of the junior office staff are on the minimum wage (=being paid the lowest legal amount). Examples from the Corpus minimum wage • When a minimum wage was introduced in the United States, it caused only large increases in black unemployment. • Mr. MacGregor I am also aware that the Opposition's proposal for a national minimum wage would destroy many part-time jobs. • Birmingham, once a labor lawyer, is expected to be a strong advocate on such issues as the minimum wage. • As a result of this foolish ambivalence the Government is in danger of wasting the credit it deserves for the minimum wage. • Regional organiser, Selina Vilakazi estimates that 50% of employers pay less than half the minimum wage recommended by the Union. • Both sides are arming themselves for the coming debate on the minimum wage, which could be nasty. • Most of the new jobs in the area only pay the minimum wage. • Raising the minimum wage has a negligible impact on unemployment. • The sociologists at Williamsburg compare cash benefits with the minimum wage and cite incentives for work and marriage. From Longman Business Dictionary ˌminimum ˈwage [singular] the lowest amount of money that can legally be paid per hour to a worker He claimed that Labour's plans to introduce a national minimum wage would lead to job losses. a statutory minimum wage

Multi-skilling (and multi-tasking are the same thing)

noun [uncountable] when employees learn and use a number of different skills in their work Their 'people policies' include job enrichment, multi-skilling, and teamwork.

Work experience

noun [uncountable] 1 the experience you have had of working in a particular type of job She's well qualified but has no relevant work experience. 2 British English a period of time that a young person spends working in a particular place, as a form of training on work experience The teenagers spend two weeks on work experience in local businesses. Why do I have to do work experience? work experience placement/programme/scheme etc More than a few of us got our first work experience and learned positive work habits in this manner. • My work experience is in a Third World country rather than in the United States or other industrialized country. • My work experience made a large impression on my life. • At Level One the student will contribute to the planning and arrangement of work experience. • These were followed a little later by separate guidelines covering post-qualification work experience. • Bring in related work experience with the emphasis on how quick you are to learn new skills. on work experience • What are the health and safety considerations on Work Experience? • Do the figures include expenditure on work experience and, if so, what is that figure? • Are young people paid when they go on Work Experience? • Before you leave school to go on Work Experience you will be told which teacher to contact if you have any problems. • The sharp difference in impact on work experience between the two applications was an entirely fortuitous outcome. • Teachers welcome the involvement of trade unionists during the briefing of young people going out on Work Experience. • Can the Union be involved in briefing and monitoring young people on Work Experience? • When decisions about employability are based on school performance rather than on work experience, training opportunities are often limited. work experience British English a system in which a student can work for a company in order to learn about a job, or the period during which a student does this Ella is about to do work experience with a clothing manufacturer. on work experience students on work experience

time off

noun [uncountable] a period of time when you do not work because of illness or holidays, or because your employer has given you permission to do something else: take/have time off One in five employees admits to taking time off because of stress. get/be given/receive time off Staff can get time off for a close relative's funeral but not for the funeral of a friend. time off to do sth Increasing numbers of fathers want time off to care for their children. time off for sth Research revealed that more than 241,000 people had been unable to take any time off for a holiday in the last year. There are rules covering time off work for maternity leave, sickness, or other temporary absence. time off from sth She decided to take some time off from work in order to focus on her family. additional/extra/more time off The company has introduced a volunteer initiative that lets their workers use flexible schedules to take additional time off for projects in the community. paid/unpaid time off time when you are officially allowed not to be at work or studying take/have/get etc time off Have you ever had to take time off for health reasons? • You can have time off for the hearing, of course. • David Dorn takes time off from watching the screen antics to bring you the details. • We still penalise parents for taking time off work to be with their children, instead of rewarding them. • Leaves any babies with minder - can't take time off to bring them up. • Women had long been accustomed to taking time off from a career for family responsibilities, then retooling to come back. • Have you ever had to take time off for health reasons? • Some did force themselves to take time off from work. • You get time off from work.

drop out

phrasal verb 1 to no longer do an activity or belong to a group The group gets smaller as members move away or drop out. 2 to leave a school or university before your course has finished → dropout of Bill dropped out of college after his first year. 3 to refuse to take part in ordinary society because you do not agree with its principles → dropout In the 60s, Leary urged kids to 'Turn on, tune in and drop out.' 4 if an Internet connection drops out, it suddenly stops, usually for a short time ("For the gym members who dropped out, however, the experience of friction actually increased. It seemed to get worse and worse.) • He advised young people to "turn on, tune in, and drop out". • He was a dropout and a hippy back in the '60s. • A group of young people dropped out and set up a commune in the middle of the forest. • One third of the city's students drop out before graduation. • He dropped out of art college and joined a band. • She decided to drop out of the rat race because she couldn't stand working 60 hours a week. • While kids in the affluent sixties could afford to drop out, things were very different ten years later. drop of • Kelly dropped out of college after one semester. • In extreme cases they can drop out of position. with disastrous results. • Don dropped out of school in June, dashing all hope of be-coming a lawyer. • At 16, Williams dropped out of school to sing in nightclubs and the flourishing dance scene at South Side social clubs. • Many of them drop out of school, too exhausted to study. • You want to drop out of school? • Then, too, his thinking had hardly dropped out of the blue. • In 1988, soon after losing the Illinois primary to George Bush, Dole dropped out of the race. • The survey was conducted March 2-3 before Alexander and Lugar dropped out of the race.

prospects

plural] chances of future success I had no job, no education, and no prospects. job/career prospects Job prospects for graduates don't look good. Candidates who have the most formal education and who are willing to relocate should have the best job prospects. A course can increase confidence, career prospects or simply be enjoyable - all of which will never be regretted. This would have the two-fold effect of lowering pupil achievement as well as adversely affecting staff career prospects. Many students now choose to complete an apprenticeship and then pursue a university degree to improve their job prospects. (Begin by conducting research to understand current customers and prospects, and to get a grasp on their challenges and needs.)

prospective

prəˈspektɪv/ ●○○ AWL adjective [only before noun] 2 likely to happen the prospective costs of providing pensions COLLOCATIONS NOUNS a prospective employer Smart appearance is important to most prospective employers. a prospective employee A good pension scheme is the benefit most prospective employees look for. a prospective buyer (also a prospective purchaser formal) He said that he had a prospective buyer for the boat. a prospective customer/client We are conducting market research among existing and prospective customers. a prospective candidate He is the Tory Party's prospective candidate for Oxford East. a prospective student/pupil The college will be holding an open day for prospective students. prospective parents (=people who may have a child in the future. Also used to mean people who may send their child to a particular school.) Adoption is more complicated than many prospective parents believe. Prospective parents are welcome to visit the school at any time.

