Kellenberg Sophomore Trimester 1 - European History (Honors)
What was the famous quote of Philip II's that explained his feelings towards those around his kingdom?
"His smile and his dagger were very close."
How much would it cost to build the Palace of Versailles in U.S dollars in 2003?
$2.5 billion
What is the capital of the Netherlands?
Amsterdam
What is the capital of Serbia?
Belgrade
What inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution?
Economic and social inequalities
Who is the Director General of Finances for Louis XVI?
Jacques Necker
This idea says that the King has the power to grant people special advantages.
Privilege
Could Louis XVI have stopped the formation of the National Assembly?
Yes if he had intervened
What is the capital of Croatia?
Zagreb
Because they realized that the king didn't want to participate in creating a new government, Members of the Third Estate pledged to do what?
stay at the Palace of Versailles until the monarchy had drawn up a constitution
Napoleon's territory included
Austrian Netherlands Parts of Italy Switzerland
This person ruled with absolute authority, but took steps to modernize and reform Russia by systemizing laws.
Catherine the Great
Who wrote "On Crimes and Punishments"?
Cesare Beccaria
I argued that there would always be a permanent underclass to work for the rich
David Ricardo
What was the name for a French Protestant?
Huguenots
What is the capital of Spain?
Madrid
Who wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"?
Mary Wollstonecraft
This artist revealed the 3D artistic device in his work "The Trinity" and would inspire other artist to do the same.
Masaccio
Who was the entrepreneur that paid James Watt a salary and encouraged him to build better engines in 1774?
Matthew Boulton
I created the "Committee of Public Safety" and executed 40,000 people during the Reign of Terror because I could do whatever I wanted to since I was a dictator
Maximillien Robespierre
I was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety, decided France's enemies, and my rule as a dictator will become known as "The Reign of Terror" because anyone who challenged my leadership was an enemy and was probably killed for crossing me
Maximillien Robespierre
Who created a new calendar with a 10 day workweek and changed the official colors of France?
Maximillien Robespierre
Who dechristianized France, basically outlawed the Church, and created the Cult of the Supreme Being?
Maximillien Robespierre
Who took a promising leadership of the Jacobin party after the death of the king and was thus nicknamed, "The Incorruptible"
Maximillien Robespierre
When did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates-General
May 5, 1789
This economic theory states that nations should protect their home industries and export more than they import.
Mercantilism
I was the British army officer who was renowned for my liaison role during the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire
T.E. Lawrence
What is the capital of Estonia?
Tallinn
If the royal family dies, what does this mean to Prussia and Austria?
That they fought the war for nothing because the reason the war was fought in the first place was to restore the French monarchy
This war was fought between Ferdinand II, head of the Hapsburg family, and the Protestants in the kingdom of Bohemia from 1618-1648.
The 30 Years War
Which estate wanted a constitutional monarchy?
The 3rd Estate
In this war, Bismarck baits Austria into invading Prussia, which makes Austria look like the aggressor, by spreading false rumors about a Prussian invasion into Austria
The 7 Weeks War
In the early 1900's, what region was referred to as the "powder keg" of Europe?
The Balkans
Who wanted change so bad that they'd do anything to not be poor anymore?
The poor
What is Empiricism?
The scientific term refers to how scientists should observe, gather information, and then make decisions that are also known as the experimental method
What does it mean when Louis XVI starts to take away the privileges of the Second Estate?
The second estate can now be taxed
What happened to the people Jean Paul Marat wildly accused?
They were executed
What does Otto von Bismark say to Parliament to explain his realpolitik?
"Blood and Iron"
A famous quote from Louis XIV to help explain his divine position in France
"I am the state."
What quote is Rene Descartes known for?
"I think therefore I am."
In a letter explaining that his successes were only due to the discoveries of those before him, Isaac Newton says what?
"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants."
In October of 1789, Marie Antoinette hears about the food shortage in the kingdom and supposedly says this infamous quote.
"Let them eat cake."
What represented the lack of knowledge that Marie Antoinette and her husband had about the kingdom, even though Marie never said this?
"Let them eat cake."
What will become the slogan of the French Revolution?
"Liberty, equality, and fraternity"
Which famous quote by Jean-Jacques Rousseau helps explain his view of the social contract?
"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."
A famous quote of Henry IV led to his baptism into the catholic faith
"Paris is worth a mass"
What did the Declaration of Man say?
"all men are born and remain free and equal in rights" "the aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural rights of man." "These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression."
How much did Germany have to pay in war reparations based on Article 231?
$33 Billion
What were Napoleon's three mistakes?
-Invading Russia -The Peninsular War -The Continental system
How many votes did each estate have in the Estates-General?
1 vote each
What is the capital of Turkey?
Ankara
When does the US join World War 1?
April 2, 1917
This famous artist during the Spanish renaissance was known as the court painter for the royal family
Diego Vasquez
I was a former member of the Carbonari who formed my own nationalist group named "Young Italy" after I defected because I started to see how radical the Carbonari actually were
Giuseppe Mazzini
This person could have been the one who Francesco Patriarch wrote about extensively in his sonnets, and later died from the plague
Laura de Noves
What is the capital of Norway?
Olso
What happened on July 14, 1789?
Storming of the Bastille
What was the pivotal moment of the revolution because of the elevated level of violence that ran rampant through France?
The Night of August 4
What did the guillotine became known as?
the National Razor
Jacobins and San Culottes are compared to what infamous group?
the Nazis and Brownshirts (Stormtroopers)
the Congress of Vienna will strengthen what?
the countries around France
To the revolutionaries, what was the Bastille a symbol of?
the injustices of the monarchy, brutality, and absolutism
Where was Napoleon first permanently exiled to?
the island of Elba
What is the bourgeoisie?
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people. Even though they made more money than the second estate, they were not able to move up from estate to estate
WW1 was a total war in a sense that
the nations involved devoted all their resources to it
By 1799, The Directory had lost what?
the political situation & the confidence of the French People. It is because of this that the French started to become fed up with the Directory
The Sans Culottes tells Austria and Prussia that if they come any closer to Paris...
the royal family will be killed
Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory?
