Kines Exam 3

classically the elbow is considered to have __ degree of freedom

1

on average, there is ____ degrees of motion (extension to flexion) at the elbow

145

the humeral head is approximately ____ times the size of the glenoid fossa

2

the shoulder complex is attached to the axioskeleton at which joint?

sternoclavicular

for maximum tension and hence torque generation across a joint, some muscles are more reliant on muscle length, whereas other muscles are more dependent on the perpendicular distance from the tendon insertion to the axis of rotation

true

in a rehabilitation setting, enhancing joint stability can be facilitated by performing exercise in a closed kinematic chain

true

in an open kinematic chain, to optimally function distally, multijoint agonists rely on their antagonists to provide stabilization at proximal joints

true

isokinetic devices operate at a set speed

true

lateral rotation of the glenohumeral joint is greater at 90 degrees of abduction compared with when the arm is at 0 degrees of abduction (resting by the side)

true

the cross-sectional area of a muscle is related to the maximal amount of force it is capable of producing

true

the pronator teres contributes more to pronation torque compared with the pronator quadrates

true

the supinator muscle is thought to act in isolation to perform slow supination tasks near elbow extension

true

typically, the anconeus initiates elbow extension

true

when an individual makes a tight fist, the biceps and triceps act to stabilize the elbow

true

with the upper extremities in a closed kinetic chain, depression of the scapula will cause elevation of the trunk and body

true

the elbow flexor group is not innervated by the ___nerve

ulnar

on average during elevation of the arm, a ___ ratio of glenohumeral to scapular motion exists

2:1

how many degrees of angular freedom are present at the sternoclavicular joint?

3

the acromioclavicular joint is thought to contribute approximately ____ degrees to upward of the scapula

30

the glenoid labrum adds approximately _% more surface area to the depth and curve of the glenoid fossa?

50

concentric

a shortening contraction of a muscle

isokinetic devices provide ___ resistance throughout the range of motion thereby promoting _____ output of the exercising muscle

accommodating;maximal

motion at the scapulothoracic joint is a result of combined motion from which joints?

acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular

the shoulder complex as a whole relies on _____ for stability

active and passive restraints

the radioulnar joints primarily rely on ____ for stability?

active and passive soft tissue restraints

which motions of the scapula occur when an individual places his or her upper extremity behind his or her back (functional medial rotation)?

anterior and medial tilt

full elbow flexion necessitates that all of the following tissues have normal length/mobility except the

anterior fibers of the medial collateral ligament

during closed kinetic chain elbow flexion, the capitulum rolls ____ and glides _____

anterior, posterior

upward rotation of the scapula occurs primarily about an ____ axis

anterior-posterior

synergists

assist the prime movers to produce motion about a joint

the glenohumeral joint is classified as a ____ joint

ball and socket

the normal end feel for elbow extension range of motion is

bone to bone

the elbow relies mainly on this for stability

bony geometry

which elbow flexor is recruited in all tasks requiring elbow flexion?

brachialis

which elbow flexor muscle is unaffected by forearm and shoulder position?

brachialis

the closed pack position of the proximal radioulnar joint is

either full supination or pronation

a strong contraction of the biceps with the elbow flexed and the shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, promotes ____ and prevents ____ translation of the glenohumeral joint

compression; superior

during protraction at the sternoclavicular joint, the ____ clavicle glides ____ on the sternum

concave; anterior

during open kinetic chain elbow extension, the ____ radial head moves ____ on the capitulum

concave; anteriorly

creep is best described as the change in length of a tissue in response to a ___ load over a ___ period of time

constant; prolonged

tension in this ligament facilitates posterior rotation of the clavicle during elevation of the upper extremity:

coracoclavicular

which ligament is primarily responsible to resist gravity's downward pull on the humeral head with the arm in the resting position?

coracohumeral

in very thin individuals it is possible the end feel for elbow flexion to be bone to bone due to the ____ process articulating with the ____ fossa

coronoid; coronoid

the force generated by the muscle is less than the external load

eccentric contraction

the glenoid fossa's alignment is tipped a few degrees inferior relative to the scapula's vertebral border

f

a stress-strain curve takes into consideration time as an influencing factor

false

compared with the shoulder and wrist, the accessory motions at the elbow are substantial

false

during abduction, the humerus must rotate medially so the greater tuberosity can "clear" the acromion

false

during most functional motions, bi-articular muscles become active insufficient

false

for a given force, a greater number of motor neurons are recruited during an eccentric contraction when compared with a concentric contraction

false

in the anatomical position, the elbow joint axis is strictly aligned with the coronal plane

false

postural muscles have a high percentage of type IIb muscle fibers

false

regardless of angel, the supinator is capable of producing more supination torque than the biceps brachii

false

the carrying angle increases when moving from extension to flexion

false

the deltoid muscle is essential to fully abduct the arm

false

the majority of clavicular elevation occurs in the second 90 degrees of humeral elevation

false

the majority of supination and pronation occurs at the distal radioulnar joint

false

the perpendicular distance from a muscles insertion to the axis of rotation remains constant throughout a joint's range of motion

false

the resting or loose packed position of the glenohumeral joint is full abduction and lateral rotation

false

the thicker the size of an axon, the more excitable it is

false

very rigid structures are more elastic and less viscous

false

the normal end feel for supination range of motion is

firm

the normal limitation or "end feel" for all motions of the glenohumeral joint is:

firm

the oblique cord becomes taut with

forearm supination

eccentric

from a physiological perspective, this type of muscle contraction is the most efficient (uses the least amount of energy)

the medial collateral ligament of the elbow providese stabilization in the _____ plane

frontal

the acromioclavicular joint is classified as a _____ joing

gliding

which of the following is a structural cause of subacromial impingement syndrome?

hooked or angled acromion

most of the motion at the elbow comes from this joint

humeroulnar

the undersurface of the annular ligament is lined with

hyaline cartilage

the tendon of the long head of the biceps is considered to be:

intra-articular and extrasynovial

the anterior capsule of the glenohumeral joint becomes taut with extreme ___ and ____

lateral rotation; extension

the carrying angle is most pronounced with the glenohumeral joint ____ rotated and forearm ______

laterally; supinated

during upward rotation of the scapula, the axis of rotation of the scapula migrates laterally

true

with a bi-articular muscle, if neither the proximal or distal end is "fixed" during a contraction of the respective muscle:

motion will occur at both the proximal and distal joints

gastrocnemius, upper extremity flexors, erector spinae group

muscles that when considered collectively are most representative of those with a high percentage of type IIb fibers

collectively, the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium for a muscle's ____ elastic component

parallel

given the following arrangement, which muscle orientation would you expect to be able to produce the greatest amount of force? muscle fibers arranged in _____ that are architecturally classified as _____ in shape

parallel; pennate

what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint is classified as

pivot

the primary purpose of the shoulder is to

place the hand in position for function

as the arm is elevated in the scapular plane (particularly during higher angles of elevation), which combination of tilts at the scapula occur?

posterior and lateral

in the humeroradial position, the radial head is located

posterior to the capitulum

during lateral rotation of the glenohumeral joint, the humerus rolls ____ and glides or slides _____

posterior; anterior

during open kinetic chain supination at the distal radioulnar joint, the radius rolls ____ and slides _____

posterior; posterior

relative to the distal humeral condyles, the humeral head is rotated ___ in the ____ plane

posterior; transverse

which muscle is capable of producing elbow flexion?

pronator teres

the quadrate ligament provides stability at which joint

proximal radioulnar

the scapulothoracic joint is classified as a ____ joint

pseudo

motion at the elbow takes place primarily in the ___ plane about a(n) ____ axis.

sagittal; medial-lateral

the sternoclavicular joint is classified as a ____ joint

sellar

as it relates to connective tissue, all of the following are correct

stiffness of a tissue can be defined as the amount of force required to create a change in length or displacement the initial section of the stress-strain curve is referred to as the "toe region" in a resting state, connective tissue has a wavy or crimped appearance

medial and lateral tilting of the scapula occurs about a ____ axis

superior-inferior

all of the following statements related to muscle length and tension are true

the resting length of a muscle is a position of the muscle where there is no tension within the muscle at a muscle's resting length, a maximal number of actin and myosin cross-bridges are capable of forming active tension is responsible for muscle tension during shortening

elevation at the sternocalvicular joint takes place between

the sternal end of the clavicle and articular disk

The elbow complex consists of ____ joint(s) and is surrounded by ____ capsule(s).

three;one

the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna serves to perform all of the following functions

transmit forces from radius to ulna serve as an attachment site for local musculature increase stability of the radioulnar joints

protraction of the sternoclavicular joint occurs in the _____ plane

transverse

supination and pronation occur in the ____ plane about a(n) _____ axis

transverse; superior-inferior

a gunstock deformity is associated with cubital varus

true

a muscles action and its orientation related to gravity will determine whether a muscle contracts in a concentric or eccentric fashion

true

all biological materials can be considered "viscoelastic"

true

anterior tilting of the scapula occurs when the superior border of the scapula tilts forward with its inferior angle moving away from the thorax

true

as it relates to muscle characteristics, the term stress is synonymous with force

true

as the upper extremity progresses to higher levels of elevation, the moment arm for the lower trapezius to upwardly rotate the scapula becomes larger

true

because the trochlea is located more distal than the capitulum, a valgus carrying angle is created

true

during scapular elevation, small adjustments at the acromioclavicular joint allow the vertebral border of the scapula to remain essentially vertical in alignment

true