performance

pəˈfɔːməns $ pərˈfɔːr-/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 2 [countable, uncountable] how well or badly a person, company etc does a particular job or activity Sean's performance at school has greatly improved. I was impressed by the team's performance. The country's economic performance so far this year has been good. Shareholders blamed him for the company's poor performance. her disappointing performance in the Olympics Exam results are used as performance indicators (=things that show how well something is done) for schools. 3 [uncountable] the act of doing a piece of work, duty etc performance of the performance of his official duties COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: how well or badly a person, company etc does a particular job or activity ADJECTIVES good England needs to produce another good performance against France. strong The performance of the retail sector continues to be strong. poor Why is his performance in school so poor? disappointing The country's recent economic performance has been disappointing. lacklustre (=not good or impressive) The team must improve on Saturday's lacklustre performance. economic performance Its economic performance has not matched that of other countries. financial performance Our overall financial performance has improved. VERBS improve somebody's performance These changes significantly improve the performance of the engine. produce a performance Tiger Woods produced one of the best performances of his career. put in/up a (good/bad etc) performance Liverpool put in a marvellous performance in the second half. assess somebody's performance (=judge how good or bad it is) Banks assess the performance and prospects of firms before lending. monitor somebody's performance The children's performance at school is continually monitored. PERFORMANCE + NOUN performance indicators (=things that show how well someone or something is doing) We use a set of performance indicators to assess the level of progress. performance targets Several train operators failed to meet the performance targets.

unpaid work

refers to such activities as childcare in the home, housework and gardening.

redundancy

rɪˈdʌndənsi/ noun (plural redundancies) 1 [countable, uncountable] British English a situation in which someone has to leave their job, because they are no longer needed SYN layoff The closure of the export department resulted in over 100 redundancies. Two thousand workers now face redundancy. An employee is not eligible for a redundancy payment unless he has been with the company for two years. voluntary/compulsory redundancy We were offered a £3,000 cash bonus to take voluntary redundancy. 2 [uncountable] when something is not used because something similar or the same already exists COLLOCATIONS VERBS make redundancies The company is to make 1,400 redundancies. face redundancy Up to 300 leather factory workers are facing redundancy. take/accept redundancy Twenty staff members took voluntary redundancy. volunteer for redundancy (=offer to take redundancy) Nearly 40% of the workforce volunteered for redundancy. ADJECTIVES compulsory redundancies (=when workers are forced to be redundant) He promised there would be no compulsory redundancies. voluntary redundancies (=done willingly, without being forced) Wherever possible the cuts will be achieved by voluntary redundancies. mass/large-scale redundancies The company is preparing large-scale redundancies at its British factories. REDUNDANCY + NOUN redundancy money/pay He spent his redundancy money on a plot of land. a redundancy payment He was not entitled to a redundancy payment. redundancy terms (=the conditions of a redundancy agreement, for example how much money someone will receive) Some staff had chosen to go because the voluntary redundancy terms were attractive. a redundancy package (=a set of things offered to someone who is being made redundant) The trade union negotiated a generous redundancy package for its members. a redundancy notice (=a printed statement telling a worker that they are being made redundant) 1,100 of the bank's 1,260 staff in the UK were given redundancy notices. PHRASES a round of redundancies (=one set of redundancies in a series) The industry has announced a new round of redundancies. a wave of redundancies (=a sudden increase in the number of redundancies) The latest wave of redundancies resulted in 4,000 job cuts.

redundant

rɪˈdʌndənt/ ●●○ adjective 1 British English if you are redundant, your employer no longer has a job for you Seventy factory workers were made redundant in the resulting cuts. make a job/position etc redundant As the economy weakens, more and more jobs will be made redundant. ► see thesaurus at unemployed 2 not necessary because something else means or does the same thing the removal of redundant information Examples from the Corpus redundant • Businesses are closing and making people redundant. • In Arbroath the oil-related firm Halliburton Manufacturing is to make 64 workers redundant. • Two years later he was made redundant again, but gained another job in much the same way. • He argued that he was not redundant because there was other work available within the terms of his contract of employment. • Moving an otherwise redundant conveyancing secretary is not the answer, at least, not without paying proper attention to their training needs. • A redundant fitter from the Coventry car industry in his mid-forties lives alone and receives £61.02 a fortnight. • Among the most obvious categories here are the unskilled, the young, black people and those made redundant from manufacturing. made redundant • The remaining 50 percent were made redundant. • We had the same bills after he got made redundant. • John had been made redundant and their house was repossessed. • He was worried about being made redundant at work. • Tim Plunkett, who was made redundant by Dowty's and Jim Blenkinsop. • If you have been made redundant or have been unemployed for a long time you have two additional problems to overcome. • Mr Stacey was notified in February 1984 that he would be made redundant the following May. • Is it helping those made redundant to find new jobs, and immigrants to fit in? From Longman Business Dictionary re‧dun‧dant /rɪˈdʌndənt/ adjective especially British English if you are made redundant, you lose your job because your employer no longer has a job for you The bank expects to make 15,000 staff redundant over the next three years.

redundant

rɪˈdʌndənt/ ●●○ adjective 1 British English if you are redundant, your employer no longer has a job for you Seventy factory workers were made redundant in the resulting cuts. make a job/position etc redundant As the economy weakens, more and more jobs will be made redundant. ► see thesaurus at unemployed 2 not necessary because something else means or does the same thing the removal of redundant information • Businesses are closing and making people redundant. • In Arbroath the oil-related firm Halliburton Manufacturing is to make 64 workers redundant. • Two years later he was made redundant again, but gained another job in much the same way. • He argued that he was not redundant

career soldier/teacher etc

someone who intends to be a soldier, teacher etc for most of their life, not just for a particular period of time a career diplomat • A career soldier, he had died leading his men into battle at Spion Kop during the Boer War. • For career soldiers like Jack it was a depressing time. • They liaise with secondary school careers teachers, and also with the employers in an area. • A Kurator is similar to a specialist careers teacher with additional contributions to make after school.

prospective employee/candidate/buyer etc

someone who is likely to do a particular thing or achieve a particular position • In University City, some agents issue similar warnings to prospective buyers. • It's putting off prospective buyers. • Requiring drug tests of this discrete group of citizens is an intrusion, a humiliation and a subtle deterrent to prospective candidates. • The only way they can market their products is to produce literature detailed enough to convince the prospective buyer. • The élite squads work more intensively and aim to produce at least three prospective candidates in each weight division. • Not only does a company interview prospective employees, the would-be employees are supposed to interview the company. • Abele also will provide prospective buyers with e-mail updates of new listings that meet their criteria. • Once you have a list of prospective candidates, you need to do a bit of research.

job description

summarizes what the holder of the job does and how and why he or she does it noun [countable] an official list of the work and responsibilities that you have in your job • Examine and agree on a job description first and a contract of employment which you are satisfied with and understand. • To do this, study the application form carefully as well as the job description. • Subsequently qualifications which indicate the holder's ability to carry out the elements defined in the job description are identified. • The plus factors are all the intangible attributes that are additional to the job description. • Unless the position is quite untenable, try not to get too hung up on the specifics of your job description. From Longman Business Dictionary ˈjob deˌscription (also job specification) noun [countable] an official list of the work and responsibilities you have in your job Photocopying isn't part of my job description.

