KINS 134 TEST 2
TRUE/FALSE Elyot resisted the influences of Luther and Calvin and reached the conclusion in his book that "all sports are good".
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Guts Muths did not agree with Rousseau that the development of the body must occur prior to the development of the mind.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Like his contemporary and friend Johann Basedow, Guts Muths taught at the Philanthropinum.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Rene Descartes was a "realist" and epistemologically, believed in sense input as a positive source of knowledge.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The beliefs of both Hobbes and Descartes are based on science, not metaphysics.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE Early Christian monks were not at all interested in the body, did not pay any attention to the body.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The seasonal agricultural holidays during the Middle Ages were void of games and entertainment.
FALSE
Rousseau had a big impact on education in that he?
He used physical activity to develop children into good citizens.
What Philosophers/Theologians believed that the body was not evil and was important to the mind and spirit - to human existence?
Moses Maimonides St. Bonaventure St. Thomas Aquinas
John Calvin: a. championed the cause of physical education in Europe's schools. b. had a positive effect on the development of sport c. physical education well into the twentieth century. d. encouraged his followers to "play, dance, and sing".
NONE OF THOSE
During the Middle Ages, ascetic monks engaged in bodily mortification in order to inhibit bodily lusts and desires and by doing so, prepared their soul to heaven.
TRUE
Francis Bacon: a. Attempted to classify science in logical order. b. Developed the inductive method of reasoning. c. Did some of his work in the "Philosophy of Science".
TRUE
Generally speaking, the philosophical position of the body during the Middle Ages reflected theological beliefs.
TRUE
Most early christians did NOT value their bodies and in fact, held the body in contempt.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE During the Enlightenment both the philosophers and the philosophies argued for developing a coherent philosophy as did Plato and Aristotle.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Elyot identified 6 physiological benefits that could be obtained by exercising.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Greek gymnastics were used at the Philanthropinum.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Richard Mulcaster believed in educating both the mind and the body.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The education of women improved over what it had been during the Middle Ages but was still far from being equal with that of men
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Thomas Elyot was a famous Englishman whose Book of the Governor contained several chapters about physical education.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Thomas Hobbes was a materialist and believed in the doctrine of Determinism.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Vittorino da Feltre was the first educator to effectively bring together the humanist educational ideals of developing the mind, body, and spirit in order to develop the ideal citizen.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Along with mundane medical treatments such as drinking herbal teas, medicine as practiced in the Middle Ages believed that drinking urine or boiling the extract of cow's dung could cure the plague
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Greek philosophers and their beliefs had little or no impact upon the scholastics. True
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The ascetic monastic lifestyle of Christian monks was based on the belief that enlightenment would be achieved through bodily mortification, vows of silence, prayer, and the renouncing of all material possessions.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The removal of "bad blood" by purging or bleeding the patient was a common medical treatment during the Middle Ages.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Johann Friedrich Guts Muths wrote extensively on physical education.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The bourgeoisie is defined as the well educated middle class that was hostile to the aristocracy
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Vittorino da Feltre opened a school he named La Giocosa (Pleasant House) which used a model of physical education that other physical education programs were modeled after.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Christian beliefs reinforced and perpetuated the existing social order, the Feudal System, during the Middle Ages
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE The consensus among medieval historians is that, with the exception of ritual dancing and manual labor, Christians were generally encouraged to avoid the pleasures and temptations of the body.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Wars and battles between knights and feudal armies were common during the Middle Ages. Knights had to develop athletic ability if they were going to survive.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: The work of Galen, "De Medicina" was the chief source of Medical knowledge during the Middle Ages.
TRUE
One of the few remaining cultural institutions left intact after the fall of Ravenna, Capitol of the Western Roman Empire, was ?
The Christian Church
Hara
The Japanese equivalent to the Chinese "dan tein" is?
Naginata
The marital art practiced originally by monks and women is called what ?
Okinawa
The martial arts known as karate, historically, are associated with what area?
The role/influence of the Catholic Church upon European culture during the late Middle Ages?
Was profound- cannot be overestimated and permeated every aspect of culture
Aeneas Silvico Piccolomini: a. primarily was involved in educating children of wealthy families. b. believed that games and exercises which develop the muscular activities should be encouraged by every teacher. c. was a humanist and an early Renaissance writer who believed that athletic skills such as archery, swimming, and spear throwing should be taught to all children so Christians could defend themselves.
