Kins 134 Test 2
True or False Desiderius Erasmus, was a strong supporter of the Catholic Church, believed in the value of physical education and sports to prepare Crusaders to fight the Turks and vehemently opposed the attempt of Martin Luther to reform the Catholic Church.
False
True or False The Scholastics provided religious justification for admonishing the value of the body and opposing activities that promoted physical fitness.
False
True or False The seasonal agricultural holidays during the Middle Ages were void of games and entertainment.
False
True or False Early Christian monks were not at all interested in the body, did not pay any attention to the body.
False
True or False Elyot resisted the influences of Luther and Calvin and reached the conclusion in his book that "all sports are good".
False
True or False Guts Muths did not agree with Rousseau that the development of the body must occur prior to the development of the mind.
False
Rousseau had a big impact on education in that He was an advocate of the ideas of the scholastics. He used the ideas of the classics to promote education. He used physical activity to develop children into good citizens. He did not have an impact on education, but on politics. All of the above
He used physical activity to develop children into good citizens.
Rousseau Believed that the body must be made healthy prior to developing the properties of the mind. Held physical education in high esteem. Was a monist. A and B only. B and C only.
A and B only.
Johann Basedow Emphasized the use of the senses in learning. Educated children as "small adults". Based his education practices on Rousseau's Emile. Built the curriculum in the Philanthropinum as an education of both mind and body. A, C, & D only.
A, C, & D only.
During the early Medieval tournament the victorious knight won it all! Property, Armor, horses, and people. chivalry was absent - there was no "fair fight". it was common for several knights to gang up on one knight and ransom him back to his family for all he was worth. free-for-alls on horseback were common. All of the above
All of the above
Michel de Montaigne Believed in a "well rounded" individual. Believed, as did Hobbes, that our experiences are valid and our senses are the only means of learning. Believed in a monist view of human existence. All of the above. None of the above
Believed in a monist view of human existence.
The Scholastics of the Middle Ages opposed physical education regarded the body as an instrument of sin saw great value in physical activity believed in a close relationship between mind and body C and D only
C and D only
True or False Galen studied human physiology and believed that it was composed of eight essential humors which resided exclusively in the brain and heart.
False
True or False Like his contemporary and friend Johann Basedow, Guts Muths taught at the Philanthropinum.
False
True or False Rene Descartes was a "realist" and epistemologically, believed in sense input as a positive source of knowledge.
False
Which of the following is true? Some Orthodox Christians consistently rejected the contention that the human body was evil but were in the minority. Elements of the early Christian church, along with various and influential "streams" of Roman Catholicism during the early Middle Ages, looked upon the human body as having great value and did not believe that people are born with "original sin" that corrupts the body and soul The Christian view of the body, good or bad, was not based upon the beliefs about the corporeal nature of Christ All of the above B and C only
Some Orthodox Christians consistently rejected the contention that the human body was evil but were in the minority
True or False According to Galen, when humors were blended in certain ways within the body, health could be achieved.
True
True or False Elyot identified 6 physiological benefits that could be obtained by exercising.
True
True or False Greek gymnastics were used at the Philanthropinum.
True
True or False Johann Friedrich Guts Muths wrote extensively on physical education.
True
The Renaissance produced philosophers who attempted to show that the classical philosophies went hand in hand with the teachings of the Church. produced philosophers who inadvertently paved the way for the philosophical undermining of the Church Unlike the Middle Ages, did not produce too many philosophers who had a lasting impact The most studied philosophy was Scholasticism, which attempted to reconcile the theology of the Christian church with rational thought. All of the above
all of the above
During the Renaissance and Reformation, which of the following were false? different theories of how the body should be viewed were developed. the groundwork was laid for different attitudes about sport and physical education physical education and sport were no better off than they were during the Middle Ages. All of the above A and B only
physical education and sport were no better off than they were during the Middle Ages.
During the Age of Science Science became a separate area of study from philosophy. the development of "reasoned inquiry" came into being. The goal of science was to improve the quality of life on earth. All of the above. None of the above
All of the above.
Humanists believed that the human body was evil and supported the monastic and ascetic approach of the Catholic Church. supported the religious belief of "original sin". rejected the Greek belief that the soul and body are one and that the actions of the body naturally express the humanity of the soul. All of the above. None of the above
None of the above
Which of the following is false? Michelangelo (1475-1564) was a gifted painter, sculptor, poet, and architect. Sculpted the famous white marble masterpiece titled DAVID which is considered to be a perfect anatomical and physical model of a young male. Both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo depicted the human body in sculpture and painting in exquisite anatomical detail. Renaissance artists like da Vinci and Michelangelo believed that the human body is the most beautiful form on earth and should be studied and celebrated in art. None of the above are false.
None of the above are false.
John Calvin championed the cause of physical education in Europe's schools. had a positive effect on the development of sport and physical education well into the twentieth century. encouraged his followers to "play, dance, and sing". All of the above. None of the above.
None of the above.
Thomas Elyot wrote The Book of the Governor which contained several chapters on physical education. believed that not all sports were good, however, running, swimming, and hunting were sports that Elyot approved of. encouraged young aristocrats to play football because it developed manly attributes and contributed to character development. All of the above. A and B only.
A and B only.
The Scholastic, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) wrote Summa Theologiae, which among other areas of discussion, stated that to achieve happiness, man requires perfection in both the soul and the body. denounced the body in his classic work, Summa Theologiae. believed that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness level of the individual. None of the above. A and C only
A and C only
The role/influence of the Catholic Church upon European culture during the late Middle Ages was profound - cannot be overestimated was minimal at best. permeated every aspect of culture A and C only None of the above
A and C only
David Hume Was a skeptic. Believed that the body was no important relative to sensing "impressions". Believed that we cannot know anything without our bodies. A and c only. A and b only.
A and b only.
Isaac Newton Developed the mechanical theory of the universe that supported the position that God created the world as a perfect machine. Wrote "Minds and Bodies" Argued that the universe is guided by laws that are timeless and never change. A and c only. All of the above
A and c only.
One of the few remaining cultural institutions left intact after the fall of Ravenna, Capitol of the Western Roman Empire, was the Christian Church the British Empire - centered in England the Athenian Empire All of the above None of the above
The Christian Church
True or False Christian beliefs reinforced and perpetuated the existing social order, the Feudal System, during the Middle Ages.
True
True or False In general, during the medieval period, support for physical education were rare except for the work of a few scholastics, some Jewish philosophers, and what was needed to prepare knights for battle.
True
True or False Monks chose to deny themselves the pleasures of the body because in so doing so, they were able to "prove" - from the Christian beliefs of the era, that they were worthy of eternal salvation.
True
True or False The work of Galen, "De Medicina" was the chief source of Medical knowledge during the Middle Ages.
True
True or False Vittorino da Feltre was the first educator to effectively bring together the humanist educational ideals of developing the mind, body, and spirit in order to develop the ideal citizen.
True
True or False Wars and battles between knights and feudal armies were common during the Middle Ages. Knights had to develop athletic ability if they were going to survive.
True
True or False According to St. Thomas Aquinas, perfection in both body and soul is necessary.
True
True or False Along with mundane medical treatments such as drinking herbal teas, medicine as practiced in the Middle Ages believed that drinking urine or boiling the extract of cow's dung could cure the plague.
True
True or False Christians eventually came to regard the body as an instrument of sin; the body was mortal and had little consequence to a man seeking eternal salvation.
True
True or False During the Enlightenment both the philosophers and the philosophies argued for developing a coherent philosophy as did Plato and Aristotle.
True
True or False During the Renaissance, physical education was part of a total educational package of many philosophers and became more common in the educational curriculum then it was during the Middle Ages.
True
True or False Greek philosophers and their beliefs had little or no impact upon the scholastics.
True
True or False Orthodox Christians along with the Ascetic monks despised the body and subjected the body to self-inflicted pain. They viewed the body as an instrument of sin.
True
True or False Richard Mulcaster believed in educating both the mind and the body.
