JSIS 200 Final Study guide
Venice
- An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' Crusade efforts in return for trading privileges in Constantinople. - economy: State Capitalism
Shift to the Atlantic
- Fall of old world system in the East, the Genoese turned west toward Atlantic with the rest of Europe - possible with Christian Spain conquest of Muslim north africa, stabilizing passage through strait of Gibraltar - discovery of new world and shift of world's center
"making of a periphery"
- Historian Karen Wigen - empire of conttom advnaced the making of a periphery in that it undermined local and regional cotton networks thorugh the growing of europen capital and state power - other countries would not compete with the cheapness of European cotton goods (enabled by slavery in America) and as a result they were sidelined
Wallerstein's modern world system
- argues that the post 16th c modern world system was organized based on modes of production (capitalist, semifeudal, and precapitalist) - northwest Europe was capitalist at core - southeastern europe semifeudal, agricultural semiperiphery - rest of world was precapitalist - Abu-Lughod debunks this by talking about the coexistence of non-hegemonic powers in the pre-1450 system
The Cotton Question
- becoming cotton independent - where will cotton be sourced - solved with land grabs in asia and africa
Free trade
- concept rose during revolutions around the globe. It was demanded along with popular sovereignty to foster economic growth - demanded domestic and international trade unrestricted by tariff barriers, quotas, and fees - this effort of them in trying to create new economic relationships raised idea of Nationalism (triggered American and French Revolution)
Domination of labor by capital
- cotton manufacturing very labor intensive - manufacturers hired hundreds of workers -- mostly women and children - majority worked voluntarily and for wages when it was realized that home manufacturing would be unstable in comparison with industry necessary to power industrial revolution
American Civil War
- debate over slavery and ways of organizing way of life - brought about cotton supply crisis to world
Industrial Capitalism
- evolved from war capitalism - based in wage labor, characterized by powerful states with enormous administrative, military, judicial, and infrastructural capacities - relied on war capitalism to feed it - as wage labor and property rights gained strength, labor, raw materials, markets, and capital integrated in new ways to drive capitalism around world
War Capitalism
- foundation for industrial capitalism - Imperial expansion, expropriation, and slavery - divided world into an inside (Europe) where laws were upheld and Outside where force and violence was used - Europeans inserted themselves into global cotton networks and once there would kill or displace indigenous populations --> reliance on African slaves
Mongol Empire (Pax Mongolica)
- group of nomadic tribes, violently captured and ruled over largest land empire across Eurasia - made passage across the continent easier under the protection of their single empire --> facilitated trade, knowledge, and culture spread
Strikes
- in 19th ce cotton empire, shows discontent of working class again the powerful states and capitalists - terrible working conditions - beginning of collective action against nationalized control and mobilization of labor which eventually led to better wages and working conditions
Liverpool
- main center for cotton trade where the marker price of cotton was determined in the cotton exchange and departed to various parts of the world - place where industrial and war capitalism met
Song China
- most populous and technologically advanced in pre-1450 system - agricultural revolution and intensified by international trade and industry the fall of the Song after Mongol invasions and decline in naval power led to collapse of pre-1450 system --> vacuum in Indian Ocean
Relational capitalism
- relied on social relations based on family ties, geographical proximity, shared religious beliefs, and ethnic identity - marker based on credit (futures market) , information on cottons' price (determined by demand in the country), merchants began to form alliances with increased reliability
Proletariat
- the working class - expansion of mechanized cotton industry relied on their labor - enclosure movement --> taking away peasants from countryside and forcing participation in factory system - industrial capitalists dependent on state to mobilize labor
Genoa
- western port city of Italy, rival of venice - trade with mislims in spain and north africa - crusade of Palestine - came out on top (over venice) at the end of Crusades - economy: private enterprise
Indian Ocean: 3 circuits
1. Westernmost --> Muslim, gulf to southwest tip of india 2. Middle Sphere (Indian) spanned from southeastern India to strait of malacca and java 3. Easternmost sphere (Chinese) spanned from strait of Malacca and India to Southeastern ports of China Boundaries set by monsoon winds, imperial power could not take over region
putting-out system
17th ce, the putting out system stabilized the porduction of goods and paved the way for factory production in Europe - In this system, distant merchants provided raw materials and tools to rural peasant workers and took their finished products to distant markets - transition from small scale to industry further industrializing the European countryside - made cotton workers dependent on distant mercahnts bc they had no direct access to raw cotton or markets
Caste War of the Yucatan
1847 group of Mayans fed up with Indian caste system (that deprived them rights and put special taxes on them). Local white elites responded with hard suppression. Mexican government campaign to drive back Mayans, slaughtering 30-40% of their population.
