Kines 341 Exam 2
How does the NCAA Gender Equity Taskforce define gender equity?
"An athletics program can be considered gender equitable when the participants in both men's and women's sports programs would accept as fair and equitable the overall program of the other gender"
frailty myth
"The theory behind the frailty myth was this: Women could not be allowed to follow their own pursuits—physical or mental—because every ounce of energy they could generate was needed for maintaining the reproductive process"
What was the motto of Indian boarding schools? (Note: it was actually the motto of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania—the first Native boarding school in the US). How do you interpret the meaning of that motto?
"kill the Indian and save the man". Turning Native American children into normal American men killing the Indian culture. Students were told not to speak their languages, even to each other. Their long hair was cut short. They were taught reading, writing, arithmetic and in a form of state sponsored religion Christianity.
Economist Andy Schwartz looked at data from 2009-2010 and found 22 of 73 schools with top athletic programs had more women than men on campus. How many of these 73 schools spent more money on men's sports than on women's sports? How many violated the "theoretical requirements" (proportionality) of Title IX?
-All 73 spent more on men's sports than women's sports -61 of the 73 major sport programs
Were the ancient Greek Olympians amateurs or professionals? Where did today's concept of amateurism develop? Who were people trying to keep out?
-Amateurs -19th century in England -Working men out (laborers) of sport
True or false: Title IX was enforced between 1984 and 1988. What happened between these years?How were wrestling and men & women's gymnastics affected during this time period?
-False -Grove City vs. Bell - only programs/activities receiving direct Federal assistance held to Title IX -Loss of participation
Which population group "dominated" basketball in the years before World War II (before 1941)? why?
-Jewish -There were amateur leagues in Jewish communities all over and especially in big cities like New York and Philadelphia where many young Jewish boys saw hoops as their way out of poverty.
Kay and Jeanes argue that there have been 3 rationales given for opposing women's participation in sport. Which of the following are those 3 rationales.
-The medical rationale -The aesthetic rationale -The social rationale
In 1974, Kent Waldrep played football for Texas Christian University (TCU). He was injured in a game against the U of Alabama. Did TCU pay any of his medical costs? Did TCU allow Waldrep to keep his scholarship? What happened when Waldrep sued the university? What defense did TCU use against him? What did the court rule?
-no -no -He sued bc he wanted workman's comp since he felt he was "working", disposes by TCU -Student-athlete defense and TCU was not responsible for his injuries -In favor of TCU and Kent received no compensation
Fill in the blanks: "It's not a crime, or even _______, to acknowledge basic physical differences and characteristics among the races... The danger occurs when uninformed and unqualified people conclude that so-called superior physical human being translates into a limited human being ____________ ________."
-racist -intelligence wise
The medical consensus may have shifted away from the wandering _______ since then, but the underlying objection has remained the same: Biology presents an insuperable [i.e., incapable of being overcome] handicap." What are other ways that beliefs about women's biology limits their participation in sport?
-womb -Skiing is hard on women bodies and they need to protect their reproductive organs
Economist Andy Schwartz looked at data from 2009-2010 and found 22 of 73 schools with top athletic programs had more women than men on campus. How many of these 73 schools spent more money on women's sports than on men's sports?
0
How many women were on GQ's list of "25 Coolest Athletes of All Time"?
0
For every 100 high school athletes, how many will receive a full-time athletic scholarship?
1
What are the three ways of complying with Title IX?
1. Substantial proportionality: this stipulates that the percentage of male and female athletes in an athletic program must reflect the percentage of full-time male and female students in the school's undergraduate population 2. History and continued practice of program expansion: a school can show compliance by working to add more participation opportunities for the under-represented 3. Full and effective accommodation of the interests and abilities: a school can argue that the under-representation of one sex in an athletic program is not due to discrimination but rater to the interests and abilities of the sex in question, which the school has fully and effectively accommodated
"Indians didn't think of themselves as Indians until well into the ____________ .... They thought of themselves as members of their own individual ______ and _______."
20th century tribes and nations
How many states require physical education in the U.S.?
5
What is the "racial divide" in American adults who support paying NCAA athletes?
54% of black Americans support paying NCAA athletes based on revenue they generate, whereas only 31% of white Americans support the concept.
Economist Andy Schwartz looked at data from 2009-2010 and found 22 of 73 schools with top athletic programs had more women than men on campus. How many of these schools violated the "theoretical requirements" (proportionality) of Title IX?