ALL
During the Middle Ages: a. Christians looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and the desire to develop great physiques as a pagan practice. b. The Christians believed the greek practice of worshiping pagan gods by displaying their athletic prowess the the greeks cared more about secular matters than spiritual matters. c. The majority of Christians believed that to participate in athletics or engage in physical training to glorify the body would contaminate the body which "housed" the soul which would become impure.
ALL
During the Renaissance : a. the Classics were held in high regard. secular concerns were important. b. leading educators incorporated physical education into their educational curriculum. c. many intellectuals began to differ with the church relative to the philosophical and theological positions of the body.
ALL
In regard to Vittorino da Feltre, which of the following is true? a. He studied Greek and used the term Gymnasium to establish a venue where training of the body in the form of physical education could take place. b. He could do everything that he taught, from reading ancient Latin and Greek to teaching the "arts". c. He believed that the body had to be disciplined and educated. d. He believed in the value of the "liberal arts" to liberate the educated person from the chains of ignorance and prejudice
ALL
John Locke: a. Was a social realist. b. Believed the mind was a "tabula rasa". c. Was a dualist. d. Promoted good recreational activity.
ALL
When Rome collapsed in 476 AD a. Chaos reigned and many people left Rome and sought protection from powerful aristocrats who demanded that in exchange for protection, people agreed to complete allegiance and subjugation. b. A bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began c. Organized sport and physical education during the Dark Ages was nonexistent.
ALL
When the Dark Ages ended the Medieval Period began around 900 a. Metaphysical questions were once again discussed b. Christians turned to the church for guidance c. Jews continued to seek spiritual leadership and guidance in their temples. d. Moslems found comfort and answers to their questions in their Mosques.
ALL
Medieval philosophy relied on the ideas of which of the following philosophers
Artiste and Plato
George Berkeley: b. Believed that it we cannot perceive something, it cannot exist. c. Believed the body is a necessary part of our existence and thus places the body, and our ability to "know" through the body, in an important metaphysical position.
B&C ONLY
During the Renaissance and Reformation, which of the following were false?
physical education and sport were no better off than they were during the Middle Ages.
Humanists: a. believed that the human body was evil and supported the monastic and ascetic approach of the Catholic Church. b. supported the religious belief of "original sin". c. rejected the Greek belief that the soul and body are one and that the actions of the body naturally express the humanity of the soul.
NONE
David Hume: A Was a skeptic. b. Believed that the body was no important relative to sensing "impressions". Was a monist. c. Believed that the arguments describing the differences between mind and body was nonsense. d. Believed that we cannot have perfect knowledge of anything.
A&B ONLY
Rousseau: a. Believed that the body must be made healthy prior to developing the properties of the mind. b. Held physical education in high esteem.
A&B ONLY
Michel de Montaigne believed what ?
Opposed dualism. Advocated "manly exercise". Promoted physical education.
The Scholastics of the Middle Ages :
Saw great value in Physical activity & believed in a close relationship between mind and body
Which of the following is true?
Some Orthodox Christians consistently rejected the contention that the Human Body was evil but were in the minority.
TRUE/FALSE During the Renaissance, physical education was part of a total educational package of many philosophers and became more common in the educational curriculum then it was during the Middle Ages.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE William of Ockham was a philosopher who disparaged the body every chance he got and claimed that it - the body - was a worthless source of information and insisted that the mind, and the mind alone, revealed all that was true and accurate
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE According to Galen, when humors were blended in certain ways within the body, health could be achieved.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE According to St. Thomas Aquinas, perfection in both body and soul is necessary.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Christians eventually came to regard the body as an instrument of sin; the body was mortal and had little consequence to a man seeking eternal salvation.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE In general, during the medieval period, support for physical education were rare except for the work of a few scholastics, some Jewish philosophers, and what was needed to prepare knights for battle.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Monks chose to deny themselves the pleasures of the body because in so doing so, they were able to "prove" - from the Christian beliefs of the era, that they were worthy of eternal salvation.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE Orthodox Christians along with the Ascetic monks despised the body and subjected the body to self-inflicted pain. They viewed the body as an instrument of sin.