True
True or False The ascetic monastic lifestyle of Christian monks was based on the belief that enlightenment would be achieved through bodily mortification, vows of silence, prayer, and the renouncing of all material possessions.
True
True or False The bourgeoisie is defined as the well educated middle class that was hostile to the aristocracy.
True
True or False The consensus among medieval historians is that, with the exception of ritual dancing and manual labor, Christians were generally encouraged to avoid the pleasures and temptations of the body.
True
True or False The education of women improved over what it had been during the Middle Ages but was still far from being equal with that of men.
True
True or False The removal of "bad blood" by purging or bleeding the patient was a common medical treatment during the Middle Ages.
True
True or False Thomas Elyot was a famous Englishman whose Book of the Governor contained several chapters about physical education.
True
True or False Thomas Hobbes was a materialist and believed in the doctrine of Determinism.
True
True or False Vittorino da Feltre opened a school he named La Giocosa (Pleasant House) which used a model of physical education that other physical education programs were modeled after.
True
True or False William of Ockham was a philosopher who disparaged the body every chance he got and claimed that it - the body - was a worthless source of information and insisted that the mind, and the mind alone, revealed all that was true and accurate.
True
The Age of Science and the Enlightenment Mark the rebirth of the classics in Western civilization. Was primarily an intellectual and elitist movement. Was a combination of the effects of the Renaissance and Reformation. Marks the beginning of the end of pre-modern culture as an ideal type. All of the above
Was a combination of the effects of the Renaissance and Reformation.
Medieval philosophy relied on the ideas of which of the following philosophers? Bishop Miller of Berkeley Aristophanes Aristotle and Plato Marcus Tillius Cicero All of the above
Aristotle and Plato
The theories of John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume Had a minimal impact upon the "ideas" that reflected the Enlightenment. Maintained that people could "know" through their bodies. Supported the position that the body could be used as a tool for learning. B and C only.
B and C only.
Desiderius Erasmus figured prominently in both the Renaissance and Reformation because he was a staunch defender of the Catholic Church. advocated making education a part of every person's life, regardless of social class. was trained as a priest and was a dualist. was ambivalent regarding the virtues of health and physical education. B, C, and D only.
B, C, and D only.
In addition to the Catholic Church, which of the following groups had a significant, both limited, impact upon medieval philosophy. Jewish and Islamic philosophers the Stoics the Epicureans Scholastics and Agnostics All of the above
Jewish and Islamic Philosophers
Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Courtier. believed in the concept of the "Universal Man". believed that the well-rounded courtier should know how to swim, leap, run, play tennis, and perform on the vaulting horse. Included a discussion in The Courtier about the role of women. All of the above.
All of the above.
Bishop Odon of Bayeux was a noble who entered the priesthood and was able to blend his spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a knight. is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry as a knight leading soldiers to victory over the Saxon Army supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry which illustrates numerous sporting activities that took place during the Middle Ages All of the above. A and C only.
All of the above
During the Middle Ages Christians looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and the desire to develop great physiques as a pagan practice. the Christians believed the Greek practice of worshiping pagan gods by displaying their athletic prowess was proof that the Greeks cared more about secular matters than spiritual matters. the majority of Christians believed that to participate in athletics or engage in physical training to glorify the body would contaminate the body which "housed" the soul and by doing this, the soul would become impure All of the above. A and B only
All of the above
During the Renaissance the Classics were held in high regard. secular concerns were important leading educators incorporated physical education into their educational curriculum many intellectuals began to differ with the church relative to the philosophical and theological positions of the body. All of the above.
All of the above
Humanists believed in a philosophy that placed its focus on humans as opposed to the "other worldly" or heavenly concerns of earlier philosophies. developed the concept of Humanism. saw value in the way the ancient Greeks viewed the body - the Greeks believed that the human body played an important role in the secular world--everyday life. All of the above A and C only
All of the above
Petrus Paulus Vergerius was influenced by Plato and educated sons of wealthy families. was a great leader of humanist thought in Italy believed that the Spartan model of physical education was advantageous because it prepared one for war. All of the above. A and C only
All of the above
St. Thomas Aquinas believed, as did Aristotle, that the soul needs a body to acquire knowledge. developed with his fellow Scholastics, a philosophical and religious justification for cherishing the body and valuing physical fitness and recreation because of the benefits of physical, mental, social, and moral well-being Believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man. All of the above. A and C only.
