KIN 306 Study Guide

Rule Breaking

-Modifying equipment -Intentional fouls -Faking injuries -Illegal violence **Anything against rules/norms of the sport

Athlete Leadership Preferences

1) Serious athletes want to be coached (constructive criticism) 2) Positive feedback w/ lots of technical instruction 3) Gender: Males prefer autocratic coaches, Females prefer democratic coaches

Athletes' response to messages

1) Take things personally vs. Constructive Criticism 2) Selective hearing 3) Make wrong connection 4) Choose non-verbal vs. verbal statement

Motivational Feedback

1) Verbal words of encouragement 2) Non-verbal Signs (high fives, pat on the back)

Deviance motivations

1) over-conformity to established norms 2) desire to win 3) establish dominance or masculinity 4) Need to be different + get a reaction 5) Think can get away with it 6) Part of the athletes' personality

Does cohesion help a team win or succeed?

1) task cohesion helps increased performance 2) social cohesion mixed Conclusion: a task cohesive team may beat teams with superior talent that lack chemistry

The ____________ explains why unskilled people think they are better then they are and skilled people are not as confident in their abilities as they should be.

Dunning-Kruger Effect

The term having been created by Bandura, ___________ refers to a player's belief regarding their ability to execute a specific skill or task, such as being a three-point shooter in basketball.

Efficacy

Taking a deep breath before a big moment would be which form of coping strategy? (Hint: the situation can't be changed)

Emotion-Focused Coping

Within a pre-game routine, 3 areas need to be satisfied to completely prepare an athlete for competition. What are those 3?

Emotional preparation Physical preparation Mental preparation

Carron's Big 4

Environmental factors Personal factors Leadership factors Team factors

Follower Qualities

Experience, Gender, Ability, Age, Maturity, Nationality, Personality

Robert Nideffer created the 4-quadrant approach to attentional focus. According to this theory, a Focal Point is an example of which dimension being utilized?

External

During the documentary, Magic Johnson and Larry Bird both admit they used one another as motivation in their own careers. This is an example of __________ motivation.

Extrinsic

(T/F) According to Daniel Coleman, emotional distractions come from the circumstances and things happening around you, while sensory distractions involve your own inner dialogue that is often related to things going on in your life.

False

(T/F) Based upon the study on swimmers by Sorrentino and Sheppard, it was shown that athletes' motivations play a large role in success. Of the athletes that are motivated to not let others down and will make better teammates, they utilize rejection orientations for performance.

False

(T/F) Penalty kicks, free throws, and tennis serves are all examples of open-skilled tasks, which are more difficult mentally.

False

(T/F) Professional athletes state that success at the professional level requires 60% mental and 40% physical.

False

(T/F) Research says that there is a distinct home-field advantage in the playoffs but that the regular season does not show any type of advantage overall.

False

(T/F) When going to sleep at night, the best temperature to help your body with the sleep process is 72 degrees.

False

(T/F) When practicing imagery, using a 1stperson perspective will give you the best chance of success.

False

A good test of whether an athlete can handle pressure well is if they are able to fire ______ - twitch muscles in pressure-moments.

Fast

Dr. Frank Jobe

First 'Tommy John' Surgery 1974 - pitching 2500 innings after • Replace elbow ligament with another stronger ligament • 1974: 1% recovery rate • Now: 85-92% recovery rate Many players come back stronger/throwing harder

______________ is the self-talk strategy in which you give yourself specific words or concepts to focus upon right before performance.

Focus Cues

This theory relates to how high achievers (want challenges, play to win) and low achievers think (dislike challenges, play not to lose):

Need Achievement Theory

Which sleep genetic chronotype makes up approximately 30% of the population, often causing them to go to bed late and having others often see them as "lazy".

Night Owls

When Kobe Bryant wanted to create a brand new type of basketball shoe, he went to great lengths to make it perfect due to this own perfectionism. Which company did he work with and force to make this revolutionary basketball/soccer shoe?

Nike

Who conducted the first sport psychology study that proved performance is impacted by the presence of others? In order to do so, he tested the times of how quickly fish were reeled in by children alone vs. in the presence of other children.

Norman Triplett

The basic structure for someone's personality involves 3 core foundations. What are the basic foundations and value systems of the athlete?