multi-skilled

the ability of employees to switch easily from one operation to another adjective able to do a lot of different things: If the staff are multi-skilled, a production line can switch from producing one model of car to another within minutes. (A multi-skilled workforce provides far greater management flexibility during peak and quiet times to transfer employees to needed positions. For example, when office staff are away on holidays during quiet periods of the year, employees in either food or beverage or housekeeping departments can temporarily The most crucial way, however, of improving the labour cost structure at SAH was to find better, more productive ways of providing customer service)

wage claim

the amount of money asked for by workers as an increase in wages → wage Examples from the Corpus wage claim • In the summer of 1953 the union carried out strikes and go-slows in support of a wage claim, but were locked out. • There was also concern that a renewed upturn in inflation could inflame wage claims in the forthcoming pay round. • The union will engage in negotiations with the employers in an attempt to persuade them that the wage claim is justified. • Meanwhile, trade unions became more active in their wage claims, and a vicious price-wage-price spiral developed. • Mr Scargill urged the miners to prepare for battle: they must stand firm over their wage claim. • Many, therefore, blamed Callaghan for the explosion in union wage claims that followed in the early seventies.

working conditions/environment etc

the situation in which you work, especially the physical things such as pay or safety improvements in working conditions • Complete the following exercise on working conditions. • The working environment is conducive to the achievement of excellence and the work is intellectually challenging. • This made working conditions most unpleasant, the nets becoming wet and heavy to handle. • Unhappy with the working environment, she decided to quit the job to pursue her interest in alternative therapy. • Protected by their enormous allowances and comfortable working conditions, they feel free to carry on behaving how they wish. • Her interest in socialism or Bryant & May working conditions was perfunctory. • For many people real wages fell and working conditions worsened.

working hours/day/week

the time that people spend doing their job In a normal working day, I see around 6 or 7 clients. during/outside working hours Telephone at any time during normal working hours. Many mothers prefer flexible working hours. We do a 37-hour working week. (For the first century or so of the industrial revolution, increased productivity led to decreases in working hours. Employees who had been putting in 12-hour days, six days a week, found their time on the job shrinking to 10 hours daily, then finally to eight hours, five days a week) • Apparently, too, Rosie enjoyed herself after working hours. • Remember, your spouse may not be used to having you home during working hours. • They took long lunches and went to barbershops, beauty parlors, bathhouses, and tearooms during working hours. • Items must be posted at post office counters in advance of latest recommended posting times for next working day delivery. • They had only three working days in which to prepare the defence against the new charge. • At the end of the working day most of us retreat to families and/or partners and play other parts. • These, as we now know, involve everything from environmental considerations to limits on the working hours of employees. • The whole operation was based on 50 journeys or rounds, one for each vehicle on every working day of the week.

working relationship

the way that people work together working relationship with/between They want to establish a better working relationship between medical and nursing staff. good/close/effective etc working relationship We have a close working relationship with other voluntary groups. → working Examples from the Corpus working relationship • This strategic transition required many people throughout the company to change specific skills, behaviors, and working relationships. • The assessment panels have contributed to a better working relationship between guidance staff and other members of staff. • Are working relationships defined and public? • Relationship building with fellow-workers Your most important working relationship is with your immediate superior. • And yet the effective auditor needs to understand management and to have a close working relationship with the managers. • Many observers expect Hutchison to endorse Dole because of her working relationship with the Senate majority leader. • It is these processes which provide the principles for staff management and enhance the quality of working relationships within the organisation.

maternity/sick/compassionate leave

time that you are allowed to spend away from work because you have had a baby, because you are ill, or because of a personal problem such as the death of a relative → leave Examples from the Corpus maternity/sick/compassionate leave • I could take the afternoon off from work as sick leave. • These work-force-centered benefits helped businesses retain their most valuable employees. Sick leave policies changed. • Accumulating days for sick leave proved to be a trap. • Generally a trend of sick leave or requests for transfers by other women who have worked for this person will emerge. • When they go on sick leave, their aggregate take-home pay is actually higher than when they are on the job. • She was then shown a picture taken at the farewell party at Champion Spark Plugs just before Paula went on maternity leave. • If the technology is not firm-wide train an extra secretary to cover for others who are on holiday or sick leave. • Joe and Eileen were given short compassionate leave and Stephen came home for the funeral.

streamline

to make more efficient and simple ˈstriːmlaɪn/ verb [transitive] 1 to make something such as a business, organization etc work more simply and effectively efforts to streamline the production process 2 to form something into a smooth shape, so that it moves easily through the air or water All these new cars have been streamlined. —streamlined adjective verb [transitive] to make something such as a business or organization work more simply and effectively Much has been done to streamline the production process. The organization has been streamlined to reduce bureaucracy. Over five hundred jobs were cut in a streamlining operation. —streamlined adjective a streamlined accounting system

all walks of life(variants: or every walk of life)

used to refer to people who have many different jobs or positions in society —usually used with from People from all walks of life came to the carnival. Thousands of worshippers from every walk of life joined together in prayer. —sometimes used with of or in in U.S. English Children of every walk of life attend this school. people in all walks of life (i love my job a lot because everyday i have this opportunity to learn new stuff from all walks of life)

secure

verb [transitive] 1 GET/ACHIEVE to get or achieve something that will be permanent, especially after a lot of effort Boyd's goal secured his team's place in the Cup Final. secure a deal/contract The company secured a $20 million contract. Negotiators are still working to secure the hostages' release. Redgrave won his third Olympic gold medal, and secured his place in history. 2 SAFE FROM HARM to make something safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost Troops were sent to secure the border. secure something against somebody/something They built a ten-foot high fence to secure the house against intruders. an agreement to secure the future of the rainforest 3 TIE FIRMLY to fasten or tie something firmly in a particular position secure something to something John secured the boat firmly to the jetty. 4 BORROWING MONEY if you secure a debt or a loan, you legally promise that, if you cannot pay back the money you have borrowed, you will give the lender goods or property of the same value instead He used his house to secure the loan. /sɪˈkʊə $ -ˈkjʊr/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL adjective 1 PERMANENT/CERTAIN a situation that is secure is one that you can depend on because it is not likely to change OPP insecure There are no secure jobs these days. We want a secure future for our children. United's position at the top of the league seems relatively secure. 2 PLACE/BUILDING locked or guarded so that people cannot get in or out or steal anything The house isn't very secure - we need some new locks. Keep your passport in a secure place. secure accommodation British English (=a type of prison) In the last year, only three children under the age of 14 have had to be placed in secure accommodation. 3 SAFE FROM HARM safe from and protected against damage or attack Companies can offer secure credit card transactions over the Internet. secure from These elephants are relatively secure from poachers. 4 CONFIDENT feeling confident about yourself and your abilities OPP insecure We want our children to be secure and feel good about themselves. 5 NOT WORRIED feeling confident and certain about a situation and not worried that it might change OPP insecure Workers no longer feel secure about the future. It was enough money to make us feel financially secure. We huddled together, secure in the knowledge that the rescue helicopter was on its way. 6 FIRMLY FASTENED firmly fastened or tied, and not likely to fall down Are you sure that shelf is secure?(They can't understand why i would want to give up a prestigious and secure job)

