Kinesiology topic The Shoulder and Arm "exam coach 4/26/21"
Define the term: Supraspinous fossa (scapula)
A depression on the scapula (superior to the scapular spine) that accommodates the supraspinatus.
Define the term: Rotator cuff?
A group of muscles and their tendons that act to move the arm and stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles are the supraspinatus muscle, the infraspinatus muscle, teres minor muscle, and the subscapularis muscle.
Define the term: Pectoralis major?
A large, superficial muscle of the chest; all fibers adduct and medially rotate the shoulder, may assist in forced inhalation if arm is fixed; upper fibers flex and horizontally adduct the shoulder; lower fibers extend the shoulder.
Define the term: Labrum?
A ring of fibrocartilage forming a lip, edge, or brim around the edge of an articular joint. Examples include the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint and the acetabular labrum in the hip joint.
Define the term: Infraglenoid tubercle (scapula)?
A rough eminence inferior to the glenoid fossa, where the long tendon of the triceps attaches.
Define the term: Supraglenoid tubercle (scapula)?
A rough eminence superior to the glenoid fossa that serves as an attachment site for the long head of the biceps muscle.
Define the term: Glenohumeral joint?
A synovial ball-and-socket joint located between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction.
Define the term: Acromioclavicular joint?
A synovial gliding joint formed between the lateral end of the clavicle and the medial edge of the acromion process of the scapula.
Define the term: Sternoclavicular joint?
A synovial saddle joint formed between the articulations of the medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium of the sternum; allows gliding movements. It is closely related to the scapulothoracic joint and acromioclavicular joint and forms the only bony articulation connecting the shoulder girdle to the axial skeleton.
Define the term: Scapula?
A triangular flat bone on the posterior aspect of the thorax that joins the clavicle and humerus in creating the shoulder girdle.
term best describes movement of the upper extremity in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
What term refers to the lateral end of the clavicle?
Acromial end
What term best describes the joint formed by the lateral end of the clavicle and medial edge of the acromion process?
Acromioclavicular joint
What term refers to a flat bony prominence on the superior lateral aspect of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle?
Acromion
What term best describes movement of the upper extremity in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body?
Adduction
Which muscle name refers to the superficial, two-headed flexor of the anterior upper arm that flexes the elbow and shoulder?
Biceps brachii
Define the term: Sternum?
Bone of the anterior thorax that forms the midline of the rib cage.
Which muscle name refers to the flexor just deep to the biceps brachii?
Brachialis
Define the term: Latissimus dorsi?
Broad muscle of the lateral posterior body that extends, adducts, and medially rotates the shoulder.
What term best describes a circular movement of the upper extremity, at the shoulder, that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in sequence?
Circumduction
Which term best describes a circular movement of the upper extremity, at the shoulder, that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in sequence?
Circumduction
Which muscle name refers to a slender muscle on the medial side of the humerus that flexes and adducts the shoulder?
Coracobrachialis
What term refers to a bony projection on the anterior scapula?
Coracoid process
Define the term: Superior angle (scapula)?
Define the term: Superior angle (scapula)
Which muscle name refers to a big triangular muscle that caps the shoulder?
Deltoid
What term refers to a rough surface on the superior lateral aspect of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches?
Deltoid tuberosity
What term best describes movement of the scapula in an inferior direction?
Depression
Define the term: Subscapular fossa (scapula)?
Depression on the anterior scapula that accommodates the subscapularis.
Define the term: Infraspinous fossa?
Depression on the posterior scapula that accommodates the infraspinatus muscle; also called the infraspinatus fossa.
What term best describes rotational movement of the scapula that points the glenoid cavity in an inferior direction?
Downward rotation
What term best describes movement of the scapula in a superior direction?
Elevation
All three heads of the triceps brachii extend the elbow. Which is an additional action of the long head?
Extends the shoulder
What term best describes a posterior movement of the upper extremity in the sagittal plane?
Extension
What term best describes the anterior movement of the upper extremity in the sagittal plane?
Flexion
What term refers to the joint formed by the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus?
Glenohumeral joint
Which term refers to the joint formed by the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus?
Glenohumeral joint
What term best describes the round, concave surface area of the lateral aspect of the scapula that forms the articulation with the humerus?
Glenoid cavity
Which term best describes the round, concave surface area of the lateral aspect of the scapula that forms the articulation with the humerus?
Glenoid cavity
What term best describes a bony prominence on the proximal lateral aspect of the humerus that articulates with the scapula?