The Crusades
A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims - Europe/Church hoped to reconquer land - reintegrated europe into the commerical world system after the fall of rome established trading routes across the eurasian continent
Jesuits
A religious order created to serve the pope and the church; to counter the protestant reformation
Cotton Populism
After cotton prices rose after civil war, and after speculators attempted to corner the market and force higher prices for cotton failed, wave of cotton populism -- cotton growers were determined to get higher prices for their crops -- further added to other countries notion to gain raw material independence
Qing China
After the Ming Dynasty collapse in 17th century, the Qing dynasty (Manchus) came to power. the Ming dynasty was falling and in order to stave off rebellion, they appealed the help of the Manchus (which had been the menacing neighbor to china before). They defeated the rebels and took control of China, even as a minority. They were able to hold onto their power though, and during the 18th ce they incorporated new territories, experienced great population and economic growth. They also heavily enforced Qing ways of life.
American Revolution
Angered by Proclamation line and heavy taxes, colonists who lived in America demanded the right to govern themselves. Military resistance between colonial militia and British troops occurred in Boston, and Declaration of Independence was formed
Abolition of Atlantic Slave Trade
Britain and North Atlantic powers moved to prohibit the slave trade 1807 onward. This compelled Brazil's emperor to end slave imports. After 1850 slave shipping dropped substantially. Until 1860s trade continued illegally.
Self-Strengthening Movement
Chinese adopting elements of western learning and technological skills, often undermined and criticized by conservative Chinese officials. After defeat in War with Japan, China seriously looked to reform, but effort was short lived and governing elites (headed by conservative Empress) adhered traditional culture, and China was vulnerable to external and internal instability
Zheng He Voyages
Due to fear of instability and political undermining, the Ming Emperor banned private maritime trade in late 14th century. However, there was a series of officially sponsored expeditions in the early 15th century. Zheng-he grew to be an important military leader and was entrusted to venture overseas to trade, collect tribute, and display China's power to the world. Due to their expensive nature they were cancelled after yongle emperor (who sponsored it) death
Protectionism
Economic policy of shielding an economy from imports - advocated by British wool/linen manufacturers to protect from Indian Imports - resulted in near elimination of indian textile products within the european market, promoted domestic cotton market production
Epidemic Disease
Europeans brought disease that moved from the coast inwards, and large indigenous populations wiped out - depopulation prior to later arrival of Europeans that made it look like there were not many indigenous populations upon arrival
Napolean
French general who became the Emperor after the reign of terror. He tried to bring all of Europe under French rule. Later, however, all European powers united against him and forced his retreat. The invasions of Napoleon reminded the existence of borders between European countries.
Plantation Agriculture
Growth in demand of global commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton led to European imperial powers using African slave power to cultivate plantations. Under working terrible conditions, labor and land were exploited by force and made the Europeans rich. These wages of war capitalism were crucial in the rise of Europe as a hegemonic power and to transition to industrial capitalism later.
Revolution in Saint Domingue
Haiti-- secession from France, where the revolution was lead by the slave population. After defeating france, they still had to fight British and Spanish forces for control over the island and overcome later Napolean forces. Jean-Jaques Dessalines declared haiti independent in 1804. Freedom meant liberation and emancipation. Significant because it also posed the question about how far "universal" rights extended and sent shockwaves through the French
French Revolution
Heavy taxation on peasants and less taxes on the nobles angered peasants in occasional deprivation. The Emperor was overthrown and new era of liberty, equality, and fraternity was declared. The Revolution led to a formation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizens, proposing the rights people through sovereignty.
Meiji Restoration
In Japan, group of reformers overthrew Tokugawa Shogunate. Meiji- meaning Enlightened rule. They promoted a political community based on linguistic and ethnic homogeneity, and superiority, mobilized the country to face powerful European threats
Manila
In Philippines. Captured by Spanish in 1571 and made a colonial capital. Helped Spanish trade with China. Mercants in Manila procured silks, tapestries, and feathers from China seas for shipment to the Americas where the mining elite exchanged for them.
