KIN 224 Exam 2

Match the vessel with its associated chamber. 1. Inferior and superior vena cava: 2. Pulmonary trunk: 3. Pulmonary veins: 4. Aorta Left atrium:

1. Inferior and superior vena cava: Right atrium 2. Pulmonary trunk: Right ventricle 3. Pulmonary veins: Left atrium 4. Aorta Left atrium: Left ventricle

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? A. 92% B. 25% C. 1% D. 46% E. 98%

A. 92%

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur? A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases. B. Blood flow to skin decreases, and flow to the kidneys increases. C. Blood flow to skin, heart, and kidneys decreases. D. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to skin and brain decreases.

A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.

What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called? A. Intercalated discs B. T-tubules C. Cardiac discs D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum E. Z discs

A. Intercalated discs

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A. Systemic circuit B. Pulmonary circuit C. Visceral circuit D. Coronary circuit

A. Systemic circuit

Which are found in the capillary wall?a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane A. a, d, f B. b, d, e, f C. a, b, d, e, f D. a, c, d, e, f E. a, b, d, f

A. a, d, f

Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on A. aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin. B. aerobic metabolism using glycolysis of glycogen to meet most ATP demands. C. anaerobic metabolism using myoglobin, creatin kinase, and ketone bodies. D. anaerobic metabolism using glycolytic enzymes to quickly generate ATP.

A. aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin.

The _____ in the pulmonary circuit carry deoxygenated blood. A. arteries B. veins

A. arteries

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group A. b, e B. a, c C. a, d, e D. b, c, e E. a, e

A. b, e

The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the A. brachiocephalic artery. B. right common iliac artery. C. right brachial artery. D. right coronary artery. E. superior vena cava.

A. brachiocephalic artery.

Valves in veins A. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. B. are the leading cause of high blood pressure. C. are formed of the tunica media. D. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. E. are found only in the largest veins.

A. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is A. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions. B. rapidly advanced due to the cells being large and well connected by gap junctions. C. delayed due to the cells being large and having many leakage channels. D. rapidly advanced due to the cells being small and well insulated by myelin.

A. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions.

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma A. electrolytes. B. nutrients. C. proteins. D. solvents. E. formed elements.

A. electrolytes

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the A. external iliac arteries. B. common carotids. C. subclavian arteries D. internal iliac arteries. E. vertebral arteries.

A. external iliac arteries.

The popliteal artery supplies the A. knee joint. B. elbow joint. C. palmar region. D. hip joint.

A. knee joint.

The fossa ovalis appears just above the opening of the coronary sinus within the A. right atrium. B. right ventricle. C. left ventricle. D. left atrium.

A. right atrium.

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic

A. sympathetic

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. A. tunica media B. tunica externa C. tunica intima D. tunica interna E. None of the answers is correct.

A. tunica media

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped A.by a single ventricle in one minute. B. by a single ventricle in one hour. C. by both ventricles in one minute. D. by both ventricles in one hour. E. by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat.

A.by a single ventricle in one minute.

During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. Highly variable, depending on the heart beat rate E. None of the choices is correct.

B. 2

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? A. 6 B. 4 C. 8 D. 2 E. 1

B. 4

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? A. Left atrioventricular valve B. Aortic semilunar valve C. Right atrioventricular valve D. Pulmonary semilunar valve E. None of the choices is correct.

B. Aortic semilunar valve

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava? A. Hepatic portal vein B. Hepatic veins C. Splenic vein D. Inferior mesenteric vein E. Superior mesenteric vein

B. Hepatic veins

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? A. Regulation B. Protection C. Prevention D. Transportation

B. Protection

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? A. Visceral circuit B. Pulmonary circuit C. Coronary circuit D. Systemic circuit

B. Pulmonary circuit

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)? A. The extrinsic pathway B. The intrinsic pathway

B. The intrinsic pathway

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes A. b, c, d B. a, b, e C. a, b, c D. b, c, e E. c

B. a, b, e

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be A. below normal. B. above normal.

B. above normal.

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the A. endocrine hormones. B. albumins. C. prothrombins. D. globulins. E. fibrinogens.

B. albumins.

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will A. increase. B. decrease.

B. decrease.

Vagal tone refers to the A. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation. B. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation. C. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation. D. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

B. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

Blood flow is A. inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance. B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance. C. inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. D. directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance.

B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the A. back wall of the left ventricle. B. floor of the right atrium. C. roof of the left ventricle. D. back wall of the right ventricle. E. floor of the left atrium.