wage

weɪdʒ/ ●●● S2 W2 noun 1 [singular] (also wages [plural]) money you earn that is paid according to the number of hours, days, or weeks that you work → salary He earns a good wage. wage increase (also wage rise British English) The wage increases will come into effect in June. daily/weekly etc wage a weekly wage of $250 wage levels/rates (=fixed amounts of money paid for particular jobs) COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES high The factory workers are demanding higher wages. low There are high numbers of people on low wages. good They were earning good wages. Wages are good compared to other occupations. a decent wage (=one that is reasonable and allows you to buy what you need) Jobs in the factories used to pay a decent wage, but those jobs are gone now. the hourly/daily/monthly etc wage The average daily wage was £100. the minimum wage (=the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally pay to a worker) a rise in the minimum wage the basic wage (=what someone earns before overtime pay, tips, or bonuses are added) The basic wage paid at the factory is the lowest in the auto industry, but with bonuses, the total compensation is the highest. real wages (=a calculation of how much your wages will buy, usually compared to how much you were able to buy in the past) Average real wages rose by 26% between 1919 and 1929. WAGE + NOUN a wage increase/rise The rail workers demanded a 20% wage increase. a wage reduction/cut Those who kept their jobs had to take large wage cuts. wage levels/rates Wage levels remained low during the 1930s. VERBS earn a wage Both parents were earning a wage, yet money was still tight. pay a wage Some firms still paid lower wages to female workers. raise wages He was able to raise the wages of some key staff.

retailing

ˈriːteɪlɪŋ/ noun [uncountable] the business of selling goods to customers in shops There may be many job losses in retailing. (The last 30 years, however, have seen an increasing emphasis on their role in projecting the image of an organisation and in uniting the workforce into a homogeneous unit — particularly in 'customer facing" industries, and especially in financial services and retailing) • By 1996, the group plans to inject £85m and double its airport retailing space. • There are further opportunities in design-related employment in government, manufacturing and retailing. • At the hearts of these industrial towns the old marketing and retailing functions remained of paramount importance. • And the way that food retailing is developing, the range and quality of those opportunities can only increase.

risky

ˈrɪski/ ●●○ adjective involving a risk that something bad will happen SYN dangerous Doctors say it's too risky to try and operate. Buying a secondhand car is a risky business. ► see thesaurus at dangerous —riskiness noun [uncountable]

wage

weɪdʒ/ ●●● S2 W2 noun 1 [singular] (also wages [plural]) money you earn that is paid according to the number of hours, days, or weeks that you work → salary He earns a good wage. wage increase (also wage rise British English) The wage increases will come into effect in June. daily/weekly etc wage a weekly wage of $250 wage levels/rates (=fixed amounts of money paid for particular jobs) COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES high The factory workers are demanding higher wages. low There are high numbers of people on low wages. good They were earning good wages. Wages are good compared to other occupations. a decent wage (=one that is reasonable and allows you to buy what you need) Jobs in the factories used to pay a decent wage, but those jobs are gone now. the hourly/daily/monthly etc wage The average daily wage was £100. the minimum wage (=the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally pay to a worker) a rise in the minimum wage the basic wage (=what someone earns before overtime pay, tips, or bonuses are added) The basic wage paid at the factory is the lowest in the auto industry, but with bonuses, the total compensation is the highest. real wages (=a calculation of how much your wages will buy, usually compared to how much you were able to buy in the past) Average real wages rose by 26% between 1919 and 1929. WAGE + NOUN a wage increase/rise The rail workers demanded a 20% wage increase. a wage reduction/cut Those who kept their jobs had to take large wage cuts. wage levels/rates Wage levels remained low during the 1930s. VERBS earn a wage Both parents were earning a wage, yet money was still tight. pay a wage Some firms still paid lower wages to female workers. raise wages He was able to raise the wages of some key staff. wage levels/rates • Whether leisure time increases or decreases as wage rates rise is an empirical question. • Controlling for the other variables, Thaler and Rosen found a clear systematic tendency for wage rates to rise with increasing risk. • The effect of wage rates is a result of two conflicting elements. • Resultant wage levels eroded corporate liquidity and profitability, although the extent of the deterioration varied between nations. • It is for these reasons that wage rates differ from one job to the next. verb [transitive] to be involved in a war against someone, or a fight against something wage war (on somebody/something) The police are waging war on drug pushers in the city. wage a campaign/struggle/battle etc The council has waged a vigorous campaign against the proposal. noun [countable] (also wages) money that someone earns according to the number of hours, days, or weeks that they work, especially money that is paid each week The average hourly wage in the industry is $8. Workers were demanding a 10% wage increase. The new law would mean a 5% pay cut for most wage earners. For the average worker, wages rose 4.6%. She worked long hours for low wages.

association

əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃən, əˌsəʊʃi- $ əˌsoʊ-/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [countable] an organization that consists of a group of people who have the same aims, do the same kind of work etc the Association of Master Builders see thesaurus at organization 2 [countable, uncountable] a relationship with a particular person, organization, group etc association with his close association with the Green Party 4 [countable] a connection or relationship between two events, ideas, situations etc association between the strong association between the disease and middle-aged women 5 [countable] a feeling or memory that is related to a particular place, event, word etc Scotland has all kinds of happy associations for me.

empower

ɪmˈpaʊə $ -ˈpaʊr/ ●○○ verb [transitive] 1 to give someone more control over their own life or situation The Voting Rights Act was needed to empower minority groups. 2 formal to give a person or organization the legal right to do something be empowered to do something The president is empowered to appoint judges to the Supreme Court. —empowerment noun [uncountable] It would be empowered to conduct its own relations with foreign central banks. They were empowered to improve a range of local facilities from transport, credit, and insurance to health and education. Health officers in Macclesfield are to be empowered to go into houses and switch off noisy burglar alarms.

entitlement

ɪnˈtaɪtlmənt/ ●○○ noun [countable, uncountable] the official right to have or do something, or the amount that you have a right to receive entitlement to Do you need advice on your entitlement to state benefits? benefit/holiday/pension etc entitlement The paid holiday entitlement is 25 days. Many people are still not aware of the entitlements they may be able to receive. People's entitlement to compensation may be affected by state and local laws. The amount of money you earn does not affect your entitlement to child benefit for your children.

executive

ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable] 1 a manager in an organization or company who helps make important decisions a marketing executive senior/top executive top executives on high salaries → Chief Executive ("According to a survey, only 10 per cent of executives said that if the available data contradicted their intuition, they would follow the data rather than their gut) 3 British English a group of people who are in charge of an organization and make the rules the union's executive Examples from the Corpus executive • Clifford, a former congressman, is now an executive for a large charity. • Such an executive we call non-parliamentary or fixed. • But it is not clear whether Peter Bullock, the chief executive of Neill, will be staying. • Chief executives meet with legislators and constituents to discuss proposed programs and encourage their support.