Liberalism
Individual's right to think, speak, act, and vote as they pleased, as long as there was no harm to people or property; feared powerful states becoming corrupt; thought the proper role of government was to foster civil liberties and promote equality
Sufism
Islamic mysticism; crucial in spread of the religion after the fall of Bhagdad. Appealed to common people of middle east.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences and brought peace and prosperity. Ban of Christianity and restriction of trade; abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
Simón Bolívar
Leader of Venezuelan independence movement modeled after Napolean France as a model of state built on military heroism.
Aztec Empire
Mesoamerican empire that originated in 1430 and gradually expanded through the Central Valley of Mexico, uniting numerous small, independent states under a single monarch who ruled with the help of counselors, military leaders, and priests. By the late 15th century the Aztec realm may have had a population of 25 million. In 1521, they were defeated by Hernan Cortes.
Bhagdad
Muslim center for trade, culture, and religion located along the middle overland trade route - by 1258 fall of Bhagdad to Mongols hurt trade connection through middle route --> shifting system to the southern route, making Cairo heart of Muslim world
Delhi Sultanate
Muslim rule, in modern day Pakistan and India - was able to keep Mongols out - integrated Islam into Indian culture--> further spread of Islam
Mughal Empire
Muslim state exercising dominion over most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries. Came after the Delhi Sultanate. Agrarian wealth and decentralization left them exposed to attacks by nomadic Tamerlane warriors. Assimilated islamic and pre-islamic indian ways.
Doña Marina
Native American slave from an elite background who, in 1519, became Cortés's indispensible interpreter and strategist. She accompanied him during his conquest of the Aztec Empire and bore him a son ("mother" of mestizo race). Seen as a traitor by indigenous pop
Creoles
People of European descent born in the Americas; powerful new class, brought on by ethnic and cultural mixing. Greatly disliked colonial rule by those born in Spain and Portugal but living in Americas too. They gained strength from Enlightenment ideas.
Debt Bondage
Planters in India who owned their land needed loans from moneylenders for supplies - farmers had to pay tremendous amount of interest on loans - dependence
Mamluk Egypt
Powerful military and agricultural state, opposing crusader and mongol threat - monopolized european trade with Asia - Drove crusaders out of Egypt and Palestine -- Europeans forced to use trade routes through Egypt to Indian ocean
Thirty Years War
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire for religious predominance in central europe; A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between Spain, France, and Austrian Hapsburgs for control among catholic powers and a bid for independence of worship by the Dutch.
Anglo-Boer War
South African anti-colonial uprising, pitting British and Dutch colonies against one another. British upset at Dutch amassing gold wealth. War erupts. British began concentration camps in war strategy. They rounded up Dutch but also many Africans they feared would side with the Dutch. The conditions and deaths in the camps were huge. War took 3 years and cost Britain $200 million. The war atrocities shocked the British public and they were shocked at how long it took their empire to win against a "ragtag" opponent
Malabar Coast
Southwest coast of India, epicenter of spice trade. Competed with its Eastern counterpart, the Tamils Connected east and west in the Indian Ocean world trade system
Sugar
Starting in 17th century, sugar was a major commodity. demand was so high that the British and French replicated the portuguese sugarcane plantation system in Caribbean islands. indigenous population was wiped out in Columbus's wake, Labor demands were met with Slaves from Africa. The number of slaves transported across the Atlantic soared in the 17th-18th century along with demand for sugar. Brutal working conditions and treatments of slaves led to violent revolts and flight in the early seventeenth century (coastal Mexico)
Indian National Congress
Still under british colonial rule, anti colonialism was strong. In 1885 voluntary organizations in the big cities had united to establish a political party, the Indian National Congress. They demanded greater representation of Indians in government and criticised the british government.
Asante Kingdom
The Asante Kingdom was a new African power with massive trading networks used to supply Europeans with African slaves. The Kingdom rose to power in the early 18th century from the commercial success of selling African slaves. Through their access to gold, they were able to get firearms to further political reach and raid neighboring kingdoms for slaves to sell in the Atlantic slave trade.
