Kin 169 Midterm
World Health Organization (WHO) refers to stress as
"a global epidemic"
category of visualization is most often associated with athletic training? - stress mgmt. - ch 5 - 9
Behavior Change
3 Types of Stressors- ln 1
Bioecological, psychointrapersonal influences, social influences
What are some reasons for high-risk behaviors in specific marginalized groups or populations?
Health care access barriers (health insurance, regular source of health care)•Indicators of health care quality (blood pressure check, medication, cholesterol test)•Documented demographic characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, education, employment,cohabitation status, annual income)
Mental well-being components -Ch 3 4
gather, process, recall, communicate
Ethnicity
group who share common national, religious, linguistic heritage *beliefs
What are the risks to studying specific populations include - ln2
hard to recruit, skewed population, some not included in samples, control for variability
Stress aggravates several health conditions, particularly - LN 1B
heart disease
What are some issues with women's health - ln3a
heart disease, breast cancer, depression, eating disorders
PMR, the primary symptom of stress is, helps with what?
helps w. anxiety, relieve insomnia, reduce chronic , reduce muscle tension by tensing & relaxing muscles
Video Natural Killer
how stress can kill you, baboons, we created most of our stress; stress can create plaque on arteries -> stop blood flow
Sexual orientation
identity to gender to which they are attracted
The human body has an electromagnetic energy - ch 1 & 2 (p 28)
layers, harmonic vibrations such as emotional, mental and spiritual fields. First distortion outside physical body, then chakras (root base of spine, sacral sex organs, solar plexus upper stomach region, heart, throat, third eye, crown) and meridians (chinese, 12 rivers of chi or energy), within various cell tissue, Dysfunction, Dissonance, then harmony
tolerance to negative media? - Media (p 69)
leaves one with an underlying sense of inadequacy if not an inferiority complex, constantly inundate us with messages that strike at our insecurities
Video Toughguise
men and violence, media now depicts men as more violent in sport
stress men and women, traits
men- explosive behavior women - somatizer, does not express anger
What were the themes of the "Killing Us Softly" video?
models, women & media, looks at objectification of women, sexualized images of women are used to sell everything
What are chemicals that convey information from glands to other cells in the body? - ln1
neurotransmitters
What are some issues with men's health - ln 3b
not notice symptoms as quickly, less likely to see physician, risk of death from heart disease
What is emotion-focused - ln 10a, ln10b
passive, avoid facts to avoid distress, keep self busy to avoid issue.
What are the most common coping tools to deal with stress - ln 10
physical activity, communication: social support
endocrine system glands
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and hypothalamus
Patients have used both visualization and mental imagery for what? - stress mgmt. - - ch 5 - 9
promote physical healing, help decrease chronic pain
Sex
reliable biological distinction btw male/female
Accumulation of acute stressors? - Ln/ 1 - Ch 1.
those that pop up unexpectedly and disappears quickly
How to enhance visualization experience? - stress mgmt. - - ch 5 - 9
use past tense, five sense, positive thoughts and intentions, positive emotions, no expectations of outcome, attitude of grattitude
How many advertisements per day do current estimates suggest the average person is bombarded with?
3,000
stress? - ln 1/greenburg
A non-specific response to a demand placed on body. We attempt to adapt to stressors in stages. Finite reserve of coping energy
define health - Greenburg / ch 1.
A person's mental or physical condition. 5 dimensions include physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual
Cortisol - def - ch 1/ greenburg
A steroid hormone, commonly known as the stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands. It takes a little more time — minutes, rather than seconds — for you to feel the effects of cortisol in the face of stress because the release of this hormone takes a multi-step process involving two additional minor hormones. First, the part of the brain called the amygdala has to recognize a threat. It then sends a message to the part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH then tells the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which tells the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. It works in conjunction with adrenaline and noradrenaline to help regulate your reaction to stress. It also helps regulate your metabolism, sugar levels, and blood pressure. The primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain's use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.
What are the effects of the stress hormones? - ln1
Adrenaline increases your heart rate, elevates your blood pressure and boosts energy supplies. Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain's use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues. Epinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla, causes either smooth muscle relaxation in the airways or contraction of the smooth muscle in arterioles, which results in blood vessel constriction in the kidneys, decreasing or inhibiting blood flow to the nephrons. Norepinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla, is a stress hormone that increases blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose from energy stores; in the kidneys, it will cause constriction of the smooth muscles, resulting in decreased or inhibited flow to the nephrons. Together, epinephrine and norepinephrine cause constriction of the blood vessels associated with the kidneys to inhibit flow to the nephrons.