TRUE
The period beginning with the 10th century and ending with the birth of the italian Renaissance is the 14th century is known as the Medieval period of Middle Ages.
TRUE
Which of the following is true? a. The "Renaissance Man" was a male who was well-rounded with regard to education; able to hold intellectual and cultural discussions as well as display his physical and athletic skills. b. During the Reformation, religious reformers argued that the body housed the soul and as a result, the body could not be denigrated because it was the temple of God. c. The body was considered by scholars and leaders of the Renaissance and the Reformation to be more important than it was during the Middle Ages.
TRUE
Isaac Newton:
A&C ONLY:: A. Developed the mechanical theory of the universe that supported the position that God created the world as a perfect machine. C. Argued that the universe is guided by laws that are timeless and never change.
Johann Basedow: a. Emphasized the use of the senses in learning. c. Based his education practices on Rousseau's Emile. d. Built the curriculum in the Philanthropinum as an education of both mind and body.
ACD ONLY
Baldassarre Castiglione: a. wrote The Courtier. b. believed in the concept of the "Universal Man". c. believed that the well-rounded courtier should know how to swim, leap, run, play tennis, and perform on the vaulting horse. d. Included a discussion in The Courtier about the role of women.
ALL
Bishop Odon of Bayeux: a. was a noble who entered the priesthood and was able to blend his spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a knight. b. is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry as a knight leading soldiers to victory over the Saxon Army. c. supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry which d. illustrates numerous sporting activities that took place during the Middle Ages.
ALL
During the Age of Science: a. Science became a separate area of study from philosophy. b. The development of "reasoned inquiry" came into being. c. The goal of science was to improve the quality of life on earth.
ALL
During the Enlightenment: a. Debates occurred between philosophers and educators relative to the merits of the "new way of thinking" that was representative of this period. b. Physical education and sport were affected positively. c. The critics of this period had much to say about the virtues of human movement. d. The English Revolution of 1640 and the French Revolution of 1789 took place.
ALL
During the Medieval tournament: a. the victorious knight won it all! Property, Armor, horses, and people. b. chivalry was absent - there was no "fair fight". c. it was common for several knights to gang up on one knight and ransom him back to his family for all he was worth. d. free-for-alls on horseback were common.
ALL
Galileo Galilei: a. Founded the Copernican view of the universe. b. Found much of the philosophical foundation, along with Descartes, on which modern culture operates. c. Was convicted of heresy by the Inquisition. d. Was sentenced to prison but lived in his house until his death, condemned by the Church.
ALL
In addition to the Catholic Church, which of the following groups had a significant, both limited, impact upon medieval philosophy a. Jewish and Islamic b. The Stolics c. The Epicureans d. Scholastics and Agnostics e. ALL
ALL
Jean Jacques Rousseau: a. Wrote Emile, one of the most famous books on education. b. Believed that the educational process should be as natural as possible. c. Believed mind and body should work in harmony. The body is of primary importance in learning.
ALL
Martin Luther: a. was a leader in the Reformation and helped change the attitude of Christians towards the body. b. believed that each individual, no matter what social class he/she belonged to, needs to be educated. c. believed in honorable and useful forms of exercise such as music and wrestling. d. believed that the human body should be taken care of for both spiritual and physical reasons.
ALL
Petrus Paulus Vergreis: a. was influenced by Plato and educated sons of wealthy families. b. was a great leader of humanist thought in Italy. c. believed that the Spartan model of physical education was advantageous because it prepared one for war.
ALL
Roger Ascham a. was an English humanist and taught at Cambridge University. b. wrote The School Master and in this classic text, recognized the importance of physical education. c. appreciated the value of exercise because in addition to doing good for the body, it also contributed to the mind by resting it. d. wrote the Toxophilus (the art of shooting the bow) which was one of the first "how to" books on sport in the Western world.
ALL
The Inquisition : a. was a religious movement directed by the Catholic Church designed to convert nonbelievers to Christianity b. Was a medieval court based in part on the belief of St. Augustine that a biblical passage granted permission to use force against heretics. c. was directed against the Marranos and the Moriscos. d. Secular authorities were assