Kinesiology Chapters 1-3

Know the six (6) branches of philosophy (the focus or general questions), as well as the six (6) major philosophies and how they differ.

1. Metaphysics- Addresses the ultimate nature of reality; what is real and exists. 2. Epistemology- Examines the nature of knowledge. 3. Logic- Focuses on the examination of ideas in an orderly and systematic way and how ideas relate to each other 4. Axiology- Examines the nature of values. 5. Ethics- Concerned with issues of right and wrong, responsibility, and standards of conduct. 6. Aesthetics- Studies the nature of beauty and art.

Know the three (3) domains or classifications of behavior (cognitive, affective, psychomotor) in which learning occurs and what taxonomies have been established for each domain. Also, each domain has categories that will describe how learning occurs within that domain and objectives for each.

Classifications for behavior and objectives for learning: Cognitive - thinking Affective - feeling Psychomotor - doing Taxonomies Serve as a guide for professionals in planning for learning outcomes and achievement of desired goals. Organizes educational objectives in a progressive hierarchy, from low to high, using developmental theories as a basis for formulating objectives. Cognitive Domain Concerned with the acquisition of knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. Professionals can contribute to the knowledge of the human body, exercise, disease, and health. Bloom's Taxonomy - remembering, understanding, applying analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Affective Domain Concerned with how individuals' feelings about themselves, the learning experience, and the subject influence their learning. Krathwohl's taxonomy reflects the development of values, appreciations, attitudes, and character. Desired outcomes include a positive self-concept, enhancement of self-worth, self respect, and social responsibility. Psychomotor Domain Main focus of our field. Objectives focus on the acquisition of basic movements and perceptual abilities and emphasizes the development of fitness and highly skilled movements. Motor skill development Physical fitness development

Know the role of technology is assessment and some examples of some computerized assessment and record keeping systems and how they are used in the process.

Computers Help in maintaining records of test results or keeping a log of participants' involvement in the program (e.g., Fitnessgram, Activitygram, HealthFirst TriFit) Heart-rate monitors and pedometers Hand-held devices Smart mobile phones applications

Know the Mind-Body relationship and the terms (dualism and monism) how it applies to our field of study.

Dualism - belief that the mind and body are separate entities (e.g., the mind is superior to the body). Monism - views the mind and body as a fused, unified entity; neither one is superior to the other.

Know the subdisciplines within Physical Education, Exercise Science, and Sport

Exercise Physiology Study of the effects of various physical demands, particularly exercise, on the structure and function of the body. Sports Medicine Concerned with the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports-related injuries. Sport Biomechanics Applies the methods of physics and mechanics to the study of human motion and the motion of sport objects. Sport Philosophy Encompasses the study of the nature of reality, the structure of knowledge in sport, ethical and moral questions, and the aesthetics of movement. Sport History Critical examination of the past, with a focus on events, people, and trends that influenced the development and direction of the field. Sport and Exercise Psychology Uses principles and scientific methods from psychology to study human behavior in sport. Motor Development Studies the factors that influence the development of abilities essential to movement. Motor Learning Study of changes in motor behavior that are primarily the result of practice and experience, specifically the effect of content, timing and frequency, of feedback on skill learning. Sport Sociology Study of the role of sport in society, its impact on participants in sport, and the relationship between sport and other societal institutions. Sport Pedagogy Study of teaching and learning in school and non-school settings. Adapted Physical Activity Concerned with the preparation of teachers and sport leaders to provide programs and services for individuals with disabilities. Sport Management Encompasses the many managerial aspects of sport including personnel management, budgeting, facility management, and programming.

Know the difference between health, holistic health and wellness.

Health - 'a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (World Health Organization, 1947). Holistic Health - focuses on the whole person and encompasses the intellectual and spiritual dimensions of health in addition to the physical, mental, and social dimensions. Wellness - state of optimal health and well-being in which an individual's physical, emotional, social, mental, spiritual, and environmental aspects of health are in balance.

Know the different Allied Fields such as health, recreation and leisure and dance.

Health - Concerns itself with the total well-being of the individual, encompassing physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual health. Recreation and Leisure - Self-chosen activities that provide a means of revitalizing and refreshing one's body and spirit. Dance - A physical activity and performing art that gives participants, of all ages, an opportunity for aesthetic expression through movement.

Know the goals of the Healthy People 2020 initiative.

Healthy People 2020 - Improving the Health of Americans Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

Know changing demographics, the terms associated with demographics and its implications for our field of study.