What do Stress hormones do? - ln1
Adrenaline, along with norepinephrine is largely responsible for the immediate reactions we feel when stressed. Commonly known as the fight or flight hormone, it is produced by the adrenal glands after receiving a message from the brain that a stressful situation has presented itself. Norepinephrine: A hormone similar to adrenaline, released from the adrenal glands and also from the brain. The primary role of, like adrenaline, is arousal. It also helps to shift blood flow away from areas where it might not be so crucial, like the skin, and toward more essential areas at the time, like the muscles, so you can flee the stressful scene. Cortisol: A steroid hormone, commonly known as the stress hormone, produced by the adrenal glands. It takes a little more time — minutes, rather than seconds — for you to feel the effects of cortisol in the face of stress because the release of this hormone takes a multi-step process involving two additional minor hormones. First, the part of the brain called the amygdala has to recognize a threat. It then sends a message to the part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH then tells the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which tells the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.
What are the three phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion. body's ability to adapt negatively to chronic stress. Alarm phase, where several body systems are activated, Resistance phase, body trying to revert back to homeostasis, and Exhaustion phase, one or more of the organs can no longer meet the demands placed upon it and fails to function properly
diaphragmatic breathing, where does it occur? - DB - - ch 5 - 9
Also called "belly breathing," it is the first step in any relaxation technique• Cannot do it and be stressed at same time!- Decreased muscle tension, decrease in HR and respiration, increased depth of breaths. Is one of the easiest and most effective method of relaxation- basically, controlled deep breathing. In the practice of yoga, this technique is called the pranayama. anywhere, anytime. Lower abdomen, during controlled inspiration. Phase I: inspiration (fill lungs from belly up!). Phase II: a very slight pause before exhaling. Phase III: exhalation. Phase IV: another slight pause after exhalation before the next inhalation is initiated.
These are two primary distress emotions - ch 3
Anger and fear should last long enough to get us out of danger, but lingering longer is emotions controlling us
leading cause of death in US? - LN 1
Cancer/heart disease
Stress type, commonly associated with illness and disease?
Chronic Stress
Who is Walter Cannon - ln 1
Contributed to the notion of the fight-or-flight response in 1914
What are chemicals that interfere with the brain's ability to sense pain? - ln1
Dopamine. Endorphins are part of your chemical messenger system (CMS) and they represent a form of internally created morphine-like pain relievers. They block pain by binding to opioid (morphine) receptor sites in the brain and body, where they turn off the pain signal.
What are the dimensions of wellness - ln2
ESSPIO - emotional, social, spiritual, physical, intellectual, occupational
What is Nuestress, eustress, and distress - ln1
Eustress is good stress (eg. falling in love), Neustress is neutral stress (eg. earthquake in a remote corner of the world), and Distress is bad stress (eg. death of a close friend).
The body is more susceptible to infections , stage of the general adaptation syndrome
Exhaustion. This stage is the result of prolonged or chronic stress. Struggling with stress for long periods can drain your physical, emotional, and mental resources to the point where your body no longer has strength to fight stress. You may give up or feel your situation is hopeless. The physical effects of this stage also weaken your immune system and put you at risk for stress-related illnesses.
What is internal and external locus of control? - ln1
External: perceptions that one has little control over these events Internal: perceptions that one has control over life events
Religions are based on - ch 3
Faith/beliefs
What is the basic fuel that our brain and body needs is known as
Glucose
which of the characteristics is not typically experienced in the fight-or-flight response?
Increased gastric movement
What is the fight-or-flight response? - ln1
Introduced by Walter Cannon in 1914 A survival instinct to fight or run Meant for physical stressors (e.g., running from a burning building) It appears not to be meant for non-physical stressors such as never-ending traffic, unruly mother-in-laws or the roommate from hell. Arousal also happens for nonphysical stressors (mental, emotional, and spiritual). No matter if the threat is real (car accident) or perceived (a noise at night), the stress response occurs. The stress response occurs in proportion to the perceived danger. Stages of the Stress Response Stage 1: Stimuli received by brain through one or more of five senses. Stage 2: Brain deciphers stimuli (either a threat or as a non-threat). Stage 3: Body stays aroused until threat is over. Stage 4: Body returns to homeostasis once the threat is gone. Symptoms include: Increased heart rate, blood rate, ventilation, Vasodilatation of arteries to body's periphery (arm and legs), Increased serum glucose levels, free fatty acid mobilization, blood coagulation and clotting, muscular strength, Decreased gastric movement, Increased perspiration to cool body core temperature
What do the adrenal glands do? - ln1
Located at the top of each kidney, the adrenal glands produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure. Two of the most important adrenal hormones are cortisol and aldosterone. Aldosterone helps control your blood pressure by managing the balance of potassium and sodium in your body.