Boxer Uprising
The Boxer uprising was a response to pressures by others for China to have open door trade. Beginning in the peasants, the Boxers violently resisted European interference (especially the multitude of Christian missionaries). The movement gained huge momentum and could not even be controlled by the Qing, who after violent clashes with the Boxers, eventually embraced their cause and declared war on foreign powers in 1900. Soon after, a foreign army from Japan, russia, britain, germany, france, and U.S, crushed the Boxers and had them sign the Boxer Protocol. This involved a huge payment of money and authorization of foreign troops in Beijing. Significance: showed widespread political opposition to westernization.
Spread of Islam in Indian Ocean
Traders and merchants traveling throughout the Indian Ocean world helped to spread Islam throughout southeast Asia (wanted to have good relations with those you were trading with ie. many muslim merchants) - began with muslim rule of delhi sultanate
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
"weapons of the weak"
With the shortage of labor from end of slavery - former slaves had the ability to negotiate better working contracts - freedwomen and children with harder time finding work mobilized for their own labor inclusion
1865 reconstruction policy
after emancipation of slaves at the end of the civil war, much of the land was returned to slave owners and under reconstruction policies, freedpeople were rented out land in "sharecropping" - was a new way to organize cotton industry
Cotton Famine
as result of civil war (blockade of Confederancy) - price of cotton rose and european countries looked to find new colonies to source cotton from and remove their dependence from America - Land grabs in Asia and Africa
Vagrancy laws
attempts to enforce labor and keep workers on plantations-- in Mississippi, required to sign these "labor contracts" where mobility was vagrancy - limited freedpeople's control of their own labor
Taiping Rebellion
based in Christianity and drawing on a largely rural base, a social revolution of those at the margins of society that were fed up with social and economic issues of Qing government. Captured many major cities and although they ultimately failed, they inspired continued desire for change in Chinese society
Cottonopolis
central Asia city of Khokand, center of cotton trade in Russia - new wave of cotton imperialism
Nation-State
claims of popular sovereignty (power in individuals, unregulated economies lead to faster growth) became rooted in the idea of nation where people share a common language, culture, and history. The Nation is the shared community that should have sovereignty within the borders of the State. (related: And democracy, through membership in the nation, should allow people to choose their representatives)
Chartered companies
collaboration between the state and the merchant class. European monarchs awarded these firms monopoly trading rights over vast areas. Because the monarchs relied on merchant trade to enrich the state's treasury. Through private chartered companies such as the British East India Company, states were able to indirectly use force and coercion to exploit land and resources and insert themselves into the world system every outside of Europe.
"inner colonializations"
colonization and domination of people by force by the capital of territories and social relations; done by feudal elites with the power of the state
Cartaz/Pass System
control and conduct of trade by Portugese of trade and profits in the Indian Ocean. 20% profits to portugese
Serfdom
erfdom is the status peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of debt bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century; serfs were peasants who farmed the land and paid fees to be protected and governed by lords under the system of feudalism.
The "Woman Question"
females in the west demanding more rights and changes to society. Issue of "separate spheres" confinement women to domestic role, but economic development increased opportunities for women. The fight for the right to vote increased and granted slowly. The question varied across societies, with differing level of equality sought after. In the colonial world, the woman question was an important one; European authorities liked to say that colonialism improved a woman's status, when in reality it did not and often made it more burdensome.
Sharecropping
freedpeople working on land rented out, heavy debts keep them tied to land
Maize
from new world led to population boom in africa that would eventually supply slave trade to fill in lack of indigenous workers (from disease) in America
Columbian Exchange
goods, disease, and salves across atlantic between americas, europe, and africa
Encomienda
grants from european spanish governors to control the labor services of the colonized peopel
Pan Movements
groups beginning to imagine completely new communities based on ethnicity, or religion and link them across state boundaries. But behind these movements was idea that communities should be built on racial purity or unsullied traditions (Pan-asianism, Pan-islamism, pan-germanism, pan-slavism). But, Pan-movements posed threats to rulers of empires.
Marxism
history moves through stages of feudalism to capitalism, to socialism, to communism. Sought dictatorship of the Proletariat, and an end to private property. Destruction of capitalism to stop exploitation and whither the states
Silver flows
in an integrating world system, the Europeans had little natural and manufactured goods to trade with the east for luxury goods. These goods were high in demand, such as tea, spices, porcelain, and textiles. In order to obtain these goods, Europeans obtained silver from the new world to obtain these luxury goods from the east, resulting in much wealth accumulating in Asia.
Mfecane movement
in early 1800s, African political revolts in the first half of the nineteenth century that were caused by the expansionist methods of King Shaka of the Zulu people.