output

ˈaʊtpʊt/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun [countable, uncountable] 1 the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory etc → production Output is up 30% on last year. manufacturing/industrial/agricultural etc output Korea's agricultural output output of the world's output of carbon dioxide 2 the information produced by a computer OPP input 3 technical the amount of electricity produced by a generator Examples from the Corpus output • These results did not differ when acid output was expressed as mmol/h/kg lean body mass or mmol/h/kg fat free body weight. • You should also establish the patient's usual pattern of fluid intake and output by tactful questioning. • Ford plans to increase its car output next year. • Combined output during the next few years is projected to skyrocket to more than 500,000 barrels daily. • Gold miners hedge to lock in a price for their future output. • What about the question of output? • The Hewlett-Packard guide to quality output. • The government also considered the drop in drilling costs -- and rising output from the average gas discovery. • There has been a huge increase in the output of children's books. • It regulated the output but not the power of a millstone. • In manufacturing alone, smaller firms account for one in three jobs and a quarter of the total output. manufacturing/industrial/agricultural etc output • The errors are all very large, but they are largest for investment, exports and imports, and manufacturing output. • Overall, industrial electricity sales grew twice as fast as industrial output. • They want to condemn industrial output. • Rural areas supplied not only agricultural products but also a considerable proportion of manufacturing output. • So labour's share in the value of manufacturing output rose from 72 percent in 1960 to 80 percent in 1964. • Mr Lamont received an eve of Budget boost from better than expected figures on manufacturing output. • As a result of controls and the land reforms which the government carried out, agricultural output slumped. • Four years of free-market reforms and strong agricultural output are cracking open the mammoth market for everything from toiletries to television sets. Related topics: Computers output2 AWL verb (past tense and past participle output, present participle outputting) [transitive] if a computer outputs information, it produces it → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus output • Virtually any publication other than a fine art title or a typographically critical one could be happily output at 1,000dpi. • Vibration and pressure devices can be used to output information to the wearer. From Longman Business Dictionary out‧put1 /ˈaʊtpʊt/ noun 1[countable, uncountable] the amount of goods or services produced by a person, machine, factory, company etcSYNOUTTURN The plant has an annual output of around three million metric tons of steel. The outputs of the production system need to be accounted for, invoiced and delivered to the customer. → net output 2[uncountable] the total amount of goods and services produced in the economy or a part of the economy during a particular period of time Global economic output grew by 3.1% last year. Farmers could suffer from declining commodity prices as world agricultural output rises. Manufacturing output in Scotland has risen. 3[uncountable] the information produced by a computer, either on screen or printed out on paper high quality text output output2 verb (past tense and past participle output, present participle outputting) [transitive] if a computer outputs information, it produces it The computer can output the data in various ways.

decent

ˈdiːsənt/ ●●○ S3 adjective 1 [usually before noun] of a good enough standard or quality a decent salary Don't you have a decent jacket? a house with a decent-sized yard Their in-flight magazine is halfway decent (=quite good). ► see thesaurus at satisfactory 2 following moral standards that are acceptable to society → decency decent citizens/people/folk etc The majority of residents here are decent citizens. a decent burial Paul visited the local bars more frequently than was decent for a senior lecturer. The chairman did the decent thing (=did what people thought he ought to) and resigned. 3 [usually before noun] treating people in a fair and kind way I decided her father was a decent guy after all. It was decent of you to show up today. 4 wearing enough clothes so that you do not show too much of your body - used humorously Are you decent? Can I come in? —decently adverb (Behind these figures there are children and youth being denied not only a right, but opportunities: a fair chance to get a decent job, to escape poverty, to support their families, and to develop their communities. This year, decision-makers will set the priorities for global development for the next 15 years. They should make sure to place education high on the list.) • Don't come in - I'm not decent! • And it took you all your time to get them decent again with a wet rag. • He was wearing a decent black cloth lounge suit, and had no intentions of changing his mode of attire. • Come to think of it, he'd seemed rather a decent chap, some one it might be worth getting to know. • Decent citizens have nothing to fear from the police. • I want to provide my boys with a decent education. • Perhaps Jack wanted to do something decent, for a change. • The coach was a pretty decent guy. • a decent, honest, hard-working woman halfway decent • Discs viable, a second halfway decent act was required. • And you need to be halfway decent and honest and real. decent citizens/people/folk etc • He comes when nobody's lookin' and poisons decent people. • You ain't fit to live with decent people. • There's two methods of policing, one for the decent people and one for the trouble-makers. • Evidently, there are some very decent people out there. It was decent of • She was lonely, and it was decent of the Nawab to have called on her.

enterprise

ˈentəpraɪz $ -tər-/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [countable] a company, organization, or business commercial enterprises such as banks and food manufacturers state/public enterprise especially British English (=one owned by the government) 2 [uncountable] the activity of starting and running businesses the management of state enterprise (=done by the government) 3 [countable] a large and complicated project, especially one that is done with a group of other people SYN initiative The programme is a joint enterprise with the London Business School. 4 [uncountable] the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work We're looking for young people with enterprise and creativity. COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + ENTERPRISE a large/large-scale enterprise The company has grown into a large-scale enterprise that employs hundreds of people. a small/small-scale enterprise The tax will affect owners of small-scale enterprises consisting of up to ten people. a successful enterprise She is the owner of an extremely successful enterprise. a commercial/business enterprise If you are setting up your own business enterprise, your bank can help. an economic enterprise (=one that is intended to make money) It's an economic enterprise, not a charity. a state/state-owned enterprise (also a public enterprise British English) (=one owned by the government) New Zealand Rail is a state-owned enterprise. ENTERPRISE + NOUN an enterprise zone (=an area created by the government to attract businesses) Many firms relocate to enterprise zones because of tax incentives. an enterprise economy (=an economic system in which there are many private businesses) An enterprise economy can generate wealth and reduce unemployment. ˈentəpraɪz-ər-/ noun 1[countable] a company or business Good financial accounts are vital to any enterprise. The company started as a family enterprise. 2[countable] a business activity The two companies plan to establish an enterprise to provide computer services to the telecommunications industry. 3[uncountable] business activity considered as a whole, especially in relation to other parts of the economy, society etc economic programmes between government and enterprise 4[uncountable] the ability to think of new activities and ideas and to take risks in business, especially by starting and running new businesses Managers seemed to lack enterprise and initiative. an enterprise culture (=an environment in which enterprise is encouraged) commercial enterprises • Few people notice or perhaps care when such inspections are directed at commercial enterprises. • It should be noted, too, that most of the experimental schemes have not included commercial enterprises. • These scientists commonly see themselves as on the side of the public, perhaps against state agencies or commercial enterprises. state enterprise • Only 70 state enterprises exceeded their planned profit target in the year. • This would be achieved through cuts in the civil service, the freezing of public-sector wages and the privatization of state enterprises. • The holding company form has been used to provide a buffer between the state enterprises themselves and political direction by the state. • The use of state posts as a source of patronage and control was reflected in the hypertrophy of the state enterprise bureaucracy. • As with sovereign governments many of these state enterprises will not directly earn foreign exchange. • Under the program, the government sold shares to citizens for a nominal fee to quickly transform state enterprises into private companies. joint enterprise • The maintenance of territorial integrity has become a joint enterprise. • The lawyer said the defendants were all involved in a joint enterprise to plant a booby-trap device under the car. • Nor do all who participate in a joint enterprise agree to its occurrence. • They feel that they can band together with others in a kind of joint enterprise to beat the disease.

