Journalism Final Study Guide

The First Amendment protects how many freedoms?

5

What percentage of his/her waking hours does the average person spend consuming mass media?

65%

Which statement best describes the difference between a reporter and a columnist?

A reporter produces straight news reports and aspires to be objective; a columnist expresses an opinion and does not try to be objective.

Which of the following are common guidelines for the use of anonymous sources in news reports at standards-based news organizations?

All of the answers are correct (Other choices: - Anonymity should be granted to sources only when they have a compelling reason to remain anonymous, such as personal safety. - Many news organizations try to avoid unnecessary use of anonymous sources by finding other sources that will provide the same information on the record. - Key C Anonymous sources must demonstrate their credibility to the journalists they're providing information to in some way.)

How free is the press in the United States?

Among the 50 freest in the world.

The most important cultural influences on music, according to your textbook, are all of the following except:

Class Mobility (Other choices: - Migration - Youth Culture - Racial Integration)

An ________ board is a group of opinion writers that meets regularly in private to discuss the news and to write pieces that represent the opinion of the news outlet as an organization or institution.

Editorial

According to the Key Takeaways in Section 3.2, paperbacks played a significant role in bringing crude, sensationalist stories to readers in a portable, inexpensive format.

False

Agenda-setting theory states that consumers use the media to satisfy specific needs or desires.

False

Although different forms of mass media rise and fall in popularity, it is worth noting that despite significant cultural and technological changes, much of the media discussed throughout this text has fallen out of use completely.

False

By 1900, advertising had become a useful but not crucial component of magazine revenue streams.

False

Companies employ many different ways to raise revenue for their services, but all boil down to two fundamental ideas: The money comes either from consumers or from advertising. In practice, many outlets rely on only one as their sole source of revenue.

False

In 1843, a salesman named Volney Palmer founded the first U.S. advertising agency in Philadelphia. The agency made money by linking potential advertisers with radio stations.

False

In 1906, Massachusetts resident Reginald Fessenden initiated the first radio transmission of the human voice and it was his efforts that developed into a useful application.

False

In June 2009, the Pew Research Center studied the demographic differences in broadband Internet adoption and found that 45 percent of those without Internet access were age 45 and over.

False

In general, the format of most newspapers allowed for a more in-depth discussion of a topic than is possible in the relatively constrained space available in magazines.

False

It was by the late 1950s that the popularity of radio news broadcasts had surpassed that of newspapers.

False

Many initially thought radio was too intrusive a medium to allow advertising, and advertising did not play a significant role in radio until after television was commonplace.

False

Media is largely a cultural product, but the transfer of such a product is not likely at all to have an influence on the recipient's culture.

False

Media messages are limited to overt statements, and do not rely on using emotions, such as fear, love, happiness, and depression, to impact audience behavior.

False

Most often, sexualized advertising content is served up in the form of the male body, in part or in whole, featured in provocative or suggestive poses beside a product that may have nothing to do with sexuality. However, by linking these two things, advertisers are marketing desire itself.

False

New technologies have developed quickly, but traditional media companies have had little difficulty in retaining control over their content.

False

Newspapers did not come to the American colonies until September 1960, when Benjamin Harris printed Public Occurrences.

False

One of the impacts of the Internet has been to increase the economic and cultural impediments to communication between countries all over the globe.

False

Online media delivery narrows the range of voices and perspectives on any subject.

False

Online-only magazines provide, for substantial subscription fees, news and coverage that would have previously been available only through print publications.

False

Psychologists have long noted that teens and children get much of their information and many of their opinions about sex through personal interactions with trusted adults, rather than TV, film, and online media.

False

Responsible journalists have no obligation to strive to balance disclosure of the news with a respect for individual privacy.

False

The 1972 Showtime (SHO) venture, in which customers paid a subscription fee to access premium cable television shows and video-on-demand products, was the nation's first successful pay cable service.

False

The DMCA allows individuals to circumvent access-control measures or trafficking devices that may help others circumvent copyright measures, as long as it is for personal use only.

False

The Internet overtook print media as a primary source of information for national and international news in the U.S. in 2005.

False

The Modern Age began during the second half of the 20th century and was marked by skepticism, self-consciousness, celebration of difference, and the reappraisal of modern conventions.

False

The Motown label was owned and started by Nat King Cole.

False

The Penny Press printed news on small, letter-sized pages and sold these for $1.

False

The Rolling Stones' genial personalities and catchy pop tunes made them an instant success in the United States, and their popularity was heightened by several appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.

False

The expansion of radio helped fuel the growth of the U.S. economy in the 1920s and helped mitigate the economic impact of the depression of the following decade.

False

The families and lifestyles presented in domestic comedies in the 1950s depicted a wide variety of lifestyles that encompassed the overall American experience.