-It helped spur the French economy with the new 15 million dollars added into the economy -Spited Britain because the US was now double in size, which meant that the UK could never take back the US.
Who made up the French Triumvirate (Consul)?
-Napoleon Bonaparte -Abbe Siyes -Pierre Ducos
How much silver was imported into Spain from 1550 - 1650?
16,000 tons
This estate owned 10% of the land and made up about 1% of the French population, made up the Catholic Church (Clergy), and were exempt from taxation
1st
How many of Ferdinand II's catholic advisers were thrown out of a window during the event known as the Defenestration of Prague?
2
What did the new French constitution that was drafted up in 1795 call for?
2 house leadership and an executive body of 5 men called the directory
What was the approximate total population of France in 1660, making it four times as many as England?
20 million
How many Protestants were murdered during the 1572 six week killing spree called St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
20,000
What happens after word of the Brunswick Manifesto gets released to the public?
20,000 Parisians stormed the Tuileries Palace, killed all of the guards and took the Royal Family hostage.
What age range did Giuseppe Mazzini recruit people to fight with Young Italy?
25-35
How many people lived in France during the time period of the French Revolution?
26 million
Although only making up 2% of the French population, this estate owned 20% of the land, taxed the people that they rented their land to, was made up of important, major families, rich nobles, and was exempt from taxaton
2nd
This estate was made up of the bourgeoisie, paid high taxes to the King and Nobility, had no influence in the government, embraced enlightenment ideas, and by 1780s, they spent 50% of their salary on taxes to the other estates
3rd
How many miles did the Germans advance following the offensive of Verdun?
4 miles
What is the name for the "free trade zones" in France, which would allow other kingdoms to sell their products without a tariff?
5 Great Farms
How many miles were the British able to advance following the offensive of the Somme in 1916?
5 miles
How tall was Napoleon actually?
5'7 in British Measurements
Versailles was built on how many acres of gardens, lawns, and woods?
5,000 Acres
Approximately how many pages of writing in Leonardo's own hand writing exist today?
5,700
How many books could a copyist produce with the printing press within a 5 month period?
500 books
How many taxi cabs transported soldiers from Paris to the 1st Battle of the Marne in 1914?
600
How many people died in the 30 Years War?
8 million
How many soldiers did the National Guard have in 1794?
800,000
What percentage of the 40,000 were either poor or middle class?
85%
What time in the morning was the ceremonial awakening of Louis XIV (the Sun King)?
8:30 AM
What was the Bank of Amsterdam?
A bank in the Netherlands which became the center of all European banking after 1579
What was the Battle of Leiden?
A battle where William of Orange would flood the lands to defeat the Spaniards in 1573.
What is "The Courtier"?
A how to manual on becoming a "Renaissance Man."
What was The Declaration of Pillnitz?
A joint declaration issued on August 27, 1791 by Prussia and Austria. It promises to restore the French monarchy if they get help from other countries.
In 1800, what was held to approve a new constitution, which would be the fourth constitution in 8 years?
A plebiscite (vote of the people)
Because Charles II had no heir for Spain, what does this create?
A power vacuum
What is The Bastille?
A prison in France that was famous for torturing and being harsh towards its prisoners. It also had the largest arsenal of weapons in France.
Who was Charlotte Corday?
A young Girondin girl responsible for assassinating Marat at his medicinal bath on July 13, 1793
I am the American Naval Officer who wrote "the Influence of Sea Power on History", which convinced Kaiser Wilhelm I to focus on building up Germany's navy
A.T Mahan
This military assisted Great Britain during the Gallipoli Campaign
ANZAC
In 1806, Napoleon orders a blockade to prevent what?
Access between Great Britain and other European Nations that made up the Continental System
I wrote "The Wealth of Nations" and argued for a free economy without interference
Adam Smith
Who is Napoleon's greatest adversary and is responsible for ending Napoleon's winning streak?
Admiral Horatio Nelson of Britain
What was the name for the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession in 1748?
Aix-La-Chapelle
I was the son of a goldsmith who produced woodcuts and engravings that became influential in Germany
Albrecht Durer
a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries.
Alliances
What lands in France did France lose to Prussia during the Franco-Prussian war?
Alsace-Lorraine
What is the Estates-General?
An assembly of representatives from all 3 estates
What is "The Prince" about?
An examination of the imperfect conduct of human beings. This book says that people aren't concerned with what was morally right, but with what was politically effective.
What did James Watt invent?
An improved steam engine
What is the capital of Andorra?
Andorra la Vella
I am the Flemish physician who proved Galen wrong in his book, the Fabric of the Human Body (1543), when he dissected a human
Andreas Vesalius
This amateur scientist used a microscope to see bacteria from his teeth scrapings
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What is the capital of Greece?
Athens
When was the Second French Revolution?
August 10, 1792
When was the Declaration of the Rights of Man written?
August 26, 1789
When did The National Assembly voted to abolish the Old Regime?
August 4, 1789
The National Assembly declared war on who in April, 1792?
Austria
What countries were the first to declare war on each other, thus starting World War 1?
Austrian-Hungary and Serbia
Who wrote "The Courtier"?
Baldassare Castiglione
I wrote "On the Spirit of Laws"
Baron de Montesquieu
This person believed in the separation of powers and check and balances
Baron de Montesquieu
What is France's Equivalent to America's July 4?
Bastille Day (July 14, 1789)
Philip II and the Spanish Armada defeated the Ottoman Empire during this battle
Battle of Lepanto
This famous battle occurred on October 21, 1805 and was fought by British Admiral Horatio Nelson and Emperor Napoleon of France
Battle of Trafalgar
Why was Napoleon called short?
Because British propaganda told everyone that Napoleon was 5'3 (in French measurements) when he was actually 5'7 (in British measurements)
What started the War of Spanish Succession?
Because Philip of Anjou was promised the throne of Spain following the death of Charles II, most countries thought that Spain would be taken over by the Bourbons, which would lead to the annexation of Spain into the French Empire
Why was the Directory considered a structured republic?