stressful

ˈstresfəl/ ●○○ AWL adjective a job, experience, or situation that is stressful makes you worry a lot Moving to a new house is a very stressful experience.

household

ˈhaʊshəʊld $ -hoʊld/ ●●○ noun [countable] all the people who live together in one house SYN house A growing number of households have at least one computer. Families are classified by the occupation of the head of the household (=the person who earns the most money and is most respected in a house). Examples from the Corpus household • Seb found Boz tying some of the bulkier items of his household to the rear of his caravan. • a two-income household • If there were only one, that person could claim a discount, as could poorer households. • The Thomas household had five sons by the time Edward was ten years old. the head of the household • The father as the head of the household. • Rates are paid by the head of the household, and some households receive rate rebates. • One copy is for the head of the household to complete. • Of the remainder, only four were from homes where the head of the household was a non-manual worker. adjective [only before noun] 1 relating to looking after a house and the people in it SYN domestic household goods/products/items etc washing powder and other household products household chores • household appliances • household cleaning products household goods/products/items etc • It will automatically calculate, for example, what proportion of your income goes on things like the car and household items. • Water purification has become a major category of consumer interest, and new household products address that concern. • Some shoppers look for furniture, toys, books and household items as well. • Watch out for household products being used up too fast or appearing in places where they are not usually kept. • Prepare a small box or bag containing ordinary household items for each of the expected guests. • Second - the day-to-day expenditure such as food, drink, household goods, newspapers, petrol or bus fares. • Often, as in household products or industrial chemicals, hot competition among affiliates of big multinationals ensures both growth and cost-competitiveness. • Both compounds once were widely used in household products such as glass cleaners, paints and paint thinners. From Longman Business Dictionary house‧hold1 /ˈhaʊshəʊld-hoʊld/ adjective connected with looking after a house and the people in it retailers of furniture, carpets, and household goods Video phones won't become a household appliance for a long time. household2 noun [countable] all the people who live together in one house The Labour Force Survey collects information from around 80,000 households. homes where the head of the household (=the person who earns the most money) is a non-manual worker

housekeeping

ˈhaʊsˌkiːpɪŋ/ noun [uncountable] 1 the work and organization of things that need to be done in a house, hotel etc, for example cooking and buying food the company in charge of the catering and housekeeping at the college 2 British English (also housekeeping money) an amount of money that is kept and used to pay for food and other things needed in the home 3 jobs that need to be done to keep a system working properly (when office staff are away on holidays during quiet periods of the year, employees in either food or beverage or housekeeping departments can temporarily The most crucial way, however, of improving the labour cost structure at SAH was to find better, more productive ways of providing customer service. )

competence

ˈkɒmpətəns $ ˈkɑːm-/ ●●○ noun 1 [uncountable] (also competency /-tənsi/) the ability to do something well OPP incompetence competence in Students will gain competence in a wide range of skills. competence of He questioned the competence of the government. professional/linguistic/technical etc competence Doctors have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional competence. 3 [countable] (also competency) formal a skill needed to do a particular job Typing is considered by most employers to be a basic competence. COLLOCATIONS VERBS have competence Older people often feel that they don't have any competence with computers. demonstrate/show competence Students have to demonstrate competence in maths and science. acquire/achieve/gain/develop competence First you have to acquire competence in methods of research. lack competence Some staff members lacked the competence to deal with technical problems. ADJECTIVES professional competence The courses will improve the skills and professional competence of the staff. technical/linguistic/managerial etc competence There are many careers that require a high degree of linguistic competence. social competence The first years of life are very important in a child's growth toward social competence. PHRASES a level/standard/degree of competence The trainees are expected to acquire a basic level of competence.

corporate

ˈkɔːpərət $ ˈkɔːr-/ ●●○ AWL adjective [only before noun] 1 belonging to or relating to a corporation The company is moving its corporate headquarters (=main offices) from New York to Houston. Vince is vice-president of corporate communications. Corporate America is not about to be converted to the environmentalist cause. changing the corporate culture (=the way that people in a corporation think and behave) to accept family-friendly policies an advertising campaign intended to reinforce our corporate identity (=the way a company presents itself to the public) the yacht can be hired for corporate hospitality (=entertainment provided by companies for their customers) 2 shared by or involving all the members of a group corporate responsibility 3 used to describe a group of organizations that form a single group The university is a corporate body made up of several different colleges. —corporately adverb COLLOCATIONS NOUNS corporate profits U.S. corporate profits were higher than analysts predicted. corporate culture (=the way the people in a big company think and behave) A company should trust its employees and have an open corporate culture. the corporate sector (=the area of business involving big companies) The UK corporate sector is highly competitive. the corporate world After 15 years, I really wanted to escape the corporate world. corporate finance (=the area of finance relating to the money big companies need to run their businesses) I was trying to get a job in corporate finance. corporate planning/strategy (=the activity of planning what a big company needs to do to succeed) Roche is the man in charge of corporate planning. corporate identity/image (=the way a company presents itself to the public) Our new logo is part of the process of developing our corporate identity. corporate executives/managers (=who work for big companies) highly paid corporate executives corporate clients/customers (=clients that are companies) It's a big investment bank that serves mainly corporate clients. corporate hospitality (=entertainment provided by companies for their customers) The castle can also be hired for corporate hospitality. corporate power the growth of corporate power corporate structure (=the way in which the parts of a big company are organized) The company has a new corporate structure and a new management. adjective [only before a noun] relating to a company, usually a large one, or business in general $5 million is to be used to open new stores, relocate to a new warehouse and for other corporate purposes. corporate air travel corporate2 noun [countable] 1a company, rather than another type of organization Our customers are large corporates. → body corporate 2 bonds in companies, rather than in other types of organization municipal bonds and investment-grade corporates