Typical Responses Psychological Core Role-related Behavior

Janine Shepherd

US Olympic Skier

Poor Communication

Unclear message Interrupting Poor body language Fast speech rate Miscommunication

Conformity

accepts conventional goals of society and the conventional means to obtain them

Innovator

accepts goals, but rejects socially approved means and opts for deviance to attain the goals

Ritualist

continue to go through motions of competing yet abandon goal winning -> competition too difficult or just want to be on team

Addiction

continued involvement with substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences -> abuses reward pathway in brain

Drugs in Sport Decision Model (DSDM)

cost-benefit analysis of consequences

Social Cohesion

degree which athletes get along socially - team interactions/communication/relationships - Do athletes have to be friends to win?

Task Cohesion

degree which athletes work together to achieve common goals and objectives - work well together on field - good practices - can tell played together before

Periodized Training

deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity training loads followed by a lower training load (a rest or taper)

Overtraining

exposure to excessive training loads that are near maximum capacity

consultative leadership style

gets info from players then decides - Command + Cooperative (38% of coaches use this style)

Groupthink

group goes with majority/leaders to avoid critical evaluation

Cohesion

group members inclination to forge social bonds, resulting in members sticking together and remaining united

Positive Addiction (healthy habit)

important but integrated with other areas in life

Hazing

includes mental or physical harm or anxiety and demeaning or degrading behavior regardless of intent or consent

Tolerance

increased amounts of the drug are needed to produce desired effects

Ringelmann Effect

individual importance of performance decreases as # of people increases - size of team impact on individual time - coaching staff to player ratio

Social Loafing

individuals put forth less than 100% effort in group when efforts feel unappreciated/unseen

Leadership

process whereby an individual influences a group to achieve a common goal

John Wooden (coaching philosophy)

pyramid of success

Communication Breakdown

pyramid of verbal and nonverbal communication

Retreatist

rejects both the means and the goals of society

Rebel

rejects the goals and means of society but replaces them with new goals and means

Haptics

release of chemical Oxytocin

Burnout

response due to frequent but ineffective efforts to meet excessive demands • response to excessive stress or unhappiness • Feelings of low accomplishment, esteem, failure, depression • Work hard with nothing to show for it

General Aggression Model

result of one's thoughts, feelings, and emotions; personal and situational

Shaping (Coaching Method)

reward small improvements as a skill is learned

Communication

the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior

Interpersonal Communication

the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and beliefs between two or more people

Mirroring

using the same body language of the person you are around

Negative Addiction (unhealthy habit)

- #1 priority over all activities - Relief of withdrawal by more exercise - Need it or lack of emotional control

Recreational Drugs

- Alcohol, Cocaine, Mushrooms, Marijuana, Cigarettes - Alcohol use: 55%-92% of high school athletes, 88% of college athletes, 40-60% elite athletes

Factors Leading to Burnout

- Coaches more caring are more vulnerable to burnout. - Younger coaches have higher levels of burnout - Greater social support is associated with lower burnout.

Leadership Style

- Decision-making style: Autocratic, Consultative, Delegative, Participative - Best style for the situation? - Best style for the individual?

Submissive Style

- Few decisions as possible - Minimal guidance - 3 Reasons: Lack competence for instruction, unwilling to devote time and effort, Style is best for team

Talented Team vs. Team with Talent

- Individual talent alone not a good predictor of team success - highest # of connections on field - more team work = less on focus on individual ability Best predictor of success is closeness in ability (gap between best and worst); small gap is better

Causes of Injury

- Playing Sports - Age (Fragility & harder to recover) - Overuse & Abuse - Injury Prone - Poor Body Care - Too much stress - Loss of Emotions: punching wall - Freak Occurrence

Verbal Communication

- Speech Rate - Terminology - Tone - Volume - Sport Specific Language - Easier to deceive and hide (lie)

Performance Enhancement Drugs

- Steroids - Pain Pills - Cocaine - Caffeine and Energy drinks - Tylenol - Oxygen?

Situational Factors

- Team or individual - Team size - Available time

Team Identity

- establish mode of operations - way of playing the game - foundations of what makes them successful - common attitude

Transactional Leadership Style

- exchange of outcomes and behaviors among followers and leaders - develops extrinsic motivation - can lead to limited success - impersonal - not about long-term development - Managers, not leaders *more like bosses

Leader Qualities

- integrity, flexibility, loyalty, confidence, accountability - Utilize the physical, mental, and emotional resources toward team objectives.