Because two houses (Council of Ancients and the Council of 500) the contained their own power
Germany's attack upon this country directly provoked Britain to go to war
Belgium
What is the capital of Germany?
Berlin
What is the capital of Switzerland?
Bern
Gavrilo Princip was a member of this secret organization
Black Hand
What were Galen's four humors?
Blood Yellow Bile Black Bile Phlegm
Which country was annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908 to further tensions between them and Russia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
What is the capital of Slovakia?
Bratislava
What is the capital of Belgium?
Brussels
What is the capital of Romania?
Bucharest
What is the capital of Hungary?
Budapest
I am the count of Cavour
Camillo Benso
I will use clever diplomacy to stop Austria from taking over more Italian kingdoms and I will successfully convince the King of France (Napoleon III) to assist Italy in kicking Austria out of the Italian northern provinces
Camillo Benso
Who does Victor Emmanuel II appoint as his prime minister in 1852?
Camillo Benso
Who was the Cardinal that would assist Louis XIV in ruling France until his death in 1661?
Cardinal Mazarin
This person is appointed by Louis XIII as minister of France in 1624 and is responsible for making many political decisions in order to reduce the power of the nobility and Protestants
Cardinal Richelieu
Who fought in the English Civil War (1642-1649)?
Cavaliers (Royalists) vs the Roundheads (Parliament Supporters)
I believed in the abolishment of torture and that law existed to preserve order
Cesare Beccaria
I was forced to sign the Petition of Right because parliament wasn't giving me money to fund my wars
Charles I
With my death, absolutism in England dies with me
Charles I
I am the son of Charles I who gets invited back to rule England after Oliver Cromwell's dictatorship falls with his death
Charles II
Who was the king that granted his subjects "habeas corpus" in 1679?
Charles II
I am the Hapsburg father of Philip II and Ferdinand
Charles V
What is the capital of Moldova?
Chisinau
This famous event was when soldiers agreed to an armistice and played a game of soccer on "no man's land."
Christmas of 1914
What did Napoleon sign with Pope Pius VII?
Concordat
This attempted to restore Europe like it was before the French Revolution by restoring monarchies
Congress of Vienna
What was the name of the meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich to determine the future of Europe following the exiling of Napoleon Bonaparte?
Congress of Vienna
We want traditional monarchies
Conservatives
What is the name for the government that will be created under William and Mary, and it will become an example of separation of powers within the government?
Constitutional Monarchy
After seizing the Directory via coup d'etat, Napoleon becomes the first what?
Consul and Dictator of France
What is the capital of Denmark?
Copenhagen
Who were the Farmers General?
Corrupt tax collectors for the estates and monarchy that originated from the Hapsburg dynasty
Where was Napoleon born?
Corsica
What were the two houses of the Directory / Moderate Republican?
Council of Ancients and the Council of 500
The Legislative Assembly had the power to do what?
Create laws and to approve or prevent any war the king declared.
This person will set fire to Moscow and ambush the French in Moscow.
Czar Alexander I
Who led the Fourth Coalition?
Czar Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia
This afforded the British government extraordinary emergency powers during WW1, like control communications throughout the country
DORA (Defense of the Realm Act)
I am the author of the world's 1st encylopedia
Denis Dedirot
This author was the best known of the Christian humanists thanks to his most famous of work called "the Praise of Folly."
Desiderius Erasmus
After parliament denies his request for money to build an army, what does Kaiser Wilhelm I do?
Dissolve parliament
This book is often called the birth of the modern European novel
Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605)
This artist made sculptures more realistic by carving natural postures and using the alloy bronze in work like "the David."
Donatello
How were the 40,000 people executed during the reign of terror?
Drowned, burned at the stake, guillotined, firing squad, etc.
What is the capital of Ireland?
Dublin
What was the name of Henry IV's declaration of religious toleration in France in 1598?
Edict of Nantes
Where did Napoleon wish to continue his military successes?
Egypt
Who was one of the five members of the Directory and saw the potential of Napoleon?
Emmanuel (Abby) Sieyes
Which member of the first estate (clergyman) wrote a political essay called "What is the Third Estate?" a couple days after the Estates General?
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes (Abbé)
Which member of the first estate supported the Third Estate and wanted the Third Estate to be more significantly valued in government
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes (Abbé)
Who wrote "The Praise of Folly"?
Erasmus
Due to the lack of success in St. Domingue, Haiti, and the sale of Lousiana, Napoleon turned his attention toward
Europe
I am the student of Galileo who created the first mercury barometer
Evangelista Torricelli
This new law made it illegal for small children to work in factories beginning in 1833
Factory Act
True or False: People knocked on doors inside the Palace of Versailles
False
True or False: After the Congress of Vienna, Russia will remain a major world power, but diminished
False. After the Congress of Vienna, France will remain a major world power, but diminished.
True or False: By 1795, a new French constitution was drafted and power was put in the hands of the lower class.
False. By 1795, a new French constitution was drafted and power was put in the hands of the upper middle class.
True or False: During the 1780s, the average French citizen ate around half a pound of bread a day
False. During the 1780s, the average French citizen ate around 4 pounds of bread a day
True or False: The Power taken from the King in the new constitution was given to the National Assembly
False. It was the Legislative Assembly that gained this power
True or False: The Members of the Second Estate storm the chateaus of the rich, tearing homes down, and killing people.
False. It was the peasants who stormed the chateaus of the rich, tearing homes down, and killing people.
True or False: The Plane has the majority in the National Convention
False. Jacobins have majority in the National Convention
True or False: Because Jacques Necker released the taxes of France, Jacques was killed by Louis XVI
False. Jacques was dismissed by Louis XVI, not killed
True or False: The Second Estate demands more political influence and allow equal voting
False. The Third Estate demanded more political influence and allow equal voting
True or False: King Louis XVI recognized the new black, white, and red tricolor flag of the National Assembly and kisses the flag
False. The colors of the flag of the National Assembly were red, white, and blue
Who inherited Austria and the Holy Roman Empire?