corporate

ˈkɔːpərət $ ˈkɔːr-/ ●●○ AWL adjective [only before noun] 1 belonging to or relating to a corporation The company is moving its corporate headquarters (=main offices) from New York to Houston. (Corporate clothing does have potentials for further growth. Some banks have yet to introduce a full corporate look; police forces are researching a completely new look for the 21st century.) Vince is vice-president of corporate communications. Corporate America is not about to be converted to the environmentalist cause. changing the corporate culture (=the way that people in a corporation think and behave) to accept family-friendly policies an advertising campaign intended to reinforce our corporate identity (=the way a company presents itself to the public) the yacht can be hired for corporate hospitality (=entertainment provided by companies for their customers) 2 shared by or involving all the members of a group corporate responsibility 3 used to describe a group of organizations that form a single group The university is a corporate body made up of several different colleges. —corporately adverb COLLOCATIONS NOUNS corporate profits U.S. corporate profits were higher than analysts predicted. corporate culture (=the way the people in a big company think and behave) A company should trust its employees and have an open corporate culture. the corporate sector (=the area of business involving big companies) The UK corporate sector is highly competitive. the corporate world After 15 years, I really wanted to escape the corporate world. corporate finance (=the area of finance relating to the money big companies need to run their businesses) I was trying to get a job in corporate finance. corporate planning/strategy (=the activity of planning what a big company needs to do to succeed) Roche is the man in charge of corporate planning. corporate identity/image (=the way a company presents itself to the public) Our new logo is part of the process of developing our corporate identity. corporate executives/managers (=who work for big companies) highly paid corporate executives corporate clients/customers (=clients that are companies) It's a big investment bank that serves mainly corporate clients. corporate hospitality (=entertainment provided by companies for their customers) The castle can also be hired for corporate hospitality. corporate power the growth of corporate power corporate structure (=the way in which the parts of a big company are organized) The company has a new corporate structure and a new management.

mitigate

ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ verb [transitive] formal to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious SYN alleviate Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal. We have to figure out a way to mitigate the costs. (based on your experience, you may be able to provide alternatives to make their jobs easier and mitigate scheduling issues. )

vendor

ˈvendə $ -ər/ noun [countable] 1 someone who sells things, especially on the street newspaper vendor/ice cream etc vendor He bought a copy from a newspaper vendor. the shouts of street vendors 2 formal or law someone who is selling something leading software vendors In addition, the purchaser may ask the vendor to warrant the certificate of title. a computer vendor a hot-dog vendor Outside the theatre, there was a row of flower vendors. Frank stopped to buy the evening paper from a news vendor. (Hitting the road to speak with customers, meet with vendors, attend events and make presentations can be a big part of being a product manager.)

working

ˈwɜːkɪŋ $ ˈwɜːr-/ ●●○ W2 adjective [only before noun] 1 a) having a job that you are paid for → employed a working mother Many working women rely on relatives for childcare. A smaller working population will have to support a growing number of retired people. b) old-fashioned having a physical or practical job working man/people/folk the ordinary working man

working

ˈwɜːkɪŋ $ ˈwɜːr-/ ●●○ W2 adjective [only before noun] 1 a) having a job that you are paid for → employed a working mother Many working women rely on relatives for childcare. A smaller working population will have to support a growing number of retired people. b) old-fashioned having a physical or practical job working man/people/folk the ordinary working man adjective [only before a noun] 1working people have jobs that they are paid for What will the effect of the tax changes be on working couples? In the U.K., less than 3% of the working population are now employed in agriculture. → see also remote working, short-time working 2a working man or woman does physical work, rather than work in management or administration an ordinary working man 3working conditions or practices are ones that you have in your job Workers want better pay and working conditions. Productivity is up 18% since a new labor pact last year swept away decades-old working practices. 4your working day, week etc is the period of time when you are doing your job Working hours are flexible here and the dress is casual. We want a shorter working day. 5working breakfast/lunch/dinner a breakfast, lunch etc that is also a business meeting 6be in (good) working order to be working properly and not broken He agreed to buy back the $130,000 machine, which he says is in good working order.

industry

ˈɪndəstri/ ●●● S2 W1 noun (plural industries) 1 [uncountable] a) the large-scale production of goods or of substances such as coal and steel This type of software is widely used in industry. workers in manufacturing industry b) the people who work in industry an agreement that will be welcomed by both sides of industry (=employers and workers) 2 [countable] businesses that produce a particular type of thing or provide a particular service I work in the oil industry. Italy's thriving tourist industry 3 [uncountable] formal the fact of working hard Gould is a man of great industry. 4 [singular] an area of work which has grown too large - used to show disapproval another book from the Shakespeare industry COLLOCATIONS - Meanings 1 & 2 ADJECTIVES/NOUN + INDUSTRY an important/major industry Agriculture is still a major industry in Scotland. a thriving industry (=one that is doing very well) Software development soon became a thriving industry in the area. a growing industry Tourism is a growing industry in many parts of the developing world. a declining industry (=one that is doing badly) Coal and steel are declining industries in Britain. manufacturing industry (=industries in which goods are produced in factories) The last twenty years has seen a decline in manufacturing industry. a service industry (=businesses that provide a service, such as banking and tourism) Most of the new jobs are in service industries. heavy industry (=industries that involve the production of large goods) Shipbuilding and other heavy industry developed in the north of Britain. light industry (=industries that involve the production of small goods) Jobs in light industry are increasing. modern industry Modern industry needs to be in places where there are good transport links. a traditional industry (=an industry that has been in a particular area for a long time) The shipyards, the traditional industry in the northeast, had closed. the coal/car/textile etc industry The town was very dependant on the car industry. the agricultural/fishing industry There has been a decline in Britain's fishing industry. the tourist/travel industry The tourist industry earns billions of dollars per year. the leisure/entertainment industry Computer technology has revolutionized the entertainment industry. the film/music industry (=the work of producing films or music) She would really like to work in the music industry. VERBS an industry grows/expands The clothing industry grew rapidly during the 1960s. an industry declines (=becomes less successful) The shipping industry declined after World War II. develop an industry More investment is needed to develop new industries such as tourism. damage an industry Financial scandals have damaged the industry in recent years. nationalize an industry (=make it owned by the state) The rail industry was nationalized in the 1950s, with disastrous results. privatize an industry (=make it privately owned, rather than owned by the state) The water industry was privatized in the 1980s. regulate an industry (=control an industry so that it does not make unfair profits) A new agency was created to regulate the telecommunications industry. INDUSTRY + NOUN an industry leader (=one of the most successful companies in a particular industry) We are now a mature company and an industry leader. industry experts (=people who know a lot about a particular industry) Industry experts expect house prices to rise. industry analysts (=people who study a particular industry to see how it is developing) Industry analysts are expecting profits to improve in the second half of the year. PHRASES a captain of industry (=someone who runs a large company and has a lot of influence) He rose to be a great captain of industry. trade and industry (=producing goods, and buying and selling them) He works for the Department of Trade and Industry. noun (plural industries) 1[uncountable] the production of raw materials (=basic materials used in manufacturing) and of goods Growth in productivity has dropped, and the competitiveness of industry has declined. 2[uncountable] the people and organizations that work in industry an agreement that will be welcomed by both sides of industry (=employers and workers). 3[countable] business that produce a particular type of thing or provide a particular service He joined ICI after working in the retailing and banking industries. the aircraft industry the oil industry

