Kin 306 Ch. 3 MotivationWhat Is Motivation?

Implication for Professional Practice

1) .Recognize the interaction of personal and situational factors influencing achievement behavior. -Stage of achievement behavior -Goal orientation -Attributions -Situations approached or avoided 2.)Emphasize mastery (task) goals and downplay outcome goals. Create a mastery motivational climate. 3.)Focus on approach goals. 4.)Monitor and alter attributional feedback. 5.) Monitor and correct inappropriate attributions. 6.)Determine when competitive goals are appropriate. 7.)Enhance feelings of competence and control.

Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness

Achievement motivation: A person's orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments (Gill, 2000) Competitiveness: A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others (Martens, 1976)

Keys to Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness

Achievement motivation: Self-comparison of achievement Competitiveness: Social evaluation or comparison

Attribution Theory

Attributions: How people explain their successes and failures Examples include the following: Stability Locus of causality Locus of control

Stages of Developing Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness

Autonomous competence stage Social comparison stage Integrated (self- and social-comparison) stage

Keys of Achievement Goal Theory

Focus extra attention on task-oriented goals. Foster mastery or task motivational climates. Encourage approach goals.

Five Guidelines for Building Motivation: Guidelines 1 and 2

Guideline 1: Both situations and traits motivate people. Guideline 2: People have multiple motives for involvement. Understand why people participate in physical activity.

Guideline 3

Guideline 3: Change the environment to enhance motivation. Provide both competitive and recreational opportunities. Provide for multiple motives and opportunities. Adjust to individuals within groups.

Guidelines 4 and 5

Guideline 4: Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly. Guideline 5: Use behavior modification to change undesirable participant motives.

What Achievement Motivation Says About High Achievers

High motivational orientation to achieve success Low motivation orientation to avoid failure Focus on the pride of success Ascribe success to stable and internal factors within their control Ascribe failure to unstable and external factors outside their control Usually adopts incremental or task goals Typically adopts approach goals

Major Motives for Sport Participants

Improving skills Having fun Being with friends Experiencing thrills and excitement Achieving success Developing fitness

What Achievement Motivation Says About Low Achievers

Low motivational orientation to achieve success High motivational orientation to avoid failure Focus on shame and worry that may result from failure Ascribe success to unstable and external factors outside their control Ascribe failure to stable and internal factors within their control Usually adopt outcome or entity goals Typically adopts avoidance goals

Developing a Realistic View of Motivation

Motivation is a key variable in both learning and performance contexts. Physical and psychological factors beyond motivation influence behavior and must be considered. Some motivational factors are more easily influenced than others.

What Is Motivation?

Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort. Direction of effort refers to whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to situations. Intensity of effort refers to how much effort an individual puts forth in a situation. Direction and intensity of effort are closely related.

Views of Motivation

Participant- or trait-centered view: Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics. Situation-centered view: Motivation level is determined primarily by situation. Interactional view: Motivated behavior results from the interaction of participant factors and situational factors.

Keys of Competence Motivation Theory

People are motivated to feel worthy or competent. Feelings of competence and worth, as well as perceptions of control, determine motives.

Theories of Achievement Motivation

Need achievement theory Attribution theory Achievement goal theory Competence motivation theory

How to Identify Participant Motives

Observe participants. Talk informally to others. Ask participants directly.

Achievement Goal Theory

Outcome goal orientation (or competitive goal orientation): Comparing performance with and defeating others Task (mastery) goal orientation: Improving relative to one's own past performances Social goal orientation: Judging competence in terms of affiliation with the group and recognition of being liked by others Entity view: Adopting an outcome goal focus where one sees his or her ability as fixed and unable to be changed through effort Incremental focus: Adopting a task goal perspective and believing that one can change his or her ability through hard work and effort Approach goal orientation: Focusing on achieving competence Avoidance goal orientation: Focusing on avoiding incompetence

Motives for Involvement

People participate for more than one reason. People may have competing motives for involvement. People have both shared and unique motives. Motives change over time. Motives differ across cultures.

What Achievement Motivation Says About High Achievers (continued)

Perceived competence and control: Have high perceived competence and feel that achievement is within their control Task choice: Seek out challenges, able competitors, and demanding tasks Performance: Perform well in evaluative conditions

What Achievement Motivation Says About Low Achievers (continued)

Perceived competence and control: Have low perceived competence and feel that achievement is outside their control Task choice: Avoid challenges, seek out very difficult or very easy tasks or competitors Performance: Perform poorly in evaluative conditions

Keys to Developing Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness

Recognize stage of achievement motivation. Ultimate goal is the integrated stage. Motivational climate influences achievement motivation.