Ferdinand
What were Jean Baptiste Colbert's policies towards mercantilism in France?
Five Great Farms French East India Company Manufacturing Codes High Tariffs
Where did Renaissance art in northern Europe first flourish?
Flanders, Belgium
Which countries made up the Triple Entente?
France Russia Great Britain
Who declares war on Russia at the start of the Crimean war?
France and Britain
Marquis de Lafayette was a Hero to
France and the American colonies
What will the National Convention declare? What does this result in?
France as a republic. This resulted in Louis XVI being put on trial for treason and ultimately be beheaded by the guillotine.
What started the War of 1812?
France blockaded Britain from trade so Britain responded with its own blockade. After Britain started forcing captured American sailors into it's navy, President James Madison and the American people got very angry and thus started the War of 1812.
Why was the Invasion of Russia a costly mistake for Napoleon?
France invades Russia with 422,000 men in June 6, 1812, even though they were allies. The Russians will fight off France by employing the scorched earth policy. This policy and the harsh Russian winter will force France to retreat from Russia with only 28,000 troops on December 6, 1812.
Why did Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General?
France was faced with bankruptcy so Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the Estates-General
Often known as the "Father of Humanism," he would write sonnets to express his emotions.
Francesco Petrarch
I believed that scientists should observe, gather information, and then make decisions. This would later be called "empiricism."
Francis Bacon
Who was the French king that hired Leonardo da Vinci to remodel his castle Fontainebleau?
Francis I
I am the "first servant of the state" who valued the military, but believed in religious toleration and legal reform, and that governments should extend their borders.
Frederick II
I am the King of Prussia who freed his people from serfdom and ended capital punishment
Frederick II
I was the son of Frederick William who saw my best friend get executed in front of me so that I could become "stronger"
Frederick II
In 1861, Kaiser Wilhelm I succeeds this person
Frederick II
I led the Hohenzollern family, worked for an absolute monarchy, rigidly controlled society, and valued the military extensively.
Frederick William
What is an Assignat?
French paper money backed by the 10 percent of land taken from the Church
Where does Napoleon graduate from in 1785?
From the French Military Institution
This Ancient Greek physician studied the anatomy of pigs and other animals
Galen
This person is credited for the invention of the telescope and discovered the moons of Jupiter
Galileo Galilei
Who wrote "Starry Messenger"?
Galileo Galilei
In this failed military operation, British and ANZAC forces tried to secure the Dardanelles Straight in order to topple the Ottoman Empire as well as to establish a supply line with Russia
Gallipoli Campaign
Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand with a revolver?
Gavrilo Princip
Who threatened Paris by saying that if any harm was done to the royal family, Austria and Prussia will march into Paris, kill the revolutionaries and burn the city to the ground?
General Brunswick
Who was the general of the Austrian and Prussian armies and is what the Brunswick Manifesto is named after?
General Brunswick
I am a former lawyer and the most brilliant Jacobin public speaker. I gave most of my speeches to the poor of France because the poor were the easiest to influence.
George Danton
Who made up the Three Emperor's League (1873)?
Germany Austria Russia
In the Battle of Trafalgar, France set up a blockade to prevent the British from entering into this British territory
Gibraltar
Who wrote the Decameron?
Giovanni Boccaccio
This political party wanted a constitutional monarchy and were really scared of the rowdiness of the Sans Culottes
Girondins
This political party was considered the moderates/conservatives in the political spectrum
Girondins
Cavour secretly started helping these nationalist rebels led by this person to gain Sicily
Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
What is a lycees?
Government-run public school set up by Napoleon that were attended by both common and wealthy children. By 1814, 9,000 kids attended Napoleon's 36 lycees.
Who fought in the Battle of the Nile and who won?
Great Britain (Admiral Horatio)Nelson beats France (Napoleon Bonaparte) in a naval battle
Who joined Prussia and Austria to quell the French Revolution In 1793?
Great Britain, Holland, and Spain
Which countries made up the Third Coalition?
Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden
Who was the Protestant General (1630 - 1632) that will defeat Ferdinand II and the Hapsburg family during the 30 Years War?
Gustavus Adolphus
Who was the protestant general from Sweden that will lead an army of 23,000 to victory against the Hapsburg's during the 30 Years War?
Gustavus Adolphus
This was the model name for the new British battleship introduced in 1906 in response to Germany's U-Boat
HMS Dreadnought
"To have the body"
Habeas Corpus
By 1801, this country gains its freedom from France
Haiti
This German artist specialized in painting portraits like "King Henry VIII."
Hans Holbein
What happens to Admiral Horatio Nelson during the Battle of Trafalgar?
He is mortally wounded and dies soon after
After stabilizing France domestically and finally bringing peace to France, Napoleon will do what with the Revolutionist Reforms in 1802?
He would still keep many changes of the revolution
What is the capital of Finland?
Helsinki
I was the first bourbon king of France who was almost killed on his wedding day due to racial tensions sparked by my marriage to Catherine de Medici's Catholic daughter
Henry IV (of Navarre)
After being defeated by Admiral Horatio Nelson, what happens to Napoleon?
His ego was diminished and he didn't want the loss to go public
What was the family name for the ruling family of Prussia?
Hohensollens
How does Admiral Horatio Nelson win the Battle of Trafalgar?
Horatio splits the British navy into two parts
What is the horizontal line that runs across the paper or canvas to represent the viewer's eye level, or delineate where the sky meets the ground called?
Horizon
What was the mentality of the Parisians during the September massacres?
If you kill all the prisoners, the guards can leave and join the army because they would have no one to guard.
Taking colonies to increase one's power
Imperialism
This is the name of the French political officers who were the "eyes and ears of the monarchy."
Intendants
I was the famed scientist who helped develop the theory of universal gravitation and recognized that his discoveries were made upon the backs of those who came before him, such as Galileo.
Isaac Newton
This person is often known as the "First Lady of the World" because of how she conducted diplomacy in Mantua, Italy.
Isabella d'Este
What happened to the Jacobin party after Robespierre died?