False

The four models of public relations include all but traditional publicity.

False

The fundamental shift in Internet economics has been the significantly higher price of online space compared to that in print or broadcast media.

False

The industry's growing focus on a few best-selling authors, called blockbuster syndrome, generates profit that helps provide support and money for the vast majority of writers who don't sell millions of copies.

False

The media logic theory states that those who hold a minority opinion silence themselves to prevent social isolation, explains the role of mass media in the formation and maintenance of dominant opinions.

False

The near indestructibility of information on the Internet derives from a military principle used in secure voice transmission: decentralization. This means a system in which an operator (the "hub") would patch two people (the "spokes") through directly.

False

The radio variety show format featured news reporters introduced by a host.

False

Today, the FTC continues to hold the primary responsibility for regulating media outlets, with the FCC taking on a smaller role.

False

Web 2.0 is a term that refers to the rebirth of the Internet.

False

With the closure of the Napster program and the crackdown on illegal downloading, illegal peer-to-peer file sharing ended almost immediately.

False

Yellow journalism is a term whereas news stories are told without the use of sensationalism.

False

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYaY2Kb_PKI&list=LLoPQkxLcfvu2_QvcANpqxSg&index=659 The Gillette razors video, "We Believe," is an example of traditional advertising.

False

Who is most credited with the invention of radio?

Guglielmo Marconi

Biography Channel and A&E both named which of these as the single most influential person of the second millennium?

Gutenberg

Why is it important to understand media literacy?

It is important because biases are present in all forms of media, it is essential for an informed society to recognize these and, in turn, make informed opinions.

What is clickbait?

Photos, outrageous claims, too-good-to-be-true contests, cute puppies, celebrity gossip--all these are wrapped up in headlines to get you to click

Media convergence is:

The process by which previously distinct technologies come to share tasks and resources.

E-books differ from their print equivalents in many significant ways except for:

There's no physical production cost, which means that e-books are generally less expensive than traditional books.

A 2010 survey by CareerBuilder.com revealed that 53 percent of companies check out candidates' profiles on social networking sites such as MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook before deciding to employ them.

True

A bot (short for "robot") is an automated program (Links to an external site.) that runs over the Internet. Some bots run automatically, while others only execute commands when they receive specific input (Links to an external site.). There are many different types of bots, but some common examples include web crawlers, chat room bots, and malicious bots.

True

A major historical technological breakthrough for newspapers came when Samuel Morse invented the telegraph.

True

A monopoly is one of the three typical business models for a media company.

True

A study by the National Association of Hispanic Journalists found that only 1 percent of the evening news stories aired by the three major U.S. television networks cover Latinos or 575 Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication Latino issues, and that when Latinos are featured, they are portrayed negatively 80 percent of the time.

True

According to your textbook, many modern persuasive techniques stem from the use of media as a propaganda tool.

True

According to your textbook, most Americans are using new media in conjunction with traditional TV viewing, watching vast quantities of television in addition to streaming numerous YouTube videos and catching up on missed episodes via the networks' web pages.

True

According to your textbook, the Internet—created in large part by and for the rich—is practically useless for the poor, particularly in developing countries. Thus, bridging the digital divide is about helping those with little or no access to the digital world gain the ability to use technology in economically advantageous ways.

True

Advertisers can play a major role in deciding which stories are printed. Because magazines are so dependent on advertisers for their revenue, they are cautious about the content they place in their pages.

True

Advertising is defined as promoting a product or service through the use of paid announcements.

True

Although the Internet has had many effects on media economics, arguably the greatest effect has been the synergy of different forms of media.

True

Anyone may repeat facts as long as that person does not copy the written story or broadcast in which those facts were communicated.

True

Because major corporations now own nearly every media outlet, ongoing fears of corporate control of media messaging have intensified.

True

Because of competition from social media, journalists are expected to blog or tweet every story and file reports with little or no analysis, often without adequate time to confirm the reliability of their sources.

True

Because of the pressure to create content and distribute it immediately, certain stories may get distributed, replayed, and commented on almost excessively, while other stories go unnoticed and in-depth coverage that would unearth more facts and context gets neglected.

True

Between 1981 and 1985, lawmakers dramatically altered laws and regulation to give more power to media licensees and to reduce that of the FCC.

True

By 2010, Amazon, the largest online bookseller, accounted for around 15 to 20 percent of book sales in the United States.

True

By 2010, Project Gutenberg's free online library boasted more than 30,000 public domain works available for free download.

True

By the 1930s, many publishers embraced the potential of magazines to simply tell people what they want or need, thus solidifying the role of the magazine as a driver of popular culture.

True

By the end of the 1960s, television broadcasting reflected a far more politically conscious and socially aware viewing audience.

True

Critics frequently blame television for increasing levels of violence and aggression in children.