The holistic wellness paradigm - four components - LN2
PIES - Harmony of physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual. The integration, balance, integration, and harmony of physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual and emotions for optimal well-being, where the whole is considered greater than the sum of the parts. Spiritual well-being, Mental (intellectual) well-being, Emotional well-being, Physical well-being. Physical well-being, the ability of all the body's physiological systems to function optimally. Mental well-being, ability to gather, process, recall, and communicate information. Emotional well-being, ability to recognize, feel, and control the entire range of human emotions. Spiritual well-being, the evolution of higher consciousness through relationships, values, and purpose in life
What are some issues with people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and research (ln2)
People from lower SEC may not read the recruitment announcements or cannot take time away from work. Childcare is often needed to allow people to participate in studies BUT childcare is expensive - who pays?
What is pranayama? - DB - - ch 5 - 9
Prana means life force or breath sustaining the body; Ayama translates as "to extend or draw out." Together two mean breath extension or control.
What is PMR? - PMr - ch 5 - 9
Progressive Muscular Relaxation. primary symptom of stress. Helps with anxiety, relieve insomnia, reduce chronic. Reduce muscle tension by tensing & relaxing muscles
physical adaptations in dangerous situations - ln 1/greenburg
fight-or-flight response for greater speed and strength
Who is hans seyle - ln1
Proposed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and a student of Walter Cannon, then follows-up with research on rats. Around 1960 he proposed that stress is part of the human condition. Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed upon it to adapt, whether that demand produces pleasure or pain. Stress reactivity: Basically the fight or flight response. "How does "self" respond to stress?" The likelihood of ill effects developing from built-up stress products is dependent on two factors. Duration - the amount of time our body's physiology varies from the baseline, and Degree- the amount of physiological variance from the body's baseline. Of the two, duration is the most important. 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Alarm: similar to notion of fight or flight Resistance: organism begins to mobilize resources Exhaustion: Resistance is futile! organ failure (e.g.Survivor Man)
Are there correlations exist between sociocultural stressors and stress reactivity.
Race is largely social not biological category. Assignment to different racial groups has often been linked to sociocultural context and power
Define basics of The autogenic technique - stress mgmt
Relaxation technique that uses exercises to bring about the sensations of heaviness and warmth in the limbs. Uses relaxing images to expand physical relaxation to the mind. Heaviness in the arms and legs. Warmth in the arms and legs. Heartbeat. Respiration (deep and slow). Warmth in the solar plexus and abdomen. Coolness in the forehead. May be seated or lying down. Visualize images of relaxing scenes (progression from simple to complex).
the four components of human spirituality? - Ch. 3
SPEM - spiritual, physical, emotional, mental
Richard Lazarus says that "daily hassles" cause stress. - Ln 1/ ch. 1
Stress is a state of anxiety produced when events and responsibilities exceed one's coping abilities.. Event or environmental stimulus that causes one to feel tense or aroused. E.g. Lock keys in car, driving in traffic, death of spouse. Daily interactions w. the environment that were essentially negative
What are the major negative health implications of stress over the lifespan - ln1b
The Borysenko Model: When the autonomic nervous system releases an abundance of stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, & cortisols) several physiological repercussions can result, among them, migraines, ulcers, and hypertension. The Pert Model: Neuropeptides (messenger hormones) fit into receptor sites of lymphocytes, and can alter their function(e.g beta-endorphins). Various cell tissues comprising the immune system can synthesize neuropeptides to alter immune function. The Gerber Model: The mind consists of energy (bioplamsa) surrounding and permeating the body. Influences all sorts of reactions & functions. So, disease is a disturbance in the human energy field, which cascades through the level of the subtle energy to the body via chakras and meridians. Chakras: "doors of energy" that are located vertically down front of body (Crown, 3rd eye, Throat, Heart, Solar Plexus, Sacral and Base). The Pelletier Pre-Model: believed that a number of issues must be addressed and understood before a stress-disease model can be developed. These issues include disease states in people with multiple personality disorder, spontaneous remissions, hypnosis, placebos, subtle energy, and immunoenhancement.
difference between mental imagery and guided visualization - stress mgmgt - ch 5 - 9
The imagery involves unconscious thoughts that become conscious in the effort to heal or make whole. E.g. daydreaming. The other is when images are suggested by another person (guide), a conscious thought process directed toward self-improvement
What is general adaptation syndrome? - ln1
The predictable way the body responds to stress as described by Hans Selye (1907-1982). 3 stages: Alarm: similar to notion of fight or flight. Resistance: organism begins to mobilize resources. Exhaustion: Resistance is futile!Þ organ failure (e.g.Survivor Man)
What is psychoneuroimmunology? - ln 1a, ln1b
The study of the intricate interaction between consciousness (psycho), brain and CNS (neuro), and the body's defense against external infection and internal aberrant cell division (immunology)
Types of images for mental imagery tend to fall into which three categories? - stress mgmt - ch 5 - 9
Tranquil natural scenes. Behavioral changes, or images that allow one to see and feel oneself performing a different, behavior. Being assertive, systematic desensitization, sport uses, sexual performance. Internal body images trips inside the body to observe damaged or diseased tissue being healed or repaired.