It fell
What happened to Marat's bathtub?
It was placed on the altar by the Jacobins in Notre Dame cathedral
What was the significance of Louis XVI calling a meeting of the Estates-General?
It was the 1st time in 175 years a meeting of the Estates General was called
By the end of the 1870s, this country is unified under one monarchy (Victor Emmanuel II)
Italy
Where did the Renaissance in the south begin?
Italy
Which countries made up the Triple Alliance?
Italy Germany Austria-Hungary
A Swiss historian who used the term "Renaissance" in his 1860 work, The Civilization of the Renaissance Italy.
Jacob Burckhardt
People thought that this man was a supporter of a revolution by revolutionaries
Jacques Necker
The people of France liked this person who worked for Louis XVI because he published the expenses of the government to show where France's tax money goes to.
Jacques Necker
I am the successor of Queen Elizabeth I and the Calvinist king of Scotland
James I
Who was the first Stewart to inherit the throne of Eng;and following the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603?
James I
I am the very catholic son of Charles II who dissolved parliament when they didn't agree with my catholic viewpoints.
James II
This Dutch artist is known for the effects of light and chose indoor settings for his portraits
Jan Vermeer
This Flemish artist used oil based paints to create realistic details that revealed the personalities of his subjects like in "the Madonna del cancelliere Rolin."
Jan van Eyck
I am Louis XIV's Minister of Finance that will put France on the map as an economic power in the world
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Who believed that civilization had corrupted people's natural goodness and that the only good government was a direct democracy?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
I was a newspaper writer who wrote for my newspaper called "Friend of the People".
Jean Paul Marat
I was considered The Joe McCarthy of the French Revolution and was a supporter of the Jacobins
Jean Paul Marat
I was considered a social outcast because I lived in the sewers of France for a bit and got a terrible skin disease.
Jean Paul Marat
I argued that the government hsould do the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Jeremy Bentham
This German was given credit for the invention of the printing press around 1440
Johann Gutenberg
This person taught that people are born with life, liberty, and property
John Locke
Who wrote "Two Treatises of Government"?
John Locke
Who was the Scottish engineer who improved British roads by layering roadbeds with large stones for drainage?
John McAdam
I called for the government to do away with the great differences in wealth
John Mill
I am the King of Austria who was inspired by Voltaire, which made me reduce the powers of the Church.
Joseph II
This person was categorized as a socialite and asked for her husband to be considered in government
Josephine Napoleon
When did Louis XVI travel to Paris in order to cooperate with the revolutionaries?
July 16, 1789
When was The Brunswick Manifesto written?
July 25, 1792
When does the Third Estate vote to create the National Assembly, thereby eliminating the absolute government and creating a representative government?
June 17, 1789
When was the Battle of Waterloo?
June 18, 1815
When was the Tennis Court Oath?
June 20, 1789 (3 Days after the creation of the National Assembly)
When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
June 28, 1914
When does Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles?
June 28, 1919
Who were the wealthy landowners from Prussia that will support Kaiser Wilhelm I in his quest for Germany?
Junkers
"I and the army were born for another."
Kaiser Wilhelm II
I wrote the Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
Who invited the members of the Nation Assembly to come to Versailles and file grievances?
King Louis XVI
Who realizes that he would probably abolish the National Assembly later and as a result, locks the National Assembly members out of Versailles to avoid his problems.
King Louis XVI
I was the foreign minister of Austria who wanted to prevent future French aggression. He wanted to restore the balance of power and Europe's royal family.
Klemens von Metternich
What is the capital of Ukraine?
Kyiv
The title of Hobbes' work which explained his version of the social contract
Leviathan
This publication by Thomas Hobbes explained his version of the social contract that referred to people as being "brutish" in nature?
Leviathan
We want elected parliaments run by the educated landowners
Liberals
The French Military Institution gave Napoleon what rank when he was how old?
Lieutenant when he was 16
In "the Prince", which two animals would the author use to describe how to use your power?
Lion and Fox
The Mona Lisa is a painting of a young Italian woman named
Lisa del Giocondo
What is the capital of Portugal?
Lisbon
What is the capital of Slovenia?
Ljubljana
This city's population reached 1 million by the 1800s
London
What is the capital of the United Kingdom?
London
I am a great Italian patron from Florence who later became known as "the Magnificent."
Lorenzo de Medici
This person ruled Holland and is the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte
Louis Bonaparte
Who am I? "I admit that I am not fit to be king."
Louis XVI
Who am I? "When I was a kid, I wanted to be a locksmith instead of a king because I was very fascinated with the mechanisms of locks."
Louis XVI
Who am I? "While I was king, I was very indecisive and paid little attention to government issues."
Louis XVI
When and how did King Louis XVI die?
Louis XVI was beheaded by the guillotine on January 21, 1793
After Napoleon returns to France with an army that wasn't as great as his old Grand Army, this person flees from France out of Fear
Louis XVIII
After the fall of Napoleon, the Monarchy is restored with this person
Louis XVIII from the Bourbon Dynasty
The nickname for the Dutch Netherlands because it existed below sea level.
Low Country
What is the capital of Luxembourg?
Luxembourg City
Who was the daughter of Austrian king Charles VI and later defended her kingdom proudly during the War of Austrian Succession?
Maria Theresa
Salons in France suspected that this famous woman would be the cause of France's downfall.
Marie Antoinette
The French affectionately referred to this woman as the "Austrian Bitch"
Marie Antoinette
Who am I? "I was the Austrian Wife of Louis XVI."
Marie Antoinette
Who am I? "My habit of lavish spending using tax dollars hurt my popularity and gave me the nickname Madame Deficit."
Marie Antoinette
Where did the Parisian women find Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI and what do they do with them?
Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI were found in one of the rooms in Versailles. The Parisian women escort the royal family back to their former palace in Paris. This would be the last time they'll see Versailles.
I am the grand niece of Marie Antoinette
Marie Louise Bonaparte
I was the second wife of Napoleon and married him in 1811 after Napoleon divorced Josephine because she couldn't bear children.