True

Critics of Internet literacy describe the majority of forum and blog posts as subliterate, and argue that the Internet has replaced the printed newspapers and books that actually raised the standards of literacy.

True

Cultivation Analysis Theory suggests that heavy exposure to media causes individuals to develop an illusory perception of reality based on the most repetitive and consistent messages of a particular medium.

True

Culture generally refers to the shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a social group, organization, or institution.

True

Data providers like BlueKai, Datalogic, and Nielsen are now able to pool offline data and demographics to create "digital dossiers" (detailed digital records of a particular subject or market) for online advertisers who want to reach a target market.

True

Digital television uses signals that translate TV images and sounds into binary code, working in much the same way as a computer. This means they require much less frequency space and also provide a far higher quality picture.

True

During the 1830s, publishers began taking advantage of a general decline in the cost of printing and mailing publications and started producing less-expensive magazines with a wider audience in mind. These new, cheaper magazines focused on amusement.

True

Early television programs were developed and produced by a single sponsor, which gave the sponsor a large amount of control over the content of the show. By increasing program length from the standard 15-minute radio show to 30 minutes or longer, the networks substantially increased advertising costs for program sponsors, making it prohibitive for a single sponsor.

True

Elvis Presley helped make music written by Black individuals acceptable to mainstream White audiences.

True

FOIA stands for the Freedom of Information Act.

True

Filled with pictures of models in revealing swimwear, the annual Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue was consistently the best-selling issue of the magazine each year.

True

Gatekeepers are the people who help determine which stories make it to the public, including reporters who decide what sources to use and editors who decide what gets reported on and which stories make it to the front page, or homepage.

True

Hip-Hop is a term used for urban culture that includes break dancing, graffiti art, and the musical techniques of rapping, sampling, and scratching records.

True

Hulu was established in 2007 following a deal between NBC Universal, News Corporation, and a number of leading Internet companies. The site gives users access to an entire library of video clips without charge and syndicates its material to partner distribution sites.

True

In 1791, the First Amendment was passed as part of the Bill of Rights.

True

In 1935, The New York Times became the first of many papers to demonstrate that the press could be "economically as well as ethically successful."

True

In 1939, RCA subsidiary NBC (National Broadcasting Company) became the first network to introduce regular television broadcasts.

True

In contrast to the traditional media, Internet-based mass media are not limited by time or space, and they allow bloggers, critics, or aspiring stars to potentially reach millions without the backing of the traditional media industry.

True

In network television broadcasts, major publications, and other forms of mass media and entertainment, minorities are often either absent or presented as heavily stereotyped, two-dimensional characters.

True

In the 1920s and 1930s, advertising agencies began producing their own radio programs named after their products.

True

Information is what economists refer to as an experience good, meaning that consumers must actually experience the good to judge its value.

True

Innovations in industrial packaging allowed companies to mass produce bags, tins, and cartons with brand names on them, which made it possible for customers to ask for that product by name.

True

Internet and mobile technology are changing the structure of information delivery methods to audiences, making it more portable, more personalized, and more participatory.

True

Johannes Gutenberg's printing press drastically changed the face of publishing.

True

Libel refers to written statements or printed visual depictions, while slander refers to verbal statements and gestures.

True

Marshall McLuhan has become known for: "The medium is the message."

True

Mass media specifically refers to a means of communication that is designed to reach a wide audience.

True

Media literacy involves teaching that images are constructed with various aims in mind and that it falls to the individual to evaluate and interpret these media messages.

True

Media outlets seek to achieve a certain degree of consistency that allows them to broadcast and sell the same product throughout the world with minimal changes.

True

New media has three major advantages over traditional media and permanence is not one of them.

True

Observing how distinct cultures and subcultures present the same story can be indicative of those cultures' various social values.

True

On Halloween night in 1938, radio producer Orson Welles treated listeners to an original adaptation of H. G. Wells's classic science fiction novel of alien invasion War of the Worlds. Listeners who tuned in late were caught up by the realism of the adaptation and believed it to be an actual news story.

True

One way that magazines court online readers is by offering back-issue content.

True

Plagiarism, a perennially serious problem at academic institutions, has recently become even more prevalent. The ease of copying and pasting online content into a word-processing document can make it highly tempting for students to plagiarize material for research projects and critical papers.

True

Policies on immigration, war, and the legal system can influence artists and the type of music they create and distribute.

True

Political groups have capitalized on the magazine industry. Whether liberal or conservative, most people can find a publication that reflects their political opinions.

True

Presenting the most popular perspective only is not one of the elements of the guiding principles of journalism.

True

Public relations (PR) is the attempt to establish and maintain good relations between an organization and its constituents.