Athlete Mindset on Addiction

-98% of elite athletes said would take a banned substance if: (1) they would not be caught (2) they would win -60% would even if it meant they would die from the side effects

Fixing Body Language

1) Poker Face: build connection between body language and success 2) Recognize body language patterns 3) Bring awareness to athlete of poor examples

Concussions

1) Pre-Season Baseline Assessment 2) Concussion Test: Check Vision, Check Neck Injury 3) Concussion Protocol: Return to baseline status, Gradual increase in exercise, Practice

Fan Violence

-Violent sport = More aggressive fans -Substance use escalates fan violence (binge drinking) -Some sports attract people already violent -Score of game relevant to aggression level

Five Stages of Loss

1) Denial - "This didn't just happen to me." 2) Anger - "This isn't fair!" 3) Bargaining - "If I work extra hard, I'll be back faster." 4) Depression - "I'm never going to be 100% again." 5) Acceptance - "It happened, let's move forward."

When Earvin "Magic" Johnson discusses the difference between Magic & Earvin. This alternative identity created to help deal psychologically with the specific aspects of fame and competitiveness is called:

Alter-ego

What can distract an athlete's mind and self-talk from focusing on the current situation in a game?

Down big in a game A past mistake Losing a big lead Fans in the stands

Steiner's Model of Productivity (1972)

Actual productivity = Potential productivity - Losses attributable to faulty group processes - Potential Productivity - Motivation Losses - Coordination Losses

This form of perfectionism results in positive results due to a strong work ethic, motivation, and organizational skills?

Adaptive

______________ is/are the act of repeating positive thoughts or beliefs to yourself over and over as a way of reinforcement. A good example of this is the clip shown in class from Cool Runnings in which they are talking to themselves in the mirror.

Affirmations

Which type of focus would a basketball player need when on a fast break where the play involves responding to where teammates and defenders are on the court at the same time?

Alertness

The Navy SEAL Trainees are taught 4 mental skills before going through the program. Which of the following is one of those 4 mental skills?

Breathing and Arousal Control Visualization Self-Talk Goal-Setting

According to the book Why We Sleep, the book discussed what factors negatively impact our sleep?

1. Caffeine (no Adenosine release) 2. Alcohol 3. Blue Light (Constant Electric Light) 4. Incorrect Temperature (Ideal Temp: 65°F) 5. Punching time cards (waking up w/ alarm vs no alarm)

Kobe Bryant had a four-step process that he planned out for game-winning shots. What are those four steps?

1. Know who is guarding you - player and tendencies 2. Floor awareness - can get help vs. 1-on-1 3. Shot plan 4. Late Lift from Training

In the book Choke by Sian Beilock, she provides three specific steps to help an athlete overcome a past choking experience based in her work with the 2004 Canadian Olympic team. What are the steps?

1. Think about what went wrong and how to fix it 2. Express feelings about the race 3. Imagine performance change for next race

Our nervous system can handle __________ bits per second capacity within the "alertness" domain before being unable to process all of the feedback?

110

Group

2+ people interacting and influencing one another for a goal

Team

2+ people working together to achieve common goal

Sandwich Method (Reinforcement Method)

2:1 ratio of positive/instructive to negative 1. Positive statement - "I love your work ethic today... 2. Constructive Criticism ...Can you slide your feet a bit more defensively. It will help you gain ground more quickly... 3. Compliment or Positive Cue ...Keep up the great energy and let's get after it."

Within AASP, the certification for those that work in the sport psychology field is called the CMPC. This stands for?

Certified Mental Performance Consultant

A typical sleep cycle lasts for approximately:

90 minutes

Tuckman Model (1965)

A model that describes five stages of team development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning

According to the book Why We Sleep, which percentage of people are morning people (known as morning larks)?

40%

A typical sleep cycle has _____ stages.

5

The proper way to breath while at rest is called:

Abdominal

Dr. James Andrews

Any Given Monday: Sports Injuries and How to Prevent Them, for Athletes, Parents, and Coaches 1) Specialization - year-round playing of sport (overuse) 2) Professionalism - turning kids into pros at an early age - Chasing money/scholarships - Added pressure - Youth injuries rising - 30-40% Tommy John surgeries HS or younger

AASP stands for:

Association for Applied Sport Psychology

Off the Field Violence

Athlete Violence - Media exposure and leniency create perception athletes more violent

______________ is the degree with which an individual identifies with their athletic role, including goals, values, and importance of sport to them.

Athletic Identity

This theory describes how an athlete chooses to view their successes and failures, with either stable or unstable reasons:

Attribution Theory

Kobe Bryant chose the __________ specifically as his alter-ego because it is the fastest snake in the world, the 2nddeadliest, and strikes with 99% accuracy in combat.