Marie Louise Bonaparte
When The Royal Family was locked up in Paris during June, 1791, Marie Antoinette talks to who and what do they say?
Marie talks to her family (the Austrians). Austria says that if the Royal Family can escape to the north, Austria will send an army and crush the revolution and restore the monarchy
I am the most famous and influential participator in the French Salons. I was very rich and helped fund Denis Dedirot's encyclopedia.
Marie-Therese Geoffrin
Who became a political figure in the Commune of Paris and formed a military for the Commune of Paris called the National Guard (the official army of France).
Marquis de Lafayette
Who was the general of the national guard?
Marquis de Lafayette
Who's nickname was "Hero of Two Worlds" ?
Marquis de Lafayette
Who wrote "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies"?
Mary Astell
This person wrote that women should be able to become doctors and participate in government
Mary Wollstonecraft
This artist was known for glorifying the human body and would demonstrate his brilliance through the work called "the Creation of Man."
Michelangelo
Who wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha in 1605?
Miguel Cervantes
The building up of one's military
Militarism
What is the capital of Belarus?
Minsk
What is an enlightened despot?
Monarchs who used their power to reform their kingdoms based on enlightenment ideas
Which African country would Britain, France, and Germany possibly begin a war over in 1911?
Morocco
What is the capital of Russia?
Moscow
In November 9-10, 1799, who overthrows the French Directory?
Napoleon
Which French General went on a winning streak after successfully defending France from Austria and the Kingdom of Northern Italy (Sardinia)?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who became the head of France's armed forces & won a series of important military victories for France?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who established the University of France?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who had served the Jacobins and had a responsibility to serve the convention as a general?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who is is sent to be deployed against Austria and the Kingdom of Northern Italy (Sardinia)?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who sets up an efficient tax collection system that made sense and established the Bank of France?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Who successfully defends France from Austria and the Kingdom of Northern Italy (Sardinia) and as a result became a hometown hero?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Why was the Peninsular War a costly mistake for Napoleon?
Napoleon sent an army to invade Portugal for failing to follow the continental system, which angered the Spanish because French troops marched through Spain. This anger was then channeled into guerrilla warfare against French troops, which resulted in the death of 300,000 French troops before they ever stepped in front of Portugal.
What becomes the new government of France between the years of 1799 - 1804 after being voted in by the Council of Ancients and the Council of 500?
Napoleon's Consulate
What was the Battle of Waterloo?
Napoleon's final battle fought between Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington
Radical pride and devotion towards one country
Nationalism
What is a broadside?
Naval term that refers to the side of a warship that cannon fire can be exchanged
Before WW1, Germany began to challenge the strength of England's empire. What were these strengths?
Navy Colonial Empire Industry
Who were the Luddites named after?
Ned Ludd
This political scientist examined the imperfect conduct of human beings in his work called "The Prince."
Niccolo Machiavelli
Who wrote "The Prince"?
Niccolo Machiavelli
This Polish astronomer helped develop the heliocentric theory but was unable to prove it
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies"?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Can someone move, for example, from the 3rd estate to the 2nd estate?
No
After defeating Austria during the 7 weeks war, what will Bismarck gain control of?
Northern Germany, thus linking both eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom
Why was the Continental System a costly mistake for Napoleon?
Not everyone wanted to blockade Access between Great Britain and other European Nations that made up the Continental System, such as Holland.
Did the Directory fix anything?
Not really. France still had major inflation
When does Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate his throne?
November 9, 1918
Who drafted up an English constitution that was supposed to lead to the creation of a Commonwealth?
Oliver Cromwell and John Lambert
Who is beheaded in 1793 by the French revolutionists because she was deemed "an enemy of the revolution?"
Olympé de Gouges
Who was the brilliant French writer who wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Women"?
Olympé de Gouges
How and when did Robespierre die?
On July 28, 1794, Robespierre was beheaded by the guillotine
This publication written by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 helped explained his hypothesis on heliocentrism.
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
This book oversimplified the political structuring of England's constitutional monarchy
On the Spirit of Laws
What did the Congress of Vienna call for in 1814-1815?
Order and stability to Europe
I am the chancellor of Blood and Iron
Otto von Bismarck
What is the capital of France?
Paris
Who marched 11 miles from Paris to Versailles, armed with pitchforks and axes, and raided the palace of Versailles, killing guards and tearing up the couches?
Parisian women
Charles V signed this legal document, which allowed the German princes to choose which religion they want to worship in their territories.
Peace of Augsburg
The Thirty Years War ended with which treaty in 1648?
Peace of Westphalia
This treaty ended the 30 Years War and led to the creation of the modern state system in Europe
Peace of Westphalia
What document did King Charles I reluctantly sign in 1628 which was used to reduce the power of the king?
Petition of Rights
Who inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies?
Philip II
Who was the 16 year old grandson of Louis XIV and was promised the throne of Spain following the death of Charles II?
Philip of Anjou
Who was the Flemish painter in 1550 that captured scenes from everyday peasants life such as weddings?
Pieter Bruegal
What was the name of the Triple Entente's counterattack plan against the Schlieffen Plan?
Plan XVII
What is the capital of Montenegro?
Podgorica
Cardinal Richelieu publishes this work of literature to help explain to the people of France his "reason of state."
Political Testament
Who was responsible for apologizing on behalf of the church towards their mistreatment of Galileo in 1992?
Pope John Paul II
What is the capital of the Czech Republic?
Prague
Napoleon will sell the Louisiana Territory to who for $15 million in 1803?
President Thomas Jefferson
What is the capital of Kosovo?
Pristina
We want a democratic form of government
Radicals
This artist painted "the School of Athens", which included portraits of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Raphael
We are the Italian faction who want a monarchy
Red Shirts
This person believed that mathematics was the best approach to science and that everything should be doubted until proven with reason
Rene Descartes
What is the capital of Iceland?
Reykjavik
What is the capital of Latvia?
Riga
Who would be responsible for increasing mutton (sheep) production in the agricultural sector of the Industrial Revolution?