All of the above
The Inquisition was a religious movement directed by the Catholic Church designed to convert nonbelievers to Christianity. was a medieval court based in part on the belief of St. Augustine that a biblical passage (Luke 14:23) granted permission to use force against heretics was directed against the Marranos and the Moriscos secular authorities were assigned the job of obtaining confessions, through torture if necessary All of the above
All of the above
The Reformation was stimulated by religious zeal. goal was to "re-form" the Catholic Church. caused the creation of the various Protestant (from "protest") sects and a new rebuilt version of the Church. produced changes in culture and beliefs about the nature of the human body. All of the above
All of the above
The Renaissance was characterized by secular ideas about thought and culture. the development of nations helping to end the Medieval ways of thought associated with the Church All of the above. A and C only
All of the above
The approach used by the Humanists encouraged the study of the ancient Greeks and Romans and attempted to study the philosophy and history of the classics. emphasized the joy of living and enjoyed their corporeal existence. believed that a person's corporeal life was a good thing and worth contemplating--believed in the "Universal Man". All of the above. None of the above
All of the above
What Philosophers/Theologians believed that the body was not evil and was important to the mind and spirit - to human existence? Moses Maimonides St. Bonaventure St. Thomas Aquinas All of the above. None of the above
All of the above
When Rome collapsed in 476 A.D. chaos reigned and many people left Rome and sought protection from powerful aristocrats who demanded that in exchange for protection, people agreed to complete allegiance and subjugation. a bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began. organized sport and physical education during the Dark Ages was, for the most part, nonexistent. All of the above B and C only
All of the above
When the Dark Ages ended and the Medieval Period began around 900 metaphysical questions were once again being discussed Christians turned to the Church for guidance Jews continued to seek spiritual leadership and guidance in their temples Moslems found comfort and answers to their questions in their Mosques All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true in regard to the Renaissance and the Reformation? As a result of the diminished authority of the Catholic Church, a significant change relative to how Western civilization viewed the body occurred. The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle made significant contribution to Renaissance thought Humanists, those individuals who focused on the "human condition", gained a strong foothold during the Renaissance much to the dismay of the Catholic Church who insisted spiritual matters must take precedence over secular/humanist matters if eternal salvation is to be conferred. None of the above All of the above
All of the above
David Hume Was a monist. Believed that the arguments describing the differences between mind and body was nonsense Believed that we cannot have perfect knowledge of anything All of the above. None of the above.
All of the above.