Who first identified the fight-or-flight response?
Walter Cannon
What are the main hormones is released in response to stressful situations? - ln1
When the autonomic nervous system releases an abundance of stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, & cortisols)
What is the best way to express US culture - ln2.
While there are many different cultural, racial and ethnic groups in the US, it is not a melting pot! More like a salad-bowl with many different, yet in tact, ingredients. Perhaps a Mosaic.
Why have some groups experienced stress related to the medical profession
Willingness to confront illness, including gender roles, Fear and distrust of doctors (gays and lesbians stigmatized, older people babied, language barriers treated as lack of intelligence), Insurance (Mexican-Americans and Latinos in general are far less likely to be insured), Socioeconomic issues (travel, time off work), Racism (built into the system)
"Tend and befriend," as proposed by Shelley Taylor, speaks best to the coping technique used by: - Ln 1, ln 1b
Women have a second stress response: Connectedness (an effective coping skill). Taylor believes it is hardwired into women's DNA, and revealed through hormones. It has also been referred to as "nest and nurture". Women still will fight or flee, if need be
What is self-esteem ln1a
a concept that refers to a person's overall evaluation of himself. It is an appraisal of one's own worth.
problem-focused
active, takes control to dvlp strategies to avoid the source of stress
Most common stressors type (p 7)
acute stress (short-lived), episodic acute (suffer acute stress frequently), chronic (long-term)
attributes of the human species is
adaptation
self-efficay
an assessment of an individual about his ability to perform a task or face a situation. It is a strong belief in your own ability to do succeed against all odds
What are Heterosexual social normatives - ln3a
attraction to the opposite gender, sexual connection, gay men and straight women = friends, gay men friends = gay too
What is gender logic - ln3a
binary class system, unequal in power
nervous system-related disorder? - ln 1b, ch 1, greenburg
bronchial asthma, tension headaches, migraine headaches, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcers and colitis, coronary heart disease
Positive psychophysiological benefits of diaphragmatic breathing - DB - ch 5 - 9
decrease heart rate & muscle tension, resting blood pressure, increased depth of breaths
Gender
differential behavioral learned pattern
What is the The biomedical model of health care - ln2
diseases were traced to immune deficiencies or hereditary causes or outbreaks, and diagnoses were also directly related to physical symptoms. The biomedical model cannot account for numerous aspects of modern illness and general health problems, many of which are now chronic and related to lifestyle.
Know 6 diminesions of health - ln 1 and 2
environmental, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, physical
three types of stress?
eustress, neustress, distress
Stress hormones, physio changes? - ln 1/greenburg
examples include: elevated blood pressure, increased muscular contractions, serum cholesterol and secretions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
stressor , bioecological influence? (p 8)
external influences, including sunlight, gravitational pull, solar flares, electromagnetic fields that effect rhythms. circadian rhythms (course of 24 hr, flucuations eg temp), ultraradian (less than 24 hr eg stomach contractions/cell divisons), infradian (longer than 24 hr eg menses). Natural phenomena. Eg Seasonal Affective Disorder.
bodily functions decreases during the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome? - ln 1/ greenburg
resistance is diminished; An increase of blood sugar for energy, An increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate so you get lots of oxygen and blood delivered to your important organs and muscles, A concurrent decrease in blood flow to the skin and digestive organs because they're irrelevant in a fight or flight response
effect of the stress hormones - ln 1/ greenburg
several physiological repercussions can result, among them, migraines, ulcers, and hypertension.
What is homeostasis? - ln1A
state of equilibrium or balance that organisms constantly seek to maintain and establish
Sequence of the fight-or-flight response?
sympathetic nervous system. Stage 1: Stimuli received by brain through one or more of five senses. Stage 2: Brain deciphers stimuli (either a threat or as a non-threat) Stage 3: Body stays aroused until threat is over. Stage 4: Body returns to homeostasis once the threat is gone.
cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine come from where? - ln 1/greenburg
the autonomic nervous system
e.g of "healthy emotion?" - ch 3
the expression of all emotions , such as joy, bliss, euphoria and love
The release of feelings - ch 2 & 3
the expression of each emotion also allows release, known as catharsis. anger = energizing fear = energy depleting joy & happiness = good stress