61
What % of kids drop out of organized sport by age 13?
70%
In 2010, what % of the overall men's athletic budget did FBS schools spend on football and men's basketball? How much does that leave for the other men's sports?
78% 22%
What point does Powell make about slavery and "selective mating"?
African American blood has been diluted since slavery thereby destroying Jimmy the Greek's ambitious but clumsy assertion about selective mating. You would be pressed to find a single black person in America who is completely pure of white blood. That makes it very difficult for so called experts to measure athletic superiority based exclusively on race and purely on genetics
What are the benefits of regular physical education in school?
Are twice as likely to be active outside PE class and to remain active when they become adults
What is the "Olympic model" that the NCAA might adopt?
Athletes receiving sponsor money in exchange for use of their name, image and likeness
Men's sports have been cut since the passage of Title IX, but... (you will have a series of true/false questions about the "but").
BUT more opportunities were added for college men than for college women
Title IX has helped girls and women's sport, but... (you will have a series of true/false questions about the "but").
BUT, girls still lag behind boys, BUT participation doesn't translate into coaching
According to Dean Cromwell, who was the track coach at the University of Southern California and the assistant coach of the 1936 Olympic team,
Coach Dean Cromwell
The author notes "a steady, not drastic, decline" in the number of African Americans in sports. To what does he attribute the decline?
Directly linked to the rise of the black middle class.
Author Lindsay Gibbs argues, "ending amateurism would be a boost for male and female athletes, from revenue and non-revenue sports." How does she justify this statement?
Does not mean athletic departments will necessarily write fat checks to their athletes rather, the NCAA could adopt an amateurism model, which would allow student-athletes to profit off of their likeness, work with sponsors directly, have an agent, get paid for appearances and other things the NCAA's ridiculous bylaws currently prohibit.
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
English coast, broke men's record well over 2 hours Babe Didrikson Zaharias: was already an all-American basketball player, medaled in all 3 track events she participated in; gold in javelin and hurdles and silver in high jump, also became the greatest golf player; won 17 tournaments
The "perception of black dominance" doesn't give black athletes enough credit. Why?
Enough credit for their training and implies that blacks use brawn whereas whites use intelligence to get ahead in sport
Tru/false. When it comes to Title IX, schools must give male and female students identical sports in which to participate.
False
True or false: If we pay college athletes a salary, instead of offering a scholarship, the athlete's salary would be tax exempt (s/he doesn't have to pay taxes on that salary)
False
True/false. The NCAA currently has total control over all televised college football games.
False
True or false: Title IX directly states that it requires equal financial compensation beyond scholarships.
False. It does not directly state whether it requires.....
True/false. The NCAA currently has total control over all televised college football games.
False. The court's decision that the NCAA's control over football TV contracts was illegal. Now the conferences stage the College Football Playoff and many of them have their own television network.
True/false. When the International Olympic Committee allowed professional athletes to compete in the Olympic Games, the public became less interested in watching the Games.
False. The public hasn't stopped watching the Olympics with professionals.
True/False. Schools must give male and female students identical sports in which to participate.
False. There must be equal opportunities for male and female students to participate in sports. This does not mean identical sports but rather equal participation sports.
True or false: The IOC Medical Commission's special report of 2002 found that sports injuries to the uterus or ovaries are fairly common.
False. They are extremely rare
What were the biological reasons for keeping women out of ski jumping for so long?
Females organs are super delicate that they could literally come apart and float free of their moorings. The "wandering womb" was cited as a cause of "hysteria" (a diagnosis that applied to any number of ailments and symptoms from insomnia to "a tendency to cause trouble." Women were thought to have limited store of vital energy. Too much exertion might weaken the muscles keeping the uterus in place.
Which stereotype does the NFL's Washington team perpetuate? Explain.
Gover figures Washington's NFL club offers versions of both myths, with noble logo and ignoble team name.
According to Powell, in the chapter titled "Natural Athleticism," the "perception of black dominance" doesn't give black athletes enough credit. Why?
It implies that whites use intelligence and blacks use brawn to get ahead
In the 1920s and 1930s, this racial/ethnic group in the was over-represented at the top levels of basketball.
Jewish players
What stereotypes were attached to this group to explain their athletic accomplishments?