Black Mamba

Non-Verbal Communication

Body Language Physical Movements Eye Movement Written (Email, Text, Book)

According to Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, creating a State of Flow in any activity requires a happiness, motivation, a tough challenge, and a high skill-set. When this occurs, which chemical is released by the striatum:

Dopamine/Endorphins

In the book Relentless by Tim Grover, he discusses three types of winners. An athlete that is so good as a competitor that they force the competition to up their game, such as Kobe Bryant, would be which type?

Cleaner

Good Communication

Clear and concise message Appearance, posture, and gestures Confident speaking tone Understandable speech rate Clarity in Instruction

_____________ is the skill of exerting deliberate mental effort on what is most important in a given situation.

Concentration

___________ refers to a player's overall belief in their ability to perform at a high level, such as believing he/she is great at the sport of hockey.

Confidence

When an athlete is overcome with pressure near the end of the game and chokes, allowing their skills to return to as if they were a novice again. The model/theory that best describes this immediate phenomenon is:

Conscious Processing Hypothesis

Content vs Relational Messages

Content = what is said, the message Relational = what was heard or how we feel about it, the reaction of the message

A(n) ______________ strategy is a strategy that recreational runners can use which has runners "daydream" and focus on anything but running. It has been shown to improve enjoyment, reduce pain, and have no risk of injury.

Dis-association aka "Dissociative Strategy"

Hooliganism

Disorderly, aggressive and often violent behavior by spectators at sporting events; applied to working-class men who disrupt soccer games with antisocial behavior (Green Street Hooligans)

Formal vs. Informal Roles

Formal: Assigned to you (Captain, Coach, GM) Informal: Arises over time though interactions and experiences (Enforcer, Superstar, Role Player)

Group Psychology

Group Norms Groupthink Ringelmann Effect Social Loafing

The Catastrophe Model shows the connection between an athlete's normal anxiety level and how they will respond to pressure. Athletes that have ________ trait anxiety will often be prone to choking during pressure.

High

Mental Recovery

Holistic approach: healing of both the mind and body - Social Support from family/friends - Study others who have been through process

Forms of Aggression

Hostile Aggression: primary goal is to inflict injury or psychological harm Instrumental Aggression: occurs during process of non-aggressive goal Controlled Aggression: planned release of aggressive behavior

Hurt vs. Injured

Hurt - not serious and able to play through Injured - serious and unplayable injury

Self-Determination Theory

If basic needs not met -> more prone to burnout

The __________________________________ theory by Hanin states that each individual has their own specific arousal/anxiety level (scale 1-10) in which they perform the best at:

Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning

Limbic System (body language)

Influences Nervous System Creates unconscious movements and responses Certain movements programmed into all humans

Chronic Injury

Injury that never fully heals

Mental Reaction Stages

Injury-Relevant Information Processing Emotional & Reactive Behaviors Positive Outlook and Coping

Syncstrength (Daniel McCaffrey And Kevin Bickart - MIT Conference)

Interplayer dynamics Sociogram

Regarding self-confidence, the __________________ theory explains it best stating that confidence increases and helps performance up to a point where over-confidence becomes problematic, causing performance to then decrease.

Inverted-U Theory

_____________ is a ruthless determination to succeed and an aggressive, tenacious urge for domination.

Killer Instinct

Martens Leadership Model (1987)

Leader Qualities Leadership Style Situational Factors Follower Qualities

This form of perfectionism results in negative results due to over-trying, too much pressure, and quitting at the first sign of trouble?

Maladaptive

_________________ is defined as 1) ability to cope better than your opponents with the demands (competition, training, lifestyle) that sport places on athlete, and 2) the ability to be more consistent and better than your opponents in remaining determined, focused, confident, and in control under pressure.

Mental Toughness

____________ is defined as the direction and intensity of effort.

Motivation

Mental Skills in Recovery

Motivation & Goal Setting Self-talk Visualization & Relaxation Techniques Sleep

An athlete with a tendency to think about past plays or results has a(n) ________ orientation.

Outcome

When trying to figure out strengths and weaknesses, it is common to use an assessment tool such as a(n) _______________ created by Butler & Hardy in 1992.

Performance Profile

Signs of Eating Disorders

Physical and Psychological

Which progressive relaxation technique is aimed at decreasing the tension created in the jawline:

Piranha

A ________________ is a combination of mental and physical cues used to create a sense of comfort directly before an action such as a free-throw in basketball or shot in golf.

Pre-shot routine

An athlete with the ability to mentally stay focused on the present moment is known to have a(n) ________ orientation.