Which of the following is true? Ball games that were popular during Roman times continued to remain popular during the Middle Ages The game of Soule was popular among the peasantry and resembled the modern game of soccer English football and horse racing was popular in London during the twelfth century Outraged by the number of incidents of damage to property and persons by widespread drunkenness and lewd conduct, the church prohibited games that involved gambling, specific festivals, and immoral behavior. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true? Changes in attitude toward sport and other secular activities within the Christian church began to change during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many nobles entered the priesthood and brought with them, their love for secular habits such as hunting, falconry, and quite possibly combat sports Young nobles who became priests influenced the attitude of the church towards the body and sports Over time, the church slowly accepted the playful activities that were secular in nature. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true? Plato and Aristotle were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used to form the foundation of Christianity Early Christian writers were compelled to embrace specific attitudes/beliefs put forth by the ancient Greeks in order to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology. Not all Christians were ready to accept the merging of Christianity with pagan Greek philosophy. All of the above A and B only
All of the above
Which of the following is true? Renaissance thinkers undermined the philosophical basis used by the Church to control its members by reading and discussing philosophies that were contrary to those of the Church. In general, classical philosophies of the Greeks and Romans emphasized how to live in the secular world while Christian religion emphasized life in the spiritual world. Many intellectuals began to differ with the Church as to what was "reality". As a result, a new view emerged that believed that the material world ("the here-and-now") and our bodily experiences were indeed, "real" and important. Renaissance philosophy, along with the rediscovery of Greek beliefs about the body, physical education and athletic competition, laid the groundwork for the justification of physical education in Western civilization. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true? Tertullian, circa A.D. 2, was an early Christian who demanded bodily mortification and opposed the use of the pagan philosophy of the ancient Greeks put forth by Plato et al as part of Christian theology Platonism, much to the dismay of Tertullian, was commonly regarded by Christian thinkers as having been an intellectual preparation for Christianity. Christian theologians attempted to use philosophy to prove theological Christian dogma but this approach - to merge philosophy and theology, did not work. Theologians accept the existence of God on faith alone - and not necessarily using philosophical deductions that are based on reasoned and rational inquiry. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true? The "Renaissance Man" was a male who was well-rounded with regard to education; able to hold intellectual and cultural discussions as well as display his physical and athletic skills. During the Reformation, religious reformers argued that the body housed the soul and as a result, the body could not be denigrated because it was the temple of God The body was considered by scholars and leaders of the Renaissance and the Reformation to be more important than it was during the Middle Ages. All of the above. B and C only
All of the above
Which of the following is true? The historical periods that followed the Middle Ages are known as the Renaissance and the Reformation. The Renaissance was an intellectual reawakening caused in part by the reintroduction of Greek and Roman thought in intellectual circles that were confined mainly to the upper class and nobility The Reformation was a religious reawakening that affected all of Western civilization. The Renaissance and the Reformation had a profound impact upon the Catholic Church and as a result, the power of the church was diminished. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is true? The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no small part the result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who glorified the body. Conversely, many Christian theologians would eventually come to embrace the ideas of Plato and Aristotle who were "pagan Greeks". In addition to the Christian influence on European civilization, Judaism and the religion of Islam also had a profound impact. All of the above. A and B only.
All of the above
Which of the following is true? The period beginning with the tenth century and ending with the birth of the Italian Renaissance in the fourteenth century is known as the Medieval Period or Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, ascetic monks engaged in bodily mortification in order to inhibit bodily lusts and desires and by doing so, prepared their soul for heaven. Generally speaking, the philosophical position of the body during the Middle Ages reflected theological beliefs. Most early Christians did not value their bodies and in fact, held the body in contempt. All of the above
All of the above
With regard to the brutality of the tournaments, the Catholic Church issued Papal Bulls that forbid the savage and abominable tournaments threatened those who participated in the Melee with eternal damnation tolerated, for utilitarian reasons, the knightly sports and the Melee during the era of the Crusades. All of the above. A and B only
All of the above
With regard to the position of the body as presented in the Bible Biblical concepts of the body, soul, and flesh describe man as a whole being, as opposed to having a dualistic existence. there was, and still is, confusing and contradictory views of scripture relative to how it relates to the position and role of the body various interpretations of scripture can have a significant impact on the perceived worth or value of the body. the scope and development of sport and physical education has been influenced by the position of the body as described in the Bible. All of the Above
All of the above
Aeneas Silvico Piccolomini primarily was involved in educating children of wealthy families. believed that games and exercises which develop the muscular activities should be encouraged by every teacher. was a humanist and an early Renaissance writer who believed that athletic skills such as archery, swimming, and spear throwing should be taught to all children so Christians could defend themselves. All of the above. A and B only
All of the above.
During the Enlightenment Debates occurred between philosophers and educators relative to the merits of the "new way of thinking" that was representative of this period. Physical education and sport were affected positively. The critics of this period had much to say about the virtues of human movement. The English Revolution of 1640 and the French Revolution of 1789 took place. All of the above.
All of the above.
Francis Bacon Attempted to classify science in logical order. Developed the inductive method of reasoning. Did some of his work in the "Philosophy of Science". All of the above. None of the above.
All of the above.