Jews are crafty schemers. "Places a premium on an alert, scheming mind, flashy trickiness, artful dodging and general smart alecness"
What was the motto of Indian boarding schools? (actually the motto of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania)
Kill the Indian, save the man
Across the U.S. boys are opting out of football. However, there is one segment of the population where the number of boys playing football is on the rise. In what group is football participation on the rise?
Lower socioeconomic status
Why do you think Powell ignores female athletes in this chapter?
Male competition was more affected by this then females
What does NIL stand for?
Names, images, and likenesses
The use of Native American mascots, names, and imagery began in 1912 and, by the 1920s and 1930s, a number of high schools and colleges adopted similar representations. At the same time, the U.S. government still enacted so-called "civilization regulations." What did the regulations forbid?
Native Americans to speak their languages, practice their religions or leave their reservations.
What Italian-American Brooklyn Dodger once hit 40 home runs in a single season?
Roy Campanella
A form of discrimination that has white players over-represented in central and leadership positions on a team sport, while players of color are over-represented in "physical and reactive" positions.
Stacking
This glamorous, super-star tennis player played with a dance-like style and lost her only match when someone "spiked" her flask with water.
Suzanne Lenglen
What does Powell argue is the "biggest misconception in sports"? How does he defend that position?
That black dominate the playing courts and playing fields while white people are stuck with supporting role and crumbs from the sports dinner table. NBA is called the black man's game, in boxing where black faces once ruled the upper divisions for decades.
In Powell's chapter "Natural Athleticism," what does he argue is the "biggest misconception in sports"?
That blacks dominate sports
"How does the salary compare to the scholarship for student purchasing power?" What does this article conclude?
The $100,000 salary gives the college sports "employee" an advantage of $720 per year, the difference between his net salary of $65,100 versus the scholarship player's net of $64,380. That's not great news for the salaried player. Its bad news for the athletics department which paid $100,000 in salary rather than $65,000 in scholarship, driving up expenses $35,000
In the chapter "Natural Athleticism," Powell notes "a steady, not drastic, decline" in the number of African Americans in sports. To what does he attribute the decline?
The rise of the black middle class
How does the number of NCAA football scholarships compare with the number of scholarship's in other men's sports?
There are about the same number of scholarships in football as there are in all other men's sports.
What marker identifies race?
There is no marker
Why is Title IX applicable to cases of sexual harassment and sexual violence? How is this discrimination?
These crimes can adversely affect students physical and mental well-being and academic performance, and they can create a hostile or abusive educational environment, thereby disturbing equal access to education and educational activities. All the other programs are affected if there's a case about one sport.
Between 1984 and 1988, the US government did not enforce Title IX. What happened to men's collegiate wrestling programs during that time?
They decreased in number
In 1939, the underclassmen on the University of Pittsburgh's football team went on strike. Why?
They learned the upperclassman were being paid more than them
According to the article, "How Stereotypes Explain Everything and Nothing at All," why did Harvard start using interviews and recommendation letters when deciding which students to admit?
To reduce the number of Jewish students
True or false: African American women played professional baseball.
True
True or false: The "Women's Olympic Games" (organized by Frenchwoman Alice Milliat when the IOC would not allow women to compete in the Olympics) of the 1920s were successful and popular.
True
True or false: The IOC Medical Commission's special report of 2002 found that female reproductive organs are better protected from serious injury than male organs.
True
True/false. Even if the athletic department does not directly receive federal funds, it still must comply with Title IX.
True
True/false. The United States is the only nation in the world where big money sports are played at institutions of higher learning.
True
In 1939, the underclassmen on the University of Pittsburgh's football team went on strike. Why?
Upper classmen were getting paid more money
How did Kathrine Switzer enter the 1967 Boston Marathon? What was the response of the officials?
Using her initials. Jock Semple (the official) tackled her bc she wasn't allowed to wear those numbers to run. Her bf hit the official and she kept running. She finished the race but was disqualified
What was Baron de Coubertin's attitude toward women in the Olympic Games?
Was "impractical, uninteresting, empathetic"
Powell writes that "the notion of blacks as being better athletes is faulty purely by definition." Why? There are 2 parts to this answer
What is a great athlete?Popularly held perception that nobody on the planet can run faster or run over greater distances or jump higher vertically or further horizontally than he black man. Blacks do not dominate every one of those areas. Greatness is not limited to genes and certainly not exclusively ties to race. No one knows why blacks appear to dominate certain athletic movements.
How did the ideology of Victorian life influence women's physical culture? Why was the baby carriage seen as "sinister" and "evil"?