Robert Bakewell
I am a chemist who pioneered the use of the scientific method
Robert Boyle
I attempted to improve the working conditions for my employees, and I also built a housing community for low rent.
Robert Owen
This person used the Utopian ideology to build cheap housing in New Harmony, Indiana
Robert Owen
What is the capital of Italy?
Rome
In 1795, this faction decides to lay siege against the National Convention
Royalists
Who made up the Congress of Vienna?
Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France
This political party was famous for not wearing knee breeches?
Sans Culottes
This political party were seen as gangsters and intimidated other political groups
Sans Culottes
Which French political faction were considered Hoodlums because they wanted the riots to continue?
Sans Culottes
What is the capital of Bosnia Herzegovina?
Sarajevo
By 1860 Northern Italy is under the protection of
Sardinia
What is scholasticism?
Science in the Christian perspective, mainly seen in the middle ages. Scientific deduction was based on Aristotelian logic, the writings of the early Church Fathers, and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma.
What new machine did Jethro Tull invent in 1701?
Seed Drill
What is the capital of Macedonia?
Skopje
What is the capital of Bulgaria?
Sofia
After losing the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon will be exiled where for the remainder of his life under the supervision of the British navy?
St. Helena
How does Charlotte Corday kill Marat
Stabbing
After Queen Elizabeth dies, the royal family shifts from the Tudors to the
Stewards
What is the capital of Sweden?
Stockholm
What is a patron?
Supporter of the arts
By 1870, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquers the Kingdom of the two Sicilies (all of southern Italy) and does what?
Surrenders the kingdom of the two Sicilies to King Victor Emmanuel II because he's a nationalist and thus wants a unified Italy
Who did King Louis XVI employ to protect the palace of Versailles?
Swiss Roman guards( MERCENARIES)
What is the name for the "problem solving" branch of the English government in 1688 which would become the center of power and policy making?
The Cabinet
We are the secret underground society who wanted no monarchy and our goal was to unify Italy and to remove Austria from Italy.
The Carbonari
What was the name of Christine de Pizan's book that addressed the different treatment of boys and girls?
The City of Ladies
This stated that if a country or kingdom shows sign of a revolution, the 4 other kingdoms would immediately stop the revolution.
The Consort of Europe
What happens when the Crimean War starts?
The Consort of Europe is disbanded
This war was started because Russia was trying to take over the Ottoman Empire while the Ottoman Empire started to collapse by moving their army south into the region of Crimea
The Crimean War
Which French political party was made up of the people of the 2nd estate that returned to France in order to restore the monarchy after the Great Fear?
The Emigres
These French political parties was not part of the government
The Emigres and the Sans Culottes
Which French political parties created situations in order to try and influence government officials?
The Emigres and the Sans Culottes
In 1751, what project by Denis Dedirot did Marie-Therese Geoffrin fund?
The Encyclopedia
Who is the only house above Council of ancients and the Council of 500?
The Five Person Directory
In this war, Bismarck will force France to fight him, which results in the capture of 83,000 Frenchmen, Emperor Napoleon III himself, and the Palace of Versailles
The Franco-Prussian War
What were the results of the Battle of Trafalgar?
The French Navy was destroyed by Britain, thus resulting in a British victory and established a 100 year dominance of the British Navy. This dominance forces Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain
What causes a stalemate and discourages the Austrian forces from marching into Paris?
The French Royal family being kept hostage in a dungeon
What was agreed upon at the Concordat signed by Napoleon and Pope Pius VII?
The French government recognized the influence of the church but rejected church control in national affairs, thus establishing a complete separation of Church and State in France
What was the name for the event in 1688 that led William and Mary to dethrone James II without any bloodshed?
The Glorious Revolution
This Political Party that worked in the government and were considered Radical Revolutionaries because they wanted to remove the king and establish a republic
The Jacobins
Which political party sat on "the Mountain" in the assembly hall?
The Jacobins
Which political party wanted a republic which means that they didn't want a king anymore
The Jacobins
This famous land deal helped the US get on track to become a world power that could eventually rival Britain
The Louisiana Purchase
What was the name of the group which in 1811 attacked whole factories in Northern England?
The Luddites
Louis XVI eventually gives into the Third Estate and creates what?
The National Assembly
What passed laws and reforms for the French people?
The National Assembly
Who instituted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?
The National Assembly
To combat the combined forces of Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain, the National Guard does what?
The National Guard drafts 300,000 men and women between the ages of 18 - 40 into the National Guard
What was the name of the army that was led by Puritan general Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War?
The New Model Army
What were the September Massacres?
The Parisians raided the prisons and killed over 1000 prisoners who did not completely support the revolution, like Priests and the Emigres
This political party existed in the middle of the political spectrum because no one knew which political party to join
The Plane
This political party was targeted by both Jacobins and Girondins in order to get them to side with them.
The Plane
Before this person could put the crown on top of Napoleon's head in Notre Dame Cathedral, Napoleon grabs the crown out of his hand and puts the crown on his head himself., which symbolizes that Napoleon was now more powerful than the church.
The Pope
What led to the War of Austrian Succession?
The Prussian invasion of the Austrian Territory of Silesia in 1740
What do the Revolutionists do to the Bastille?
The Revolutionists tear the Bastille down brick by brick to symbolically get rid of the monarchy and other oppressors. The Revolutionists would then build a bridge out of the bricks of the Bastille so that everyone would be able to trample over the prison
Under Robespierre's Reforms, what was Notre Dame cathedral renamed to?
The Temple of Reason
Who held a significant amount of power and was responsible for toning down the radical mentality of the revolution?
The Thermidorians
Who was the main opposition to the Jacobins in July 1794?
The Thermidorians
What treaty ended the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714?
The Treaty of Utrecht
What happened to the Warden of Bastille?
The Warden of the Bastille was decapitated and had his head paraded around Paris.
What made people think that Louis XVI was going destroy the National Assembly?
The employment of the Swiss Guards (Mercenaries) at Versailles
What was "the Mountain"?