True

Radio offered a wide range of free music that required none of the musical skills, expensive instruments, or sheet music necessary for creating one's own music in the home, nor the expense of purchasing records.

True

Self-publishing has democratized the industry, allowing writers who had been rejected by the traditional publishers to find their own audience. But it has also meant that a lot of writing with little literary merit has been published as well.

True

Showmen Little Richard and Chuck Berry were early pioneers of rock and roll.

True

Social networking sites are expanding into commerce, connecting businesses and consumers via third-party sites so that people can bring a network of friends to partner websites.

True

Social role analysis of the media involves examining various individuals in the media and analyzing the type of role that each plays.

True

Sponsors continue to influence program content indirectly by financially supporting shows they support and pulling funding from those they do not.

True

The "Internet paradox" is the hypothesis that although the Internet is a tool for communication, many teenagers who use the Internet lack social interaction and become antisocial and depressed, however, this has been largely disproved.

True

The 18th-century idea that American women should educate their children for the good of the emerging nation, sometimes called republican motherhood, helped to legitimize, expand, and improve women's education, and women's literacy rates rose sharply during this period.

True

The 21st-century market has so far been dominated by several massively popular novel franchises that have collectively sold hundreds of millions of copies and have spawned equally lucrative films and merchandise tie-ins.

True

The Communications Act of 1934 created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the organization quickly began enacting influential radio decisions such as the 1938 decision to limit stations to 50,000 watts of broadcasting power, a ceiling that remains in effect today.

True

The Fairness Doctrine was dissolved during the 1980s with the Reagan administration's deregulatory efforts, and we can see these effects today with the popularity of political talk radio.

True

The Federal Court Commission is not an agency that regulates U.S. media.

True

The First Amendment formally guaranteed freedom of press.

True

The Golden Age of radio occurred during the Great Depression.

True

The Industrial Revolution meant that some people had more leisure time and more money, and media (particularly daily newspapers) helped them figure out how to spend both.

True

The Inverted Pyramid Style of writing where the Who, What, When, Where, Why is reported in the first paragraph, with the most important to least essential information reported in descending order.

True

The Radio Act of 1927 established the Federal Radio Commission FRC to oversee regulation of the airwaves.

True

The basic idea of hypertext is that documents can be constructed out of a variety of links and can be viewed just as if they are on the user's computer.

True

The creativity and anticonformity of 1960s advertising quickly gave way to more product-oriented conventional ads during the 1970s.

True

The direct effects model of media studies assumed that audiences passively accepted media messages and would exhibit predictable reactions in response to those messages.

True

The invention of a simple standard for e-mail is often cited as one of the most important factors in the rapid spread of the Internet.

True

The mechanical reproduction of books meant that, among other things, many people could read the same books and be exposed to the same ideas at the same time, giving rise to mass media and mass culture.

True

The popularity of radio began to decline after television became popular in the 1950s.

True

The term Tin Pan Alley refers to an era of musical composition where popular artists were praised for conforming to the tastes of their intended audience, not for their individuality and originality.

True

The use of smartphone technology is contributing to the ease with which people can access online news.

True

To survive the threat posed by the success of broadcast media, print publications worked to stand out from their competitors by developing market niches. During this transition, magazine editors found that by specializing they were also appealing to advertisers hoping to reach specific audiences.

True

U.S. law establishes several exceptions to free speech, including defamation, hate speech, breach of the peace, incitement to crime, sedition, and obscenity.

True

Under the traditional publicity model, PR professionals seek to create media coverage for a client, product, or event.

True

Unlike radio or TV, the Internet is a highly personalized experience, with advertising based on the individual's personal online behavior.

True

Viral marketing is, however, notoriously unpredictable and is liable to spawn remixes, spinoffs, and spoofs that can dilute or damage the messages that marketers intend to spread.

True

Web 2.0 social media like Facebook and Twitter allows anyone to easily start developing an online persona from as early as birth (depending on the openness of one's parents)—and although this online persona may not accurately reflect the individual, it may be one of the first things a stranger or potential employer sees.

True

Whether actual or fictional, celebrities and their assumed roles send a number of different messages about cultural values.

True

While citizens can protect against invasions of privacy on the Internet by limiting personal information and being careful about the information they share, the invasion of privacy through other lines of communication is more difficult to prevent.

True

While the Internet certainly has the power to inform and mobilize manyindividuals, it also denies poorer citizens without digital access an opportunity to be part of the new wave of e-democracy.

True

With the immediacy of Internet news coverage, mainstream media outlets face increasing pressure to release major news while it is still fresh. That pressure is compounded by celebrity gossip sites like TMZ that may resort to unorthodox methods to gather information; the shelf life of breaking news is growing increasingly shorter.

True

Yellow journalism was developed by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.

True

A good question to ask when applying media literacy to media is:

Who created this and who is behind it?