Women were expected to be delicate, obedient. Not to exert themselves beyond. Gave women mobility instead of having them carry it.
What is the average length of a professional career in a team sport?
about 5 years
"The term student-athlete was deliberately ____," Pulitzer Prize-winning author Taylor Branch wrote in The Atlantic in 2011.
ambiguous
"The term student-athlete was deliberately ______," Pulitzer Prize-winning author Taylor Branch wrote in The Atlantic in 2011.
ambiguous
Studies show that those who sustain concussions are twice as likely to ___ ___.
commit suicide
"The history of women's involvement in sport is therefore one of substantial ______."
exclusion
"The history of women's involvement in sport is therefore one of substantial ____________."
exclusion
Among college athletes, men are more likely to graduate than women.
false
In Norway, you are not allowed to keep score in sport or rank kids who are older than 12.
false
True or false: When the women's Olympic ice-skating champion turns professional, she receives significantly less money than her male counterpart.
false
True/false. The ancient Greek Olympians were all amateurs.
false
True/false. When the International Olympic Committee allowed professional athletes to compete in the Olympic Games, the public became less interested in watching the Games.
false
Gertrude Ederle
first women to swim the channel using the breast stroke (freestyle), 35 miles until she reached the English coast, broke men's record well over 2 hours
Athletes who specialize in one sport are 70 to 93% more likely to be __________ than children who played multiple sports.
injured
As the cost of youth sports has "skyrocketed" what has happened to the physical activity levels of children from low-income backgrounds?
its gone down
Why did Walter Byers invent the term "student-athlete"?
made NCAA the power, threats to college athletes and they are working as a student and not have lawsuits when athletes die or get hurt, give NCAA leverage without having obligations to the athletes
Regardless of which measure we used, ______ and ______ women are overrepresented on the USWNT.
middle and upper class
As Jennifer McGovern and Ester Wellman write in their study of the US Women's Soccer Team, regardless of which measure they used, ___ and ___ ___ women are overrepresented on the USWNT.
middle; upper-class
The belief that sports is fair is a _____.
myth.
In 1987, on the 40th anniversary of Jackie Robinson breaking the color line in Major League Baseball, LA Dodgers Vice President appeared on an episode of Nightline. Host Ted Kopell asked Campanis why there were so few black executives in MLB. Campanis responded it was because "they may not have some of the _____________________" to lead.
necessities
In 1987, on the 4oth anniversary of Jackie Robinson breaking the color line in Major League Baseball, LA Dodgers Vice President appeared on an episode of Nightline. Host Ted Kopell asked Campanis why there were so few black executives in MLB. Campanis responded it was because "they may not have some of the __________" to lead.
necessities
In 1974, Kent Waldrep played football for Texas Christian University (TCU). He was injured in a game against the U of Alabama. Did TCU allow Waldrep to keep his scholarship?
no
What proportion of U.S. kids are overweight?
one-third
Eitzen identifies "two forms" of discrimination: _____ discrimination and "more subtle" discrimination.
overt
equivalency scholarships
partial scholarships
According to Dean Cromwell, who was the track coach at the University of Southern California and the assistant coach of the 1936 Olympic team,"The Negro excels in the events he does because he is closer to the _______________ than the white man.
primitive
"It's not a crime or even ______ to acknowledge basic physical differences and characteristics among the races... The danger occurs when uniformed and unqualified people conclude that so-called superior physical human being translates into a limited human being _________________."
racist; intelligence wise
Which of the following is NOT a way to comply with Title IX (the 3-part test)?
rejecting federal funds
Ironically, after Title IX brought wider participation in women's sports, control over the teams _______.
shifted dramatically to men.
After Title IX brought wider participation in women's sports, control over the teams __________.
shifted to men
Specialization
single sport, systematic, year-round training and competition
Demby writes that the use of racial and ethnic stereotypes in sport "blind us to the complex mix of __________, __________ and ___________ circumstances" that explain why certain populations seem to "dominate" certain sports.
sociological, economic and historic
How does Norway fund the majority of community sport and recreation programs?
sports gambling
The ____________ defense helped the NCAA win - and avoid - numerous liability cases through the years.
student-athlete
In intercollegiate sport, what types of programs are dropping men's sports? Is this "Title IX's fault?"
swimming, wrestling, football, water polo, and baseball. It is not title IX's fault but rather the consequence of those who make decisions about how to allocate resources.