The part of the assembly hall that was raised higher than everyone else. This made the Jacobins look like they had more people than the other parties
What allowed Napoleon to return to France on March 5, 1815?
The unpopularity of Louis XVIII
The National deduced what in regards to the land of the church?
They deduced that to stimulate the economy, they would steal the Catholic Church's land which accounts for 10 percent of land.
How are the royal family caught escaping from France?
They didn't wear any disguises and Louis XVI was in his full king outfit
What is the Praise of Folly about?
This book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome lovers, and pompous priests
What was the Napoleonic Code?
This code gave France a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices. In reality, it actually limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights.
This person taught that people were generally selfish and needed order
Thomas Hobbes
Who wrote "Leviathan"?
Thomas Hobbes
I argue that the population increased faster than the food supply, so to fix this population boom, people need war and epidemics to regulate it
Thomas Malthus
What is the capital of Albania?
Tirana
What is the purpose of propaganda?
To influence public opinion
The Dutch will gain their independence from Spain and become the United Provinces of the Netherlands with this treaty
Treaty of Arras
This treaty ends The Franco-Prussian War, makes Kaiser Wilhelm I emperor of the second reich (German for kingdom or empire) of Germany, and will allow Germany to gain many French territories such as the French territory of Alsace and Lorraine
Treaty of Frankfurt
What was the name of the treaty that ended the Franco-Prussian War in 1871?
Treaty of Frankfurt
This treaty "bribed" Italy with land in Austria if they switched from the Triple Alliance to the Allies in WW1
Treaty of London
True or False: All houses in the Directory contain equal power but three votes will always outvote two votes
True
True or False: Angry French citizens overtook the Bastille from Louis XVI mercenary army
True
True or False: Because each estate is represented by one vote, the third estate has no power.
True
True or False: By the time Napoleon reaches Egypt, he was undefeated
True
True or False: France was losing against Austria and Paris was threatened with destruction if the revolutionaries harmed the royal family
True
True or False: Many Parisians (Sans Culottes) will enter the Tuileries palace and take the French royal family as hostage
True
True or False: Members of all three Estates were invited to the National Assembly
True
True or False: Since there were no tax records, some money was kept by the tax collectors for themselves
True
True or False: The King signed the constitution, which was a huge victory for the National Assembly.
True
True or False: The National Assembly decides the Church should be in control of the government.
True
True or False: The Third Estate gets outvoted in the Estates-General and is subsequently taxed more, even though they represent more people
True
True or False: The people that advocated for Revolution often found themselves executed.
True
True or False: The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power.
True
True or False: Warden of Bastille begged for death as he was being beat by the revolutionists.
True
I am the Danish Astronomer who studied the stars for over 30 years and discovered that planets moved. I taught Johannes Kepler before I died in 1601.
Tycho Brahe
I am the Danish astronomer that carefully recorded the movements of the planets for over twenty years and died in 1601.
Tycho Brahe
Napoleon died in 1821 from what?
Untreated cancer
What is the capital of Liechtenstein?
Vaduz
What is the name for the dot that is a key element in beginning a painting that uses perspective?
Vanishing point
Name two artists that took part in the Spanish renaissance
Vermeer and Rembrandt
As a boy, Leonardo's father took him to Florence where he studied under the artist
Verrocchio
Who was the king of Sardinia in 1852?
Victor Emmanuel II
What is the capital of Austria?
Vienna
What is the capital of Lithuania?
Vilnius
Who exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and inspired another Italian writer to publish "The Courtier?"
Vittoria Colonna
This French Philosopher promoted freedom of speech and wanted us to "Crush the evil thing!"
Voltaire
What was Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?
War Guilt Clause
What is the capital of Poland?
Warsaw
Who was the English playwright that had a deep understanding of human beings and wrote the play "Julius Caesar"?
William Shakespeare
I was the First Lord of the Admiralty when planning the Gallipoli Campaign
Winston Churchill
According to rumor, the Second Estate was doing what in order to make people stop supporting the National Assembly?
Withholding grain from the French peasants
The National Guard was made up of a bunch of
Women
What is the Decameron about?
Young Italian teens trying to avoid the plague by doing everything they're not supposed to
We are the Italian faction who wanted a democracy with no monarchy
Young Italy
What group did Giuseppe Mazzini lead?
Young Italy
What is the scientific method?
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. In short, it is the logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
What is the scorched earth policy?
a military strategy of burning or destroying buildings, crops, or other resources that might be of use to an invading enemy force. The Russians will take only the resources they need to sustain themselves and burn the rest, thus forcing the French army to rely on their own rations, which wouldn't last long.
What is habeas corpus?
a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention. This becomes the basis of the law "right to a fair trial."
After being coronated in all purple clothing, Napoleon makes France
an empire
How was the Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 26, 1789) hypocritical
because it failed to recognize and provide rights for women
This french word means "blow of state"
coup d'etat
Moving from general principles to more particular cases by steps of reason was known as
deductive approach
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon crowns himself as
emperor
The Jacobins expected the kings death to do what?
further the cause of the revolution
What are the factors of production?
land labor capital
What are the 83 Departments?
local governments that reported back to the National Assembly located throughout France .
The Industrial Revolution brought a social class of skilled workers called the
middle class
What artistic device helped bring a greater sense of realism and a 3D look to paintings?
perspective
Napoleon sets up this kind of government in Switzerland
puppet government
What is realpolitik?
realistic politics based on the needs of the state
What does Renaissance mean in French?
rebirth
The transportation revolution was most affected by the invention of the
steam engine
This war started because Philip II taxed the Dutch heavily, especially since a lot of them were Calvinists, which made the Dutch started to revolt
the 8 Years War.
What was the first book printed on the printing press in about 1455?
the Bible
What forced the clergy to take an oath to the revolution and made the Catholic Church lose its property and political independence?
the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
While in his 30s, Leonardo served as this person by designing military equipment like canal systems and new fortifications
the Duke of Milan
Charles I tried uniting the kingdoms of England and Scotland under one religion but instead it started this war
the English Civil War
Who will eventually defeat Napoleon?
the Fourth Coalition