Process

Goals that refer to the amount of repetitions or times you are going to perform a skill (ex. 100 free throws per day) are known as:

Process

_____________ by Carpenter says that neural patterns activated during imagery are the same neural pathways activated when actually performing the skill.

Psycho-neuromuscular Theory

Which activity was highlighted as a useful strategy to develop your focus muscles and lengthen your ability to concentrate for longer periods of time?

Reading

Keys for Roles

Role Ambiguity: unclear on how they fit in Role Clarity: clearly defined role to benefit team Role Acceptance: accept role and playing time your team wants

If an athlete eats the same meal every time before a game, this act would be known as:

Routine

Communication Process

SENDER: Person knowingly, or un-knowingly, sends some form of message MESSAGE: Any form of message (intended or not); verbal or non-verbal RECEIVER: Response & acknowledge message was sent

Which type of focus would a tennis player responding to a serve be utilizing?

Selectivity

________________ says that human beings are motivated by 3 innate needs: competence (knowledge), relatedness (relationships), autonomy (control).

Self-Determination Theory

A __________________ refers to when someone expects something to happen, which in turn sets off a chain of events that causes that initial belief to happen.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

__________ anxiety refers to physiological symptoms like sweating, butterflies, or high heart rate.

Somatic

Which sleep stage of the overall 5-stage sleep cycle is REM sleep when dreaming occurs?

Stage 5

Within our analyses of the book Choke, Beilock found that soccer drills for practice built around __________ goals were far more effective, especially when accompanied with a motion-related one-word mantra.

Strategy

_________________ is an imbalance between demands and ability to respond to those demands.

Stress

Positivity in Recovery

Stress & Chemical Reactions Adrian Peterson - Torn ACL - set ACL recovery record -> practicing in 4 months - Next season 8 yards short of NFL record

If an athlete wears a specific necklace for every game because he/she believes they play better with it on, this act would be known as:

Superstition

Long-term Rehabilitation Plan

Surgery (if needed) Rest: decrease in endorphin release Physical Therapy

_____________ by Sackett says we create a visual mental blueprint and utilize a coding system to acquire movement patterns in space.

Symbolic Learning Theory

This system controls the involuntary response system in our brains regarding concentration called the Automatic System:

System I

This system controls the voluntary response system in our brains regarding concentration called the Reflective System:

System II: Reflective System

Factors Influencing Team Chemistry

Talent Sport Culture & Environment History of Success Team record Team size Leadership style Vets vs. Rookies

Task vs. Social Roles

Task: Positions, Practice Leader, Workout Leader Social: Vocal Leader, Veteran, Comedian

Within the research titled "A framework of mental toughness in the world's best performers", which area reflects mental toughness being built by using long-term goals as motivation, controlling your environment, and pushing yourself to the limit?

Training

(T/F) During the documentary, Magic Johnson admitted to relying on the identity of "Magic" instead of "Earvin" as a way to handle the extreme pressure and desire to win as part of the Los Angeles Lakers.

True

(T/F) Elite athletes view anxiety as a good thing, which creates a positive anxiety response that allows for clutch performance.

True

(T/F) In order to gain an edge, Kobe Bryant would study the referee's manual to know the important details that he could use to his advantage.

True

(T/F) Mental Skills Training is important because psychological factors account for day-to day fluctuations in performance much more-so than physical factors.

True

(T/F) Teams that travel across time zones are found to have a significant disadvantage due to jet lag and sleep issues.

True

(T/F) The #1 factor that indicated a poker player has a chance to transition and make it as a professional was related to the skill of bankroll management.

True

(T/F) The Home-Court Advantage research by Levenson showed that a significant factor in this advantage is due to referee bias.

True

(T/F) When interviewing poker players for my research, I asked them specifically about their motivation. The most successful players of the group that were interviewed all indicated that he/she would continue play poker no matter how much money they had (or were given).

True

(T/F) Within imagery and visualization, one method is to write down and rehearsing how your pre-game is going to look like, which is a technique called an imagery script.

True

(T/F) Within the Fluid Motion Factor, once a motor skill is learned, it no longer needs to be recalled from the pre-frontal cortex despite being used in the learning process. When activation occurs in that part of the brain during a game, it is a sign that over-thinking is taking place.

True

According to the Sturman research on baseball contracts, which season usually ends up being the worst year statistically for the baseball player.