law of compensation:
the farther away your athleticism to higher your intelligence vice versa, growth in one direction involves diminution (getting small) in another area, an inverse relationship between mind and muscle and between athletic and intellectual development. Ex. Colin Cowerd, ESPN radio - saying baseball can't be complex
buoyancy myth:
there were only a few successful black swimmers because they don't have buoyancy, their bones and muscles, lower body fat make black swimmers less "buoyant" (less floaty)
What method did Jennifer McGovern and Ester Wellman use to approximate the socioeconomic status of players' on the US National Women's National Team's (USWNT)?
they looked at the zip codes where players grew up
play days
times set aside to play with instead of against each other, they come play and socialize and don't have a winner
During the Victorian era, the baby carriage was seen as "sinister" and "evil."
true
True or false: The Women's Olympic Games of the 1920s were successful and popular.
true
True/false. Title IX has increased athletic participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, but it also decreased the percentage of women coaching women's teams.
true
W. Montague Cobb (the physician and anthropologist who examined Jesse Owens and other sprinters in the 1930s), found that science had not revealed a single trait peculiar to African Americans alone, to which athletic achievements could be attributed.
true
The ability to move up socially - to rise above one's original social class is called
upward social mobility
Fill in the blank: "The medical consensus may have shifted away from the wandering ________ since then, but the underlying objection has remained the same: Biology presents an insuperable [i.e., incapable of being overcome] handicap."
womb
skirt theory
women couldn't play a sport unless they wore a long one, restricted their movement,
Kay and Jeanes argue that there have been 3 rationales given for opposing women's participation in sport. What are those rationales? Name them, define them, and give an example to illustrate each.
· Medical - women physiologically unsuited for sport' may be damaged by it · Aesthetic - women in sport = an unattractive spectacle · Social - qualities and behaviors od sport = "unfeminine
The Aspen Institute found the average amount of spending per child, per sport, and per year is $____.
$692
What was the scandal at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill? How many penalties did the NCAA give UNC for the fraud?
-Academic fraud. 2006 UNC got new coach from NFL, got new stadium. There was an academic drop and many students need help. There were independent studies on course title which were never required to attend class they just had to summit a paper at the end of the semester. Mary exposed the paper classes to reporter. Enrollment in African studies was a lot of athletes. These paper classes were how to keep athletes eligible. Investigation found no wrongdoing just on professor offered these classes -none
What Italian American Brooklyn Dodger once hit 40 home runs in a single season? Why is "trivia question" not so trivial? Why is it important here?
-Roy Campanella -He was Italian American but was coded black; father was Sicilian and mother was African American
In a survey of African American males, ages 13-18, what proportion believe they can earn a living playing professional sports? How does this compare to young white males? What about their parents?
-Two thirds (2/3) -More than double the proportion of young white males. -Four time more likely than white parents
Athletes who specialize in one sport are 70 to 93% more likely to be ________ than children who played multiple sports. Children who specialize in one sport early in life were found to be the first to _______ their sport and ended up having higher ________ rates as adults.
-injured -quit -inactivity
"The Negro excels in the events he does because he is closer to the ______ than the white man. It was not long ago that his ability to sprint and jump was a life-and-death matter to him in the ______."
-primitive -jungle
There are at least three possible reasons for why "being an athlete does have the potential to move the individual up in social class." What are those 3 reasons?
1. Athletic participation may lead to various forms of "occupational sponsorship". 2. The selection process for many jobs requires the applicant to be "well-rounded," meaning that a premium is placed on participation in extracellular activities in addition to classes taken and grade-point averages. 3. Participation in highly competitive sports situations may lead to the development of attitudes and behavior patterns highly valued in the larger occupational world
What are 7 problems with looking for biological explanations for the athletic "dominance" of a certain race?
1. Downplays effort, training, determination, etc. 2. Ignores impact social, cultural, and historical factors (cultural channeling, role models and stereotypes & prejudice) 3. Over-generalizes & ignores differences within races 4. Suggests "Law of Compensation" 5. Suggests "race" is a biological category 6. Codes other races as "unathletic" 7. Ignores with "dominance" in many sports
What are the 6 myths about social mobility through sport?
1. Sport provides a free college education 2. Sport leads to a college degree 3. A professional sports career is possible 4. Sport is a way out of poverty, especially for racial minorities 5. Title IX has created many opportunities for upward mobility through sport for women 6. A professional sports career provides security for life
What is the 3-part test for compliance? Know each of the 3 parts and what they mean.