Life expectancy: life expectancy of the US pop rose to 78.7 years; with whites and women outliving blacks and men by over 4 years. This compares to 47.3 in 1900 and 68.2 years in 1950 Age distribution- older adults: in 2010, 40.3 million people (13% of population) was 65 or older. By 2030, it is projected that 20% of the pop will be 65 or older Age distribution- under the age of 18: in 2020, approximately 24% of the pop will be under the age of 18 Fastest growing pop group: Hispanic are the fastest growing racial and ethnic group as they are expected to comprise 25% of the pop by 2050 Implications: important for professionals to reflect on their view of cultural diversity, because culture influences an individuals health, beliefs, activities, access to care, adherence to programs, and treatment outcomes cultural diversity can be defined as "differences associated with gender, race, national origin, ethnicity, social class, religion, age, and ability/disability, but it can also be extended to include differences in personality, sexual orientation, veteran status, physical appearance, marital status, and parental status" importance for professionals to continuously develop their cultural competency through awareness and reflection of their own values, beliefs, biases, and prejudices culture- refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups competency- implies having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs presented by consumers and their communities

Know how to define philosophy and its importance.

Means the love of wisdom (source) Set of beliefs relating to a particular field A system of values by which one lives or works Helps individuals address the problems that confront them through the use of critical thinking, logical analysis, and reflective appraisal.

Know difference between measurement, evaluation and assessment and purposes of assessment.

Measurement Process of gathering information or collecting data. Evaluation Process of interpreting the information or data. Assessment Process of gathering information to learn what participants know and are able to do in order to determine their progress toward achievement of the goals and objectives.

Know the different dimensions of wellness.

Physical How your body functions, freedom from disease, being active on a regular basis, following sound nutritional practices, maintaining a healthy body weight, and getting sufficient sleep. Emotional Enhanced through acceptance of one's feelings, appropriate expression of a wide range of emotions, and effective stress management Social Emphasizes the development of interpersonal skills and healthy, fulfilling relationships as well as contributing to the welfare of others and one's community. Mental Characterized by sound decision-making skills, intellectual growth, and high self-esteem. Spiritual Reflects a sense of purpose in life and living life in accordance to one's beliefs and values. Environment Includes where an individual lives and works. Some factors include: amount of noise, level of pollution, availability of safe places to walk, and type of housing.

Know the definitions and differences between Physical Education, Exercise Science and Sport.

Physical Education is defined as an educational process that uses physical activity as a means to help individuals acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimal development and well-being. Physical Education - Includes the acquisition and refinement of motor skills, the development and maintenance of fitness for optimal health and well-being, the attainment of knowledge about physical activities, and the fostering of positive attitudes conductive to lifelong learning and lifespan participation. Exercise Science - Scientific analysis of exercise or physical activity, specifically how people's movements develop and change across their lifespan and further expand their understanding of how people learn motor skills. Sport - Well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards (Coakley, 2009).

Know the benefits of regular physical activity and the physical activity guidelines.

Reduces the risk of early death, heart disease, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, adverse blood lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, colon and breast cancers. Helps prevention of weight gain and helps with weight loss when combined with a diet. Reduces abdominal obesity. Increases cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. Prevents falls. Reduced depression. Better cognitive function for older adults. Better functional health for older adults.

Know historical development of goals and objectives of physical education and how they differ from the contemporary goals and objectives.

The goals and objectives shifted from an emphasis on the education of the physical to a focus on education through the physical (i.e., developmental model). 1883 - Thomas Wood - physical education should contribute to the complete education of the individual. 1910 - Clark Hetherington - 'father of modern physical education', viewed PE's contributions to organic, psychomotor, intellectual, and character education. 1964 - Charles Bucher - identified 4 developmental objectives for PE: physical, motor and movement, mental, and social development. Contemporary physical education, exercise science, and sport programs are diverse in content, vary in setting, and serve people of all ages. 1995 & 2004 - National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) developed Content Standards in Physical Education Identifies content standards and assessment guidelines to measure student learning. Provides a framework that identifies goals and objectives associated with quality programs. Professionals in all settings can incorporate the assessment benchmarks, points of emphasis, criteria, and suggested assessment techniques.

Know difference between goals and objectives.

`Goals Statements of purposes, intents, and aims that reflect desired accomplishments. Expressed as general statements and are broad in their direction. State long-term outcomes to be achieved by participants in the program. Objectives Derived from goals, but are more specific. Describe learning, specifically what individuals should know, do, or feel as a result of instruction. Short-term statements of specific outcomes that build cumulatively to reach a goal.