Rebellion of 1857 (India)
in opposition to colonial (East India co) rule. Sparked by "greased cartridge" controversy on Hindu and Muslim recruits in the British army, Indian soldiers rebelled against their British counterparts, whom they greatly outnumbered. Quickly turned to civilian rebellion as well. The British crushed the uprising, but issued changes: ruling changed hands from Company to the Crown and issued religious toleration.
Wage Labor
in order to power the industrial revolution within Europe, wage labor was needed - states ended subsistence landowning to mobilize labor - restrictive conditions; minimal pay; essentially forced
ecological imperialism
made European settlers successful in colonization of other regions because of their accidental or deliberate introduction of animals, plants, and disease leading to major shifts in the ecology of the colonized areas and to population collapses.
Manorialism
made feudalism--> system made it so medieval European peasants were dependent on their land which was the land of the lord.
brokers
middlemen between raw materials (plantation) and manufacturers - brokers did not take the direct possession of the cotton - contacted manufacturers and figure when they wanted the amount and type of cotton they wanted - brokers soon were replaced when nation-states directly obtained raw materials
Absolute Monarchy
monarchy has the divine right to rule, divine right of kings. Instead of sharing power, the king rules free of external checks, and is not a tyrant, but has complete authority, lawful, and dictates last word. Only held accountable by God.
Cotton Nationalism
movement lead by Ghandi in India to take back cotton production and get chartered companies out
Protestant reformation
movement to challenge the Catholic church's teachings, seeking a more individualised religious experience. Significant→ religious revival, splitting of christianity, religion used as political weapon, led Europe into more wars→ ultimately weakening the Holy roman empire and strengthening the English, Dutch, and french
Inca Empire
of modern day peru; population of 4 to 6 million. Incas lacked a clear inheritance system, causing an internal split that Pizarro exploited in 1533.
Trade union
organization of workers to fight for their interests - prominent in 19th ce when european states oppressed the working class to work for low wages in terrible conditions - states worked to outlaw unions and strikes
People's culture vs plantation culture
peoples: integrating cotton growing into way of local life planation: classic way cotton produced in U.S but did not work in all areas which is why people's culture idea gained traction
Cotton Rush
phenomenon of the price of land on which cotton grew to shoot up in value after the invention of the cotton gin - this invention doubled the annual income o landowners who planted cotton
Commodity Frontier
push to gain more land imperially to grow cotton
Raw material independence
securing cotton on lands controlled by imperial states - not wanting to rely on U.S - major concern after cotton famine - imperial land grab
Feudalism
social system in which local warlords were rulers of the peasant society in midieval, mostly northwestern Europe After fall of rome, peasants left with no central authority to protect them from local lords. Peasants subject and become agricultural laborers.
Child labor
supplied much of the labor to factories in Europe - no protections - exploited orphans and sent to work - or working alongside family members
Black Death
swept from Asia to Europe in 14th century - huge population decreases --> loss of surplus, workers, rise in wages - contributed to fall of pre-1450 world system - feudalism to monarchies, undid economic process of Europe after the dark ages
Enclosure Movement
the legal process in England of consolidating (enclosing) small landholdings into larger farms to mobilize labor. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. If you don't have land, you have nothing. This was crucial in the transition from the feudal system to capitalism.
Enlightenment
the old norm was theology and religious. Enlightenment identified the natural laws of life and tried to act in accordance to them "public sphere" debating of ideas, circulation of information public opinion becomes political force, although they don't necessarily have a formal outlet to get those ideas known rise of Natural science—scientific revolution
Radicalism
those who favored a complete overhaul of the old regime state system; continuing the revolution; Insistence on popular sovereignty
Second Cotton Famine
threats from cotton pests to harvests in U.S - more fears on being dependent on U.S cotton - great concern about world cotton supply
Credit
tool for trade used by merchants to get raw and manufactured materials from planters and manufacturer respectively - used by merchants to turn weavers, who depended on merchant credit, into wage workers - it was also the basis of brokers' market, which required cottons to be at a certain level of quality
Atlantic System
triangular system across the Atlantic Ocean. Slaves from Africa to the new world -> commodities to colonies (tobacco, sugar, cotton, silver) -> used to trade with east (Asian goods eg. Cotton textiles, porcelain, spices, tea, etc.)