Galileo Galilei Founded the Copernican view of the universe. Found much of the philosophical foundation, along with Descartes, on which modern culture operates. Was convicted of heresy by the Inquisition. Was sentenced to prison but lived in his house until his death, condemned by the Church. All of the above.
All of the above.
George Berkeley Was an idealist. Believed that it we cannot perceive something, it cannot exist. Believed the body is a necessary part of our existence and thus places the body, and our ability to "know" through the body, in an important metaphysical position. All of the above. None of the above
All of the above.
In regard to Vittorino da Feltre, which of the following is true? He studied Greek and used the term Gymnasium to establish a venue where training of the body in the form of physical education could take place. He could do everything that he taught, from reading ancient Latin and Greek to teaching the "arts". He believed that the body had to be disciplined and educated. He believed in the value of the "liberal arts" to liberate the educated person from the chains of ignorance and prejudice All of the above.
All of the above.
Jean Jacques Rousseau Wrote Emile, one of the most famous books on education. Believed that the educational process should be as natural as possible. Believed mind and body should work in harmony. The body is of primary importance in learning. All of the above.
All of the above.
John Locke Was a social realist. Believed the mind was a "tabula rasa". Was a dualist. Promoted good recreational activity. All of the above.
All of the above.
Martin Luther was a leader in the Reformation and helped change the attitude of Christians towards the body. believed that each individual, no matter what social class he/she belonged to, needs to be educated. believed in honorable and useful forms of exercise such as music and wrestling. believed that the human body should be taken care of for both spiritual and physical reasons. All of the above.
All of the above.
Michel de Montaigne Opposed dualism. Advocated "manly exercise". Promoted physical education. All of the above. None of the above
All of the above.
Roger Ascham was an English humanist and taught at Cambridge University. wrote The School Master and in this classic text, recognized the importance of physical education. appreciated the value of exercise because in addition to doing good for the body, it also contributed to the mind by resting it. wrote the Toxophilus (the art of shooting the bow) which was one of the first "how to" books on sport in the Western world. All of the above.
All of the above.
Vittorino da Feltre founded La Giocosa which blended the spirit of Christianity with the classics and the Greek concept of physical education. believed that the body, like the mind, must be developed. was the most famous of the Italian humanists. was one of the first, if not the first, educator's to institute. physical education as an important part of the educational program during the Renaissance. All of the above.
All of the above.
Which of the following is true? Philosophers like William of Ockham developed a philosophical foundation that used the body in order to educate children. It was not unusual to find theologians during the Reformation that argued against participating in sport and physical education. Arguments that developed during the Reformation continue to burden contemporary physical educators which cause us to continually justify playful activities as having educational merit. All of the above. A and B only.
All of the above.
Which of the following is true? the Renaissance was a time of dramatic philosophical change, a time when painters and sculptors celebrated the human form. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the quintessential Renaissance Man who excelled as an artist, musician, engineer, mathematician, and scientist. da Vinci studied anatomy by dissecting corpses and made more than 200 accurate human anatomy drawings. da Vinci's anatomical drawings and notes on physiological function were studied by Renaissance scientists and others interested in kinesiology and exercise. All of the above.
All of the above.
True or False The Medieval Tournament of Jousting was reserved exclusively for the aristocracy. Peasants were completely excluded from attending as spectators.
False
True or False The beliefs of both Hobbes and Descartes are based on science, not metaphysics.
False
Which of the following is true? It was not that unusual to find that during the Renaissance, the church continued to emphasized ascetic and monastic virtues of self-denial and bodily mortification. The "pleasures of the flesh" that the Christian church allowed, like eating, drinking, and sex were necessary to survival, however, it was proof to the Church that humans are indeed, "weak.' The classical philosophies of the Greeks and Romans, which were re- discovered during the Renaissance, accepted the human body and appealed to a new group of Renaissance philosophers known as "humanists". Humanists attacked the monastic virtues as having been falsely imposed on the true structure of Christianity and by doing so, advanced the philosophical position of the body. All of the above
all of the above