kin 492 exam 3 quizzes

Angiogenesis is the process by which _____ increases. This adaptation helps facilitate improvements in maximal arteriovenous O2 difference following aerobic exercise training

capillary density

Structural adaptation that helps facilitate increases in maximal (a-v)O2 difference

capillary density

Vasoconstriction of cutaneous vessels, earlier onset of shivering, and increased release of circulating catecholamines are physiological adaptations that characterize ______.

cold acclimatization

Heat is transferred from the skin to the surface of cooler objects via direct physical contact

conduction

A type of conductive heat loss; heat is transferred directly from the skin to the air or water

convection

Heat is transferred from the body to the surrounding environment when water on the skin (sweat) or in the respiratory tract are converted to gas and vaporized

evaporation

Most important method of heat loss during exercise, especially when exercising in cool temperatures with low relative humidity

evaporation

What factors contribute to the improvements in VO2 max that occur following endurance training?

genetics increased maximal muscle blood flow decreased sympathetic nerve activity increased maximal stroke volume decreased afterload

Earlier onset of sweating, higher sweat rate, and vasodilation of cutaneous vessels are physiological responses that characterize _____.

heat acclimatization

To improve exercise capacity at high altitude, in hot ambient temperatures, in zero gravity conditions (i.e., space), etc., individuals must perform exercise training in similar environments. This concept exemplifies which training principle?

specificity

Decreased skin blood flow as a result of training in the heat rather than a thermoneutral environment is an example of which training principle?

specificty

Skeletal muscle fuel utilization shifts from carbohydrates to primarily fats as a result of endurance training. Why?

increase in free fatty-acid transportation from the plasma into the mitochondria shift in muscle fiber type towards fibers with greater oxidative properties (e.g., type IIx type IIa)

What factors contribute to the increase in maximal (a-v)O2 difference that occurs with endurance training?

increase in muscle blood flow increase in capillary density mitochondrial biogenesis

Which of the physiologic adaptations occurs most quickly in response to repeated heat stress and how does this adaptation contribute to improved exercise capacity in the heat?

increase in plasma volume | expansion in blood volume enables earlier and higher sweat rate without compromising venous return (i.e., stroke volume), which improves cardiac output during exercise

End-diastolic volume (EDV) or "preload" increases as a result of endurance training. In the short-term, increases in EDV are primarily due to ______ while longer-term adaptations are due to _______, both of which increase the contractility of the heart via the ______.

increase plasma volume | increase left ventricular volume | Frank-Starling Mechanism

Which of the following endurance training adaptations does NOT result in lower lactate production in the contracting muscles?

increased glycogen utilization

What is considered the most important biochemical adaptation(s) for explaining why oxygen deficit during submaximal exercise is lower after becoming aerobically trained?

increased number of mitochondria

Which of the following endurance training adaptations assist in maintaining acid-base balance during exercise?

increased number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle

What does not contribute to the endurance training-induced improvement in stroke volume during exercise?

increased peripheral resistance

Which of the following is the primary cooling mechanism in humans

increased sweat rate

Long-term endurance training adaptation that is responsible for continued increases in VO2 max

maximal (a-v)O2 difference

Short-term endurance training adaptation that is responsible for initial increases in VO2 max

maximal (a-v)O2 difference

Biochemical adaptation that is responsible for improving performance and maintaining homeostasis

mitochondrial density

Exercise training considerations such as how to progress the frequency, intensity, volume or "dose" of exercise overtime best characterizes which training principle?

overload

Which training principle describes the physiologic adaptations that occur from repeated bouts of exercise that are performed at a level beyond which it is normally accustomed to?

overload

With prolonged training an individual may notice that their initial improvements begin to plateau or "level off." To see continued training improvements, the _____ principle will be most important to modify.

overload

Short-term endurance training adaptation that is responsible for increases in end-diastolic volume

plasma volume

Short-term endurance training adaptation that is responsible for increases in stroke volume

plasma volume

Heat is transferred through infrared rays

radiation

Primary mechanism for heat loss at rest

radiation

At high environmental temperatures, which of the following variables is most important in determining evaporative heat loss during exercise

relative humidity

You are exercising on a hot, dry, sunny day (i.e., ambient temperature is high but relative humidity is low). You are unable to exercise very long because you "overheat." Which statement provides the most sound physiologic rationale for your reduced capacity to thermoregulate in this type of environment?

reversed thermal gradient only; air temperature is greater than skin temperature, resulting in heat gain vs. heat loss.

Biochemical adaptation that alters enzymatic activity to reduce lactic acid formation

shift in LDH isoform to LDH4 ("heart form")

Endurance training adaptations include an increase in the number of mitochondria and increased capillary density, while resistance training increases the number of contractile proteins. Differences in aerobic vs. anaerobic training adaptations are explained by the _____ principle.

specificity

Endurance training results in increased mitochondrial and capillary density in muscle but has no effect on muscle glycolytic capacity. This is an example of what training principle?

specificity

Heat is transported through the body in the blood, thus aiding in our ability to thermoregulate. How do the arterial vessels assist in maintaining core body temperature during heat gain and heat loss?

when the body experiences heat gain, the arterial vessels vasodilate, increasing skin blood flow. During heat loss, the arterial vessels vasoconstrict, decreasing skin blood flow

The heritability of VO2max and change in VO2max in response to endurance exercise training are roughly ____%. These findings are supported by the ______ study, which was one of the largest exercise training studies conduced to date, investigating the heritability of the exercise training response

~50 | heritage family