Greater tubercle
What term refers to the ball-shaped surface of the proximal end of the humerus that forms the articulation with the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
Head
What term refers to a movement of the flexed upper extremity at the shoulder, in the horizontal plane, that brings it posteriorly away from the midline?
Horizontal abduction
Which term refers to a movement of the flexed upper extremity at the shoulder, in the horizontal plane, that brings it posteriorly away from the midline?
Horizontal abduction
What term refers to a movement of the abducted upper extremity at the shoulder, in the horizontal plane, that brings it anteriorly toward the midline?
Horizontal adduction
What term best describes the inferior curved junction between the medial and lateral border of the scapula?
Inferior angle
What term refers to a rough area located inferior to the glenoid fossa?
Infraglenoid tubercle
Which term refers to a rough area located inferior to the glenoid fossa?
Infraglenoid tubercle
What term best describes the concave surface on the posterior aspect of the scapula inferior to the scapular spine?
Infraspinous fossa
What term refers to a groove between the greater and lesser tubercles on the anterior superior aspect of the humerus?
Intertubercular groove
What term refers to the fibrous cartilage ring that widens and deepens the glenoid cavity?
Labrum
Which term refers to the fibrous cartilage ring that widens and deepens the glenoid cavity?
Labrum
Define the term: Trapezius?
Large muscle of the upper back; upper fibers bilaterally extend the head and neck; unilaterally, they laterally flex and rotate the head and neck to the same side, elevate and upwardly rotate the scapula; middle fibers adduct and stabilize the scapula; lower fibers depress and upwardly rotate the scapula.
What term refers to the outside edge of the scapula?
Lateral border
What term refers to rotation of the anterior surface of the humerus away from the midline of the body?
Lateral rotation
Which large superficial muscle runs from the iliac crest to the humerus?
Latissimus dorsi
What term best describes a bony prominence on the proximal medial aspect of the humerus?
Lesser tubercle
Which term best describes a bony prominence on the proximal medial aspect of the humerus?
Lesser tubercle
Define the term: Clavicle?
Long bone of the anterior shoulder girdle: "collar bone."
What term refers to the inside edge of the scapula?
Medial border
What term refers to rotation of the anterior surface of the humerus toward the midline of the body?
Medial rotation
Which term refers to rotation of the anterior surface of the humerus toward the midline of the body?
Medial rotation
Define the term: Rhomboid major?
Muscle between the scapula and the spine that adducts, elevates, and downwardly rotates the scapula. It is located inferior to the rhomboid minor.
Define the term: Rhomboid minor?
Muscle between the scapula and the spine that adducts, elevates, and downwardly rotates the scapula. It is located superior to the rhomboid major.
Define the term: Pectoralis minor?
Muscle of the chest deep to pectoralis major that depresses, abducts, and tilts the scapula anteriorly; may assist in forced inhalation if scapula is fixed.
Define the term: Deltoid?
Muscle of the lateral shoulder; all fibers abduct the shoulder; anterior fibers flex, medially rotate, and horizontally adduct the shoulder; posterior fibers extend, laterally rotate, and horizontally abduct the shoulder.
Define the term: Triceps brachii?
Muscle of the posterior arm; all three heads extend the elbow; long head extends and adducts the shoulder.
Define the term: Coracobrachialis?
Muscle of the upper arm and axillary region that flexes and adducts the shoulder.
Define the term: Biceps brachii
Muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow and shoulder, and supinates the forearm.
Define the term: Brachialis?
Muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow.
Define the term: Serratus anterior?
Muscle on the lateral and posterior rib cage; with the origin fixed, it abducts and depresses the scapula, and holds the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage; if the scapula is stabilized, it may assist in forced inhalation.
What is the large, superficial muscle of the chest?
Pectoralis major
Which muscle is deep to the pectoralis major and a triangular-shaped muscle of the upper chest?
Pectoralis minor
Define the term: Teres major?
Posterior shoulder muscle that extends, adducts, and medially rotates the shoulder; known as "little helper" of the latissimus dorsi.
Define the term: Deltoid tuberosity (humerus)?
Prominence on the superior lateral shaft of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.
What term best describes movement of the scapula away from the spine and in an anterior direction?
Protraction
What term best describes movement of the scapula toward the spine and in a posterior direction?
Retraction
Which muscle refers to a muscle between the scapula and the spine, deep to the trapezius, that attaches to the medial border of the scapula?
Rhomboid major
Which muscle is narrower and just superior to the rhomboid major?
Rhomboid minor
Define the term: Supraspinatus?