1. Substantial Proportionality:opportunities for males and females substantially proportionate to their respective enrollments 2. History & Continuing Practice: where one sex has been underrepresented, a history & continuing practice of program expansion responsive to the developing interests & abilities of that sex 3. Interests & Abilities: where one sex is under-represented & cannot show a continuing practice of program expansion, whether it can be demonstrated that the interests and abilities of that sex have been fully and effectively accommodated by the present program
What are the connections between the origins of ski jumping and manliness/masculinity?
1. The first measured ski jump was explicitly a show of manhood. The Norwegian military launched himself 9.5 meters through the air "to show his soldiers what a courageous fellow he was." The sport that grew out of that jump was likewise a test of manliness—far too dangerous, it was thought, for members of the gentler sex. "If a man gets a serious injury, it's still not fatal, but for women it could end much more seriously," a Russian ski jumping coach said. "Women have another purpose—to have children, to do housework, to create hearth and home."
Although 76% of Division I men's college basketball players believe they have a shot to play in the NBA, only ____% will be drafted. Although 52% of Division I men's college football players believe they have a shot to play in the NFL, only _____% will get to play.
1.2% 1.6%
In 2010, how many FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) schools were there? How many of them made a profit?
128 FBS schools and only 24 made money
At least ___________ school-aged children live in homes classified by the federal government as low income. What is the effect on these children's physical activity levels?
25 million Decrease, don't have the money to participate in sport nor do they have accessible facilities to play in, don't have the same opportunities as other kids
Although sprinters of West African ancestry are over-represented among the world's top performers, how many medals did West African nations win in the 2016 Olympic Games. Why is that significant?
3 medals and none of them were in sprinting. People think they are naturally athletic
What happened when Mt. Vernon, Indiana schools dropped their fees to play high school sports?
31% jump in participation
The Aspen Institute, through its Project Play initiative, looked at research from the Sports & Fitness Industry Association that found that in 2018, only ___% of kids aged 6 to 12 played team sports on a regular basis — down from ___% a decade earlier.
38% 45%
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), less that ____% schools require daily physical education.
4%
Clip from ABC News: How many states requires physical education in the U.S.?
5 states (k-12)
What is the average length of a professional career in a team sport?
5 years
How much vigorous activity does the federal government recommend for kids ages 6-17? How many teenagers meet that standard?
60 mins per day of moderate to vigorous activity for ages 6-17. Only one in five (1 in 5) teenagers meets this standard
Authorities recommend that kids age 5-17 get ____ minutes of physical activity every day. Only ____% of kids reach that goal.
60 mins, 21%
____% of black kids have little to no swimming ability, compared to ____% of white kids. Black kids are ___ times more likely to drown in a swimming pool than white kids.
64% 40% 5.5 times
What % of kids drop out of organized sport by age 13? What's the #1 reason?
70% They were not having fun
_____% of intercollegiate football and basketball athletes will not go pro.
98.5%
How does Eitzen tie stacking to "subtle discrimination"?
African Americans may not be considered for coaching positions bc they did not play at high interactive positions requiring leadership and decision making.
How do we racially identify Tiger Woods? How does he classify himself?
Black Cablinasian Ca=Caucasian, bl=black, in=Indian, Asian
How did a society (like Nazi Germany) reconcile black athletic success with its ideology of racial inferiority?
By conceding innate athletic superiority of African Americans while denying them so-called civilized capacities
In the clip from the Daily Show, Trevor Noah points out examples of racially-coded language used to describe NFL quarterbacks Peyton Manning and Cam Newton. What does that racially-coded language imply?
Cam Newton being called a thug by the way he dressed. How Cam celebrates touchdowns when Peyton manning looks like he's sitting on the bench studying, implying Cam doesn't study plays and just has fun. QB is usually white players and Cam is saying that he's different than the norm
Norway has a population of 5 million-about the same size as the U.S. state of Minnesota. How has it become so successful in international sports?
Does everything we do in US but opposite. They let kids be kids and have fun
True or false: When the women's Olympic ice-skating champion turns professional, she receives less money than her male counterpart.
False, much more money
If athletic departments DO NOT DIRECTLY receive federal funding, they are exempt from Title IX
False. If any program or student receives federal funds, the entire institution and all its programs must comply with Title IX.