corporation

ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃən $ ˌkɔːr-/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable] 1 a big company, or a group of companies acting together as a single organization He works for a large American corporation. multinational corporations the Siemens Corporation corporation tax (=tax that companies have to pay on their profits) ► see thesaurus at company 2 an organization or group of organizations that work together for a particular purpose and are officially recognized as one the New Orleans Citywide Development Corporation a housing corporation

corporation

ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃən $ ˌkɔːr-/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable] 1 a big company, or a group of companies acting together as a single organization He works for a large American corporation. multinational corporations the Siemens Corporation corporation tax (=tax that companies have to pay on their profits) ► see thesaurus at company 2 an organization or group of organizations that work together for a particular purpose and are officially recognized as one the New Orleans Citywide Development Corporation a housing corporation 3 British English old use a group of people elected to govern a town or city SYN council ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃənˌkɔːr-/ written abbreviation corp. noun [countable] 1a large company or group of companies acting together as a single organization the Sony Corporation Mesa has completed its conversion from a partnership to a corporation. 2in Britain, a large company or a public organization the British Steel Corporation the Corporation of the City of London the British Broadcasting Corporation → de facto corporation → development corporation → global corporation → multinational corporation → private corporation → public corporation → virtual corporation

personnel

ˌpɜːsəˈnel $ ˌpɜːr-/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [plural] the people who work in a company, organization, or military force → staff military/medical/technical etc personnel senior military personnel doctors and other medical personnel All personnel are to receive security badges. 2 [uncountable] the department in a company that chooses people for jobs and deals with their complaints, problems etc SYN human resources A copy should then be sent to Personnel for our files. the personnel department COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES military/service personnel There have been attacks upon US military personnel. security personnel Security personnel have become more thorough in checking passengers' bags. medical personnel There is an acute shortage of medical personnel. technical personnel 800 technical personnel do the design and development of software. trained/qualified personnel The unit is staffed by trained personnel. skilled personnel Organizations need to be able to attract skilled personnel. senior personnel It is crucial that senior personnel be on site from at least 8 am to 8 pm. key personnel Many of the key personnel have left.

recognition

ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [singular, uncountable] the act of realizing and accepting that something is true or important recognition of Don's recognition of the importance of Suzy in his life recognition that There is general recognition that the study techniques of many students are weak. formal/official recognition official recognition of the need for jail reform 2 [singular, uncountable] public respect and thanks for someone's work or achievements He has achieved recognition and respect as a scientist. The importance of voluntary organizations in the economy still needs to be given recognition. in recognition of something (Afterwards, supported by the royal grant in recognition of his work, he was able to devote himself entirely to astronomy.) He was presented with a gold watch in recognition of his service to the company. 3 [uncountable] the act of knowing someone or something because you have known or learned about them in the past He stared at her, but there was no sign of recognition. change beyond/out of all recognition (=change completely) The bakery business has changed beyond all recognition in the last 10 years. 4 [uncountable] the act of officially accepting that an organization, government, person etc has legal or official authority recognition of the recognition of Latvia as an independent state international/diplomatic recognition the government's failure to achieve international recognition COLLOCATIONS - Meaning 2: public respect and thanks for someone's work or achievements VERBS achieve recognition Toni has been striving to achieve recognition for the past ten years. receive/be given/get recognition Younger women artists are now getting wider recognition. win/gain recognition The company has won recognition for its customer service. deserve recognition They deserve recognition for the tremendous job they are doing. ADJECTIVES national/international/worldwide recognition Like many pianists, he first achieved international recognition by winning a competition. public recognition He won public recognition for his work when he was awarded an MBE. professional recognition My father craved professional recognition. proper recognition Frank Norris has never received proper recognition as a great novelist. wider recognition She deserves wider recognition.

specification

ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable] 1 [usually plural] a detailed instruction about how a car, building, piece of equipment etc should be made build/manufacture/produce something to ... specifications The airport building had been constructed to FAA specifications. The bolts met all the engineering specifications. 2 especially British English a clear statement of what is needed or wanted a specification of what role each member will play job specification (=a detailed description of what a job involves) the design specifications of the new computer system Each machine is built to the highest specifications. They delivered parts that did not conform with contract specifications (=were not made in the way the contract stated). In defense electronics, components must meet rigid specifications set by the Pentagon. 2to specification(s) if something is made, working etc to specification, it is doing so according to the description of how it should be designed My job is to ensure that the plant is performing exactly to specification.

workaholic

ˌwɜːkəˈhɒlɪk $ ˌwɜːrkəˈhɒː-/ noun [countable] informal someone who chooses to work a lot, so that they do not have time to do anything else Examples from the Corpus workaholic • By 2015, workaholics were considered as socially handicapped as the chronically unemployed. • He had one overriding ambition-to act-and confessed to being a workaholic. • Steve's doing a sixty-hour week at the moment - I never realized he could be such a workaholic. • A self-confessed control freak and workaholic, no-one is allowed in his control room. • Selling is a career that seems to attract workaholics. • They can easily become workaholics, name droppers, gossips and braggarts. • So when a blizzard or a budget standoff sends them home, some federal workaholics resort to extreme measures. • There the young workaholic did everything from sharpening his own saw to delivering the product in a two-wheeled handcart. From Longman Business Dictionary work‧a‧hol‧ic /ˌwɜːkəˈhɒlɪkˌwɜːrkəˈhɒː-/ noun [countable] informal someone who cannot seem to stop working, and does not have time for anything else

application

ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 WRITTEN REQUEST [countable, uncountable] a formal, usually written, request for something such as a job, place at university, or permission to do something application for an application for a grant application from The university welcomes applications from overseas students. We receive hundreds of job applications each year. I filled in the application form and sent it off. You have to submit your application before the end of the month. I've put in an application for a transfer. He received a letter saying that his application had been rejected. It can take a long time for your visa application to be processed. The Council is currently reviewing the way it deals with planning applications. Thank you for your letter of application, which we received yesterday. COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + APPLICATION a job application He's made twenty-three job applications and had five interviews. a planning application (=an official request for permission to build something) We have lodged a planning application for a housing development on the site. a formal application (=made officially) Turkey has made a formal application to join the European Union. APPLICATION + NOUN an application form Simply fill in the application form and return it to your bank. a letter of application The purpose of your letter of application is to get an interview. VERBS make an application Candidates are advised to make an early application to the university. fill out/fill in an application (=write all the necessary information on it) I would like to fill out an application for the position. You can fill in the application form online. put in/submit an application The company has submitted a planning application. consider an application (=think carefully about it before making a decision) All applications will be considered on their own merits. grant/approve an application (=give permission to do or have something) What are the reasons for not granting this application? refuse/reject/turn down an application (=say no to an application) Their planning application was rejected because of a lack of parking facilities. process an application (=officially deal with it) Your application for British citizenship will be processed by the Immigration Service. accept an application The college refused to accept my application. withdraw your application The company withdrew its application to build the bridge.