Year 2 - Post-Contract Year

Frustration-Aggression hypothesis

aggressive act triggered as a direct result from mistake/failure - Make a mistake on easy opportunity, leads to immediate aggressive response - Losing by a large margin / playing poorly - Opponent does something to trigger emotion

Democratic Leadership

allows for participation in decisions (Zhang, 1997) - Athletes allowed to set own goals - Athletes allowed to provide input - Makes opinions feel valued

Deviance

any behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms, values, ideology, or rules within a group, and that draws mild to severe sanctions *Many behaviors accepted in sport may not be accepted in society

Tribe

completely aligned to accomplish one goal - willingness to submit self to bigger 'why' - will see goal all the way through - 1 purpose: advancement of cause (survival) - understand and accept the "why"

Transformational Leadership Style

characteristic of leaders who are charismatic role models, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and individually considerate and who seek to change the organization

participative leadership style

coach and team decide together - Cooperative (16% of coaches use this style)

Team Cohesion

collective identity, shared purpose, communication

Servant leadership

committed to the growth of people & community (not concerned with winning)

Intrapersonal Communication

communication with oneself; self-talk

Exercise Addiction

dependence on a regular regimen; withdrawal symptoms 24-36 hours

Physical Dependence

disturbance when drug is removed; physical withdrawal

Eye Contact

down or away = poor, in eyes = confident

Anorexia Nervosa

engaging in self-induced vomiting, laxatives, strict dieting, fasting or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain

Aggression

infliction of an adverse stimulus, physical, verbal, or gestural, upon one person by another - behavior with intent of harming physically or psychologically - Acts inappropriate in society, appropriate in sport *Research says men exhibit higher levels of aggression on average *Alpha's will test others in an attempt for domination

Autocratic leadership

limits the involvement of its participants in decisions - Use of commands and punishments are prevalent - Traditional or Militaristic: specific and disciplined Command style (44% of coaches use this style)

Psychological Dependence

mental withdrawal symptoms of anxiety, irritability, craving

Group Norms

normal behavior methods for group established early on

Depersonalization

not caring in personal interactions

Substance Abuse

pattern of substance use for one month or longer a) Continued use despite knowledge of a persistent problem b) Recurrent use despite being physically hazardous

Bulimia Nervosa

pattern of uncontrollable food bingeing - Less severe than anorexia, can lead to anorexia - Bulimic people are aware that they have a problem

Violence

physical assault-type behavior that has potential to or does injure another person

Rehabilitation Repetitions

physical reps and mental reps

Cooperative Style

share decisions with athletes (believe important part of development)

Group leadership style

shares problem and let's team decide - Submissive - Youth Sport (2% of coaches use this style)

Instructional Feedback

specific behaviors to be performed - Visual learners: Model behavior in practice - Plan for lapses in communication

Dependence

state in which an organism functions normally only in the presence of a drug

Staleness - Stress Response Models

state of overtraining in which the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimens and can no longer achieve previous performance results (boredom) - 72% athletes report staleness during their sports' season - 60%-64% of runners experience staleness once a year

Strain Theory (Merton)

structural strain develops when the goals of the social system cannot be achieved through socially approved means; leads to deviance *less deviance in teams that win, more deviance in teams that lose

Synergy

the interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects

Reinforcement

the use of rewards and punishment, which increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future

Unidimensional Identity Development and External Control Model

• Coakley (1992) stress involved in burnout, but only a symptom. • burnout deals with poor athletic identity development

Relationship-Oriented Leader

• Developing good relationships • Show trust in players to do the job • Locker room important • Off-field chemistry

Commitment and Entrapment Theory

• Feel trapped in your sport • Must play despite low personal motivation • Play for wrong reasons, leads to resentment

Exhaustion

• Lost concern/care • Low energy • Low interest

Wrong Communication

• Message - "Run hard!" • Coach thinks: making positive encouragement • Athlete interpretation: "He never thinks I run hard enough."

Negative Training Stress Response Model (Silva, 1990)

• Physical and mental side of training • Leads to over-training and burnout • Contributes to eating disorders

Task-oriented Leader

• Setting goals • Gives instructions • Teaches technical skills; X's and O's • On-field chemistry

Coaching Concepts

• Win vs. Development • Have a vision • Build confidence in others • Create competitiveness • Provide structure • Make tough decisions • Emphasize process, not outcome • Make rules + punishments clear

Active listening

• acknowledge and respond • Ask questions • paraphrase • verbal vs. non-verbal cues

Full Recovery

•Normal competitive functioning •No re-injury concerns •total trust in body •Same performance level •Perspective + Appreciation