True/false. The NCAA penalized North Carolina for its academic fraud scandal.
False. The NCAA did not penalize North Carolina
Title IX only applies to sports.
False. Title IX applies to all public and private educational institutions that receive federal funds and addresses ten areas, including access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing, and technology. But it has become most widely known for its influence on sport
True/false. Among college athletes, men are more likely to graduate than women.
False. Women are more likely to graduate than men
In what kinds of sports to children from families with limited economic resources tend to participate?
Football, basketball, baseball, track and boxing
How does racial prejudice create a racial stereotype?
Gives the public the idea that blacks can't swim
Look at the table of "Average Annual Spending Per Sport, Per Child." What sport is most expensive? What sport is least expensive? What sport is the "average" (from question 2)?
Ice hockey Track and field Baseball
He argues that environment is a big factor in athletic success. What does he mean by this and what are 2 examples he gives?
In any sport that requires constant training, certain muscle groups are strengthened over time. Little girls who practice gymnastic for hours every day or the chests of male gymnasts who specialize on the rings.
Who was Harvard president Lawrence Lowell trying to keep out?
Jewish
According to this article, what are the physical, mental, and financial risks associated with physical inactivity — "the new smoking"?
Lead to shorter lifespans than their parents. Children need to learn the importance of physical activity, how to achieve it and maintain it.
Originally, why did university presidents introduce the idea of athletic scholarships?
Less incentive for athletes to take money under the table, free tuition if playing well
When were public swimming pools legally desegregated (that doesn't mean that everyone followed the law)?
Mid 1900, after World War II (2)
In terms of the Major League Baseball team the Atlanta Braves, what does "braves" mean?
Native American (or American Indian) warrior. Tomahawk Chop
How many women were on GQ's list of "25 Coolest Athletes of All Time"?
Not one women made the list
What proportion of American children are overweight?
One-third (1/3)
What are the major differences between "the Norwegian way" and how we do things in the U.S.?
Parents and coaches treat the children as they are professionals in the US, and in Norway they are not trying to professionalize kids at a young age, let kids be kids. They don't keep score or rank teams. Every kid is nurtured. Want to treat kids well
What is ironic about the simultaneous adoption of Native mascots and civilization regulations?
Real American Indians could not openly perform ceremonial dance at a time when painted up pretend ones could prance on sidelines, mocking the religious rituals of what a dominant white culture viewed as a vanishing red one.
Why do many people the National Football League's Washington team name "Redsk*ins" to be a racial slur?
Refers to a bounty. Proving you killed an native American by showing their skin. Reward for dead Indians
How did Bobbi Gibb enter the 1966 Boston Marathon? What did she wear? What was the response of the officials?
She was dismissed bc they said women are fragile. So, she demonstrated that women could run marathons so she hid in the bushes and waited till people ran by to join. She wore blue hoodie, bathing suit, shorts, and nursing shoes.
What was St. Louis Cardinals' pitcher Ryan Helsley's objection to playing against the Braves in Atlanta?
Taking elements of native culture. It devalues native culture. Offends him. Fans say its just a tradition and they aren't offending anyone
According to this study, which girls and women are overrepresented in the U.S. Youth Development program and the U.S. college system?
The WNT consists of elite-level talent drawn from two major feeder systems - the U.S youth development program and the US college system
From Real Sports ("The Price of Youth Sports"): How does elite sport training, like that done at Bo Jackson's Elite Sports in Ohio, contribute to inequalities in youth sports? How does it affect not just sport participation, but health?
The cost to participate in sport is high.
As the cost of youth sports has "skyrocketed" what has happened to the physical activity levels of children from low-income backgrounds?
The physical activity levels decreased among youth from low income backgrounds and soccer exemplifies this change
What is one example of how the media treats men's and women's sports differently.
The play by play announcers and those providing the analysis are almost exclusively men. A few women roam the stadium looking for human interest stories or interview coaches, athletes, wives of the participants and the like. The announcers also refer to women differently than men. Men's games were referred to as universal whereas women's games were referred to as the NCAA women's national championship game or the women's final four. They use womens first names and mens last names referring to women as girls in effect make men the dominats and women the subordinates.
What is "ironic" about the sports with the greatest monetary awards for women?
The sports with the greatest monetary rewards for women are those of the middle and upper classes (tennis, golf, and ice skating). They are expensive sports and require individual coaching. Sport does not offer poor women the potential for upward mobility
What marker identifies race?