B. floor of the right atrium.

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires, A. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both increase. B. intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases. C. intra-abdominal pressure decreases and intrathoracic pressure increases. D. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both decrease.

B. intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries, A. the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary. B. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed. C. more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered.

B. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the A. endocardium. B. myocardium. C. pericardium. D. pectinate muscle. E. pericardial cavity.

B. myocardium.

During ventricular contraction A. only the AV valves open. B. the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close. C. the semilunar valves close and the AV valves open. D. only the AV valves close. E. only the semilunar valves close.

B. the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close.

Blood is correctly classified as a(n) A. organ system. B. tissue. C. organ. D. intracellular fluid.

B. tissue.

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers. A. 1 B. 10 C. 100 D. 1000

C. 100

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume? A. Venous return B. Afterload C. Chronotropic agents D. Inotropic agents

C. Chronotropic agents

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is A. M-CSF. B. G-CSF. C. Multi-CSF. D. EPO. E. GM-CSF.

C. Multi-CSF.

Renin converts A. angiotensin II to angiotensin I. B. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen. C. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. D. antiotensin I to antiotensin II. E. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin.

C. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

According to the Frank-Starling law A. the faster the heart rate, the larger the stroke volume. B. the more calcium available to the heart cell, the more forcefully it will contract. C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful. D. the greater the resistance from the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.

C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

The first phase of hemostasis involves A. blood vessel dilation. B. relese of procoagulants. C. blood vessel constriction. D. fibrinolysis.

C. blood vessel constriction.

For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential, A. sodium and chloride channels open. B. calcium channels open and sodium channels close. C. calcium channels close and potassium channels open. D. calcium and potassium channels close. E. sodium and potassium channels open.

C. calcium channels close and potassium channels open.

Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels. A. cm/second; directly B. liter/min; directly C. cm/second; inversely D. liter/min; inversely

C. cm/second; inversely

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the A. brachiocephalic artery. B. subclavian arteries. C. common iliac arteries. D. common carotid arteries. E. None of these answers is correct.

C. common iliac arteries.

The main function of leukocytes is to A. form clots. B. carry carbon dioxide through the blood. C. defend against pathogens. D. carry oxygen through the blood. E. trigger allergies

C. defend against pathogens.

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol A. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. B. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin. C. degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. D. degranulates as they release chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin.

C. degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood. A. oxygenated B. lymph but not C. deoxygenated

C. deoxygenated

The most numerous of the formed elements are the A. basophils. B. albumins. C. erythrocytes. D. neutrophils. E. platelets.

C. erythrocytes.

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries A. get larger. B. show no change in their lumen size. C. get smaller.

C. get smaller.

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to A. defibrillation of cardic muscle cell contraction. B. increases in capillary exchange. C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues. D. increases in perfusion.

C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues.

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to A. increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood. B. decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. C. increase the viscosity of the blood. D. decrease the blood pressure in the arteries. E. increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

C. increase the viscosity of the blood.

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________. A. smallest, prominent nuclei B. largest, no nucleus C. largest, prominent nuclei D. smallest, no nucleus

C. largest, prominent nuclei

The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies). A. two; three B. two; two C. one; two D. two; one E. one; one

C. one; two

The base of the heart faces in the _____________ directions. A. anterior and inferior B. anterior and superior C. posterior and superior D. posterior and inferior E. None of these choices is correct.

C. posterior and superior

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is A. rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremeties. B. slow, due to small total cross-sectional area, low friction and high pressure. C. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues. D. rapid, due to their small total cross sectional area.

C. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it A. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it has so few mitochondria. B. extremely susceptible to heart attack, because it uses such a variety of fuel sources. C. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism. D. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it has a great capacity to accrue oxygen debt. E. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it uses exclusively anaerobic metabolism.

C. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.

Blood pressure is lowest in A. venules. B. arterioles. C. veins. D. arteries. E. capillaries.

C. veins.

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days. A. 60 B. 10 C. 360 D. 120 E. 30

D. 120

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins. A. 85 B. 4 C. 58 D. 37 E. 1

D. 37

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin? A. 6 B. 16 C. 8 D. 4 E. 2

D. 4

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be A. 100 mmHg. B. 125 mmHg. C. 40 mmHg. D. 50 mmHg. E. 5/3.

D. 50 mmHg.

An individual's hematocrit would vary with A. sex. B. age. C. altitude. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct.