Rotator cuff muscle that abducts the shoulder and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
Define the term: Infraspinatus?
Rotator cuff muscle that laterally rotates, adducts, extends, and horizontally abducts the shoulder, and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
Define the term: Subscapularis?
Rotator cuff muscle that medially rotates the shoulder and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
Define the term: Teres minor?
Rotator cuff muscle that runs along the upper lateral border of the scapula; it laterally rotates, adducts, extends, and horizontally abducts the shoulder, and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
What term best describes the false joint formed by the anterior scapula and the posterior thoracic ribs?
Scapulothoracic joint
Define the term: Coracoid process (scapula)?
Smaller, anterior extension of the scapula that serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons.
What term best describes a ridge on the posterior superior aspect of the scapula?
Spine of the scapula
Which term best describes a ridge on the posterior superior aspect of the scapula?
Spine of the scapula
What term refers to the medial end of the clavicle?
Sternal end
Which term refers to the medial end of the clavicle?
Sternal end
What term best describes the joint formed by the medial end of the clavicle and the sternal notch of the manubrium?
Sternoclavicular joint
The bone of the anterior thorax that forms the midline of the rib cage is called the?
Sternum
Which rotator cuff muscle fills the subscapular fossa and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity?
Subscapularis
Define the term: Acromioclavicular ligaments?
Superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments and coracoclavicular ligaments that stabilize the acromioclavicular joint.
What term best describes the superior medial curved junction between the medial border and superior ridge of the scapula?
Superior angle
What term best describes the bony projection located on the superior aspect of the glenoid cavity?
Supraglenoid tubercle
Which rotator cuff muscle fills the supraspinous fossa and abducts the shoulder?
Supraspinatus
What term refers to the concave surface located at the superior aspect of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa
Which term refers to the concave surface located at the superior aspect of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa
Which muscle is called the "little helper" of the latissimus dorsi?
Teres major
Which of the teres muscles medially rotates the arm at the shoulder?
Teres major
Which muscle runs along the upper lateral border of the scapula?
Teres minor
Define the term: Lateral border (scapula)?
The axillary border of the scapula that is furthest from the midline.
Define the term: Greater tubercle (humerus)?
The bony prominence of the humerus that serves as an attachment site for the teres minor and infraspinatus.
Define the term: Acromion process (scapula)?
The bony prominence of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint.
Define the term: Spine of the scapula?
The bony ridge on the posterior superior portion of the scapula.
Define the term: Medial border (scapula)?
The border of the scapula that is closest to the spine.
Pectoralis minor inserts at?
The coracoid process of the scapula
Define the term: Glenoid cavity (scapula)?
The depression in the scapula that accommodates the head of the humerus.
Define the term: Lateral edge?
The edge of a bone on the lateral aspect, furthest from the midline.
Define the term: Glenoid tubercles?
The glenoid tubercles are two small, bony eminences located above and below the glenoid fossa on the scapula. The supraglenoid tubercle is above and the infraglenoid is below the fossa. The glenoid tubercles serve as attachment sites for the long heads of the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii muscles.
Define the term: Inferior angle (scapula)?
The inferior curved junction between the medial and lateral border of the scapula.
Define the term: Acromial end (clavicle)?
The lateral end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
Define the term: Conoid?
The medial acromioclavicular ligament that prevents excessive lateral and superior movements of the clavicle.
Define the term: Sternal end (clavicle)?
The medial end of the clavicle that articulates with the sternum.
Define the term: Head of the humerus?
The proximal end of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid fossa.
Define the term: Lesser tubercle (humerus)?
The smaller prominence on the proximal medial aspect of the humerus.
Define the term: Intertubercular groove?
The sulcus (groove) that runs between the greater and lesser tubercles on the anterior superior aspect of the humerus.
Define the term: Humerus?
The upper arm bone.
Define the term: Scapulothoracic joint
This is not a true joint. It is formed by the articulation of the anterior surface of the scapula and the posterior surface of the rib cage and held together by connective tissue that allows gliding motions. It is closely related to the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints that move with the scapulothoracic joint. It allows protraction and retraction; lateral, medial, anterior, and posterior tilt; and extends the overall range of motion of the arm.
Define the term: Frozen shoulder?
Tightening of the joint capsule which inhibits movement in the glenohumeral joint.
Which muscle refers to the big, three-headed muscle on the posterior upper arm?
Triceps brachii
What term best describes a rotational movement of the scapula that points the glenoid cavity in a superior direction?
Upward rotation