There is no way to measure race. Classification is totally cultural
What method did the authors use to approximate players' from the US National Women's National Team's (USWNT) socioeconomic status? What did they find using this method?
They followed other scholars who have used athletes hometowns to approximate players socioeconomic status. The average hometown income of a WNT player was $84,456. This figure is significantly higher than the US median income of $56,642. Of the 23 women on the WNT, only 7 were form hometowns that fell below the US median
Why did Stanford University swimmer Katie Ledecky have to forfeit her amateur status?
They only way for her to make any money from sponsors in the lead-up to the 2020 Olympics was to turn pro and stop swimming for Stanford
What is the costliest element of youth sports?
Travel, parents spent $196 per sport and per child annually to travel
T/F: Before 1990, the US Golf Association and the Professional Golf Association regularly played tournaments at country clubs that did not allow people of color to be members.
True
T/F: The United States is the only nation in the world where big money sports are played at institutions of higher learning.
True
True or false: Even if the athletic department does not directly receive federal funds, it still must comply with Title IX.
True
True or false: That same report found that female reproductive organs are better protected from serious injury than male organs.
True
True or false: Women's professional tennis has at least as much fan support as men's tennis
True
True/false. NCAA rules allow two-sport athletes to be paid professionals in one sport while competing in a different college sport.
True
True/false. The NCAA now lets schools provide unlimited meals to athletes.
True
True/false. Under current NCAA rules, US Olympians who also compete in college sports can earn money for their Olympic medals.
True
True/false. Under-the-table payments to players by coaches, financial advisors and shoe companies are common in the college sport.
True
True or false: For kids aged 6 to 12, Norwegians do not keep score. Do not rank kids? What happens after age 12?
True. Can't rank them or keep score before the age of 12. Once they grow in their bodies and are mature then they are ready for vigorous training. They have to make the choice.
True or false: African American women played professional baseball. Explain.
True. They were only MAYBE allowed if they were really good, three women played in leagues, toni stone got paid $12,000
What is "ironic" about the number and proportion of women coaches and athletic administrators since the passage of Title IX in 1972?
With the passage of Title IX, which increased the participation rates of women so drastically, there has been a decline in the number and proportion of women as coaches and athletic administrators. Men who coach women's teams have higher salaries than women coaching women's teams.
Campanis kept going, arguing that there were few successful black swimmers because "they don't have the _________."
buoyancy
Diversification
engage in broad range of sports and activities
Kathrine Switzer
enter the marathon using her initials then officials found out and tried to tackle her
True or false: Title IX is only about athletics
false
Jackie Mitchell
first women to sign a professional baseball contract, pitcher in 1931, struck out babe ruth, was banned later; all women were banned
The purpose of youth sport is not about competition but about _______ and ________
friendship and well-being
head count scholarships
full-ride scholarships
The Aspen Institute found that children from low-income families are ____ as likely to play sports as children from homes with higher incomes.
half
What is the "professionalization of youth sports"?
how society becomes so focused on college scholarships, going pro and becoming famous.
Define Subtle discrimination. Eitzen writes that "more subtle" discrimination, "takes two forms." What are those 2 forms and what examples illustrate each form?
is two forms. First, blacks may not be considered for coaching positions bc they did not, as a result of stacking, play at high interactive positions requiring leadership and decision making. African Americans bc of stacking have been typically in the outfield and therefore do not possess the requisite infield experience that traditionally provides access to manager position (usually played as catchers on infielders). The second subtle form of discrimination addresses the question who is doing the hiring? The people who select head coaches are overwhelmingly white. Among D1 schools, 88% of the presidents were white in 2014 as well as athletic directors and 97% conference commissioners
How many countries have a "Bill of Rights for Young Athletes," like Norway? In that bill of rights, what does it say about cost?
no cost
For every 100 high school athletes, how many will receive a full-time athletic scholarship?
one
Bobbi Gibb
snuck into the marathon by hiding in the bushes
How did journalists and other observers explain the success of Jewish basketball players in the is and 1930s?
they used psychological reasons. The game places a premium on an alert, scheming mind, flashy trickiness, artful dodging and general smart aleckness
True or false: Most American children remain in the social class of their parents.
true
Suzanne Lenglen
was a good athlete, good at tennis, she knew what her body could do, greatest tennis player of all time, dance like tennis moves
