KHP 644 - Research Methods

What are some Nonprobability Sampling techniques?

-purposive sampling -convenience sampling

What are some Probability Sampling techniques?

-simple random sampling -stratified sampling -systematic sampling -cluster sampling

A study has a higher internal validity if...

...there are less chances for confounding

What are 3 types of research questions?

1) Descriptive 2) Relationship 3) Difference

What are the 3 principles of the Belmont Report?

1) Respect for Persons 2) Beneficence 3) Justice

What are the 3 elements of experimental research?

1. manipulation of the independent variable 2. control other relevant variables 3. observe the impact on the dependent variable

Delimitations

Boundaries made by the researcher for the study (ex: type/number of participants, measures to be collected, etc.)

External Validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other people

Regression

a measure of the relation between the mean value of one variable (e.g., output) and corresponding values of other variables (e.g., time and cost).

Descriptive Study

a study that is not truly experimental; can provide information about the naturally occurring health status, behavior, attitudes or other characteristics of a particular group.

Type 2 Sampling Error

accepting the null hypothesis when it is false

Simple Random Sampling (Random Selection)

all in the survey population have an equal chance or known probability of being selected bias-free

Standard Error

an estimate of the population standard deviation

One Sample t-test

compares the mean value to a known variable (usually a population mean)

Standard Deviation

indicates the amount that all the scores differ from the mean

Respect for Persons

individuals are autonomous agents capable of self-determination, and special protection to persons of diminished autonomy

It is desirable to carry out a pilot study prior to the actual research study because:

it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures

Beneficience

obligating researchers to protect persons from harm, and to maximize the possible benefits and minimize possible harms

Qualitative Research

primarily exploratory research used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations

Type 1 Sampling Error

rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true

Effect Size

represents the standardized difference between two means; allows comparison between studies using different dependent variables

Justice

requiring that the benefits and burden of the research be fairly distributed, thus impacting upon the selection of research subjects

Purposive Sampling

researcher is aware that certain traits exist in a certain segment of the population and selects participants based on that specific trait

Systematic Sampling

selecting participants from a sampling frame by taking every Nth person after a random start

Convenience Sampling

selecting participants on the basis of them being highly accessible and convenient

Cluster Sampling

selects participants from a sampling frame as groups instead of individuals

Internal Validity

the approximate truth about inferences regarding cause-effect or causal relationships; how well an experiment is done

Research

the gathering and interpreting of information to answer questions

Experimental Study

type of evaluation that seeks to determine whether a program or intervention had the intended causal effect on program participants

Independent t-test

used to study differences between two groups at a single point in time

Stratified Random Sampling

A method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller groups known as strata; the groups are formed based on members' shared attributes or characteristics

4. The generalizablity of the results pertains to what kind of validity? A. external B. internal C. construct D. logical E. criterion

A. external

3. The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity? A. criterion B. internal C. content D. external E. logical

B. internal

1. The only type of research that can manipulate treatments & establish cause/effect is: A. descriptive research B. analytical research C. correlational research D. experimental research E. causal-comparative research

D. experimental research

20. The capacity of individuals to control when and under what conditions others will have access to their behaviors, beliefs, and values is called: A. confidentiality B. solitude C. assurance D. regulatory capacity E. privacy

E. privacy

Dependent t-test

used to determine whether a variable changed significantly in one group at two different points in time (ex: pre/post testing)

Quantitative Research

used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics

ANOVA

used to study differences between two or more groups

t-test

used to study group differences when the dependent variable involves internal or ratio data (ex: scores on a test)