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes? A. Lymphocytes B. Monocytes C. Eosinophils D. Neutrophils E. Basophils

D. Neutrophils

Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart. A. a, c, d, e B. d, e C. b, c, d, e D. a, d, e E. a, b, c, d, e

D. a, d, e

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent because it causes A. more forceful contractions during each heart rate. B. heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials. C. thyroid hormone to have a steadying effect on heart activity. D. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells. E. less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack.

D. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells.

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to A. oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. B. only oxygen. C. only nitrogen. D. both oxygen and carbon dioxide. E. only carbon dioxide.

D. both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains A. calcium pumps that move calcium into the cell. B. no calcium pumps. C. calcium pumps that open and allow calcium to diffuse down its concentration gradient to reach equilibrium. D. calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell.

D. calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell.

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be A. increased in number and more efficient. B. increased in number but more efficient. C. decreased in number but more efficient. D. decreased in number and less efficient.

D. decreased in number and less efficient.

Blood flow is A. inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance. B. directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. C. inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance. D. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

D. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

the membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains A. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels. B. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels. C. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels. D. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

D. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

In young children, hematopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in A. the liver and spleen. B. short bones of the appendicular skeleton. C. long bones of the hands and feet. D. flat bones of the axial skeleton.

D. flat bones of the axial skeleton.

A portal system A. is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal)vein. B. includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis. C. is one in which multiple arteries converge on one organ or body region. D. is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart. E. is a simple circulatory system with an areriovenous anastomosis.

D. is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _____ artery. A. jugular B. internal carotid C. occipital D. maxillary E. lingual

D. maxillary

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) A. lymphocyte.Incorrect B. eosinophil. C. basophil. D. monocyte. E. neutrophil.

D. monocyte.

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be A. angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. B. changes in the diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression. C. angiogenesis in adipose tissue and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle. D. regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. E. regression of blood vessels in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

D. regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate A. vasoconstriction so that they function as blood reservoirs. B. vasoconstriction so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system. C. vasodilation so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system. D. vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

D. vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

The pericardial cavity is between the A. heart muscle and serous pericardium. B. fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium. C. parietal and myocardial layers of the fibrous pericardium. D. visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium.

D. visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium.

Congenital hemolytic anemia is A. when there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake. B. characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow C. caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B12. D. when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal. E. characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells.

D. when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal.

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via A. CN XII. B. CN VIII. C. CN IV. D. CN VI. E. CN X.

E. CN X.

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent? A. Depolarization of the atria B. Depolarization of the left ventricle C. Depolarization of the right ventricle D. Closure of the AV valves E. Repolarization of the ventricles

E. Repolarization of the ventricles

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage? A. Axillary artery - brachial artery - subclavian artery - ulnar artery B. Brachial artery - subclavian artery - axillary artery - radial artery C. Subclavian artery - brachial artery - axillary artery - radial artery D. Axillary artery - subclavian artery - radial artery - ulnar artery E. Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

E. Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow? A. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute. B. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body. C. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters. D. Changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body. E. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.

E. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.

The tetralogy of Fallot is A. an exceptionally fast heart rate. B. an inadequate cardiac output due to poorly contracting heart chambers. C. occlusion of the left coronary artery. D. a condition in which the left and right sides of the heart are completely reversed. E. a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

E. a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B A. a, c, d, f B. a, d, f C. b, c, d, f D. a, c, f E. b, c, f

E. b, c, f

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ . A. basic, glucose B. acidic, glucose C. acidic, glycogen D. acidic, proteins E. basic, proteins

E. basic, proteins

The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____ artery. A. external carotid B. superficial temporal C. maxillary D. internal carotid E. basilar

E. basilar

The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is an opening in the A. tetralogy of Fallot. B. fossa ovalis. C. interventricular septum. D. aorticopulmonary septum. E. interatrial septum.

E. interatrial septum.

Pectinate muscles are found on the A. posterior walls of the right and left ventricles. B. posterior wall of the right ventricle. C. external wall of the right atrium. D. anterior wall of the right ventricle. E. internal walls of the right and left atria.

E. internal walls of the right and left atria.

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the A. spleen and lung. B. spleen. C. liver. D. lung. E. liver and spleen.

E. liver and spleen.

The heart valves A. are only used in the fetal heart. B. stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart. C. direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle. D. separate the right and left sides of the heart. E. permit the passage of blood in one direction.

E. permit the passage of blood in one direction.