KIN 3304 - Chapter 1: Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

Lowering the arm to the side or the thigh back to the anatomical position is an example of _____.​ circumduction extension abduction adduction

Adduction (pg. 22)​

Sagittal Plane

Also known as the anteroposterior plane moves along the frontal axis; divides and crosses through body from front to back​

Abduction takes place around the _____ axis.​ mediolateral horizontal anteroposterior longitudinal

Anteroposterior (pg. 7)

Motion between the articular surfaces of bones is known as _____.​ biomechanics osteokinematics arthrokinematics kinetics

Arthrokinematics (pg. 26)​

Which of the following statements is true about circumduction?​ -Combines flexion and extension -Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction -Occurs only in one joint -Synonymous with rotation

Combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction (pg. 22)​

Processes Types (9 Total)

Condyle​ Epicondyle​ Head​ Line​ Trochanter​ Tuberosity​ Tubercle​ Spine/spine process​ Process​

What term is used to describe the movement of the ankle that results in the top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia in the sagittal plane?​ Flexion Plantar flexion Extension Dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexion (pg. 23)​

Cavity Types (4 Total)

Facet​ Foramen​ Fossa​ Sulcus/groove

(T/F) The endosteum is located at the ends of long bones.​

False; "A similar fibrous membrane known as the endosteum covers the inside of the cortex". "At each end of a long bone is the epiphysis, which is usually enlarged and shaped specifically to join with the epiphysis of an adjacent bone at a joint" (pg. 11)​

Aging causes progressive gain of collagen and increases bone brittleness.​

False; "Aging causes progressive loss of collagen and increases bone brittleness, resulting in increased likelihood of fractures" (pg. 13)

(T/F): Epiphyseal plates generally close by age 14, but some may be present until age 18.​

False; "Bones continue to grow longitudinally as long as the epiphyseal plates are open. These plates begin closing around adolescence and disappear. Most close by age 18, but some may be open until age 25. " (pg. 12)​

(T/F) Both sesamoid and accessory bones occur in same numbers in individuals.​

False; "Both sesamoid and accessory bones occur in varying numbers from one individual to the next." (pg. 11)​

Cancellous bone is stiffer and can withstand greater stress, but less strain, than cortical bone.

False; "Cortical bone is stiffer; it can withstand greater stress, but less strain, than cancellous bone." (pg. 14)​

(T/F) One of the functions of articular cartilage is to separate the diaphysis and epiphysis.​

False; "During bony growth the diaphysis and the epiphysis are separated by a thin plate of cartilage known as the epiphyseal plate" (pg. 12) "Articular cartilage slowly absorbs a slight amount of the joint synovial fluid, only to slowly secrete it during subsequent weight bearing and compression" (pg. 17)​

(T/F) Ligaments and connective tissue provide dynamic stability to joints when actively contracting.​

False; "Ligaments and connective tissue provide static stability to joints" (pg. 19)

(T/F) During the process of bone remodeling, osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone.​

False; "New bone is formed by specialized cells known as osteoblasts, whereas the cells that resorb old bone are osteoclasts" (pg. 13)​

(T/F) About 50 to 60 percent of the volume of cortical bone is porous.​

False; Cortical bone is harder and more compact, with only about 5% to 30% of its volume being porous, with nonmineralized tissue (pg. 14)​

There are approximately 552 skeletal muscles in the human body.​

False; More than 600 muscles are found in the human body (pg. 1)​

The scapula is an example of an irregular bone.​

False; it is a flat bone (pg. 11)​

The frontal plane divides the body into _____.​

Front and back halves (pg. 5)​

If the _____ plane runs from medial to lateral, then its axis must run from front to back. frontal transverse longitudinal sagittal

Frontal​

Each of the following joints allows a slight amount of motion to occur except _____.​ gomphosis symphysis syndesmosis synchondrosis

Gomphosis; allows no movement (pg. 14)​

An instrument used to measure the change in joint angles is a(n) _____.​

Goniometer (pg. 20)​

Which of the following is an example of a transverse plane movement?​

Internal rotation of the right shoulder (pg. 22)​

Diagonal Plane

Oblique plane; combination of more than one plane of motion

Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from physiological movements is known as _____.​

Osteokinematic motion (pg. 26)​

Which of the following is not a function performed by the skeletal system? Protection of internal organs Support to maintain posture Production of heat Storage of minerals

Production of heat (pg. 9)

Bone is composed of all of the following except _____. protein water calcium phosphorus

Protein (pg. 13)​

Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in the horizontal plane away from the spine is called _____.​ reduction pronation retraction protraction

Protraction; or abduction (pg. 23)​

Knee extension occurring from femoral condyles rotating forward on tibia as a person stands from a squatting position is an example of the accessory motion called _____.​

Roll (pg. 27)

If the knee were not able to slide, the femur would _____ when going from flexion to extension on a stationary tibia.​ -roll off the front of the tibia -spin more externally on the tibia -roll off the back of the tibia -spin more internally on the tibia

Roll off the front of the tibia (pg. 27)​

The three specific types of accessory motions are _____.​ -roll, spin, and glide -spin, twirl, and glide -rock, slide, and circumfusion -slip, slide, and roll

Roll, spin, glide (pg. 26)​

Elbow extension takes place in the _____ plane.​

Sagittal​ (pg. 6)

Which of the following terms means related to, or situated to the left or on the left side of, something? Proximal Supine Ventral Sinister

Sinister (pg. 5)​

Which of the following terms refers to a position of the foot and ankle resulting from a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction?​ Supination Scaption Circumduction Pronation

Supination (pg. 23)​

Transverse Plane

The horizontal plane that moves along the vertical axis; division of the body into upper and lower portions (ex. twisting your spine to look behind)

Frontal Plane

The lateral/coronal/mediolateral plane that moves along the sagittal axis; divides the body into anterior and posterior portions; movements involve abduction and adduction (ex. jumping jacks)

Which of the following is the correct definition of kinesiology?​ -The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement -The study of the human musculoskeletal and musculotendinous systems -The study of the application of mechanical physics to human motion -The study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement

The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement (pg. 1)​

(T/F) Both the size and the shape of bones can limit or allow movements.​

True (pg. 1)​

(T/F) Typical bony features include diaphysis, epiphysis, and articular cartilage.​

True (pg. 11)​

(T/F) Bone size and shape are influenced by both the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them.

True (pg. 14)​

(T/F) Bones continue to grow longitudinally as long as the epiphyseal plates are open.​

True (pg. 14)​

(T/F) Collagen in bone provides flexibility and strength to resist tension.​

True (pg. 14)​

(T/F) Most outer bone is composed of cortical bone with cancellous bone underneath.​

True (pg. 14)​

(T/F) Diarthrodial joints are also known as synovial joints.​

True (pg. 17)​

(T/F) Diagonal abduction is movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body.​

True (pg. 22)​

Flexion or extension can occur in combination with abduction, adduction, or rotation.​

True (pg. 23)​

(T/F) Abduction is an example of movement in a coronal plane about an anteroposterior axis.​

True (pg. 5)

(T/F) Bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses that are placed upon them.​

True; "This concept of bone adaptation to stress is known as Wolff's law" (pg. 14)​

(T/F) The hyaline cartilage is quite resilient because it is slightly compressible and elastic.

True​ (pg. 17)

Adduction movement at the wrist in the frontal plane of the little finger side of the hand toward the medial forearm is called _____.​

Ulnar flexion (pg. 26)​

Movements in the transverse plane occur around the _____ axis.​ mediolateral vertical horizontal anteroposterior

Vertical (pg. 6)​

Cavities

depression or opening within bone (space for structures or nerves to pass through)​

Processes

projections from the bones primary surface (area of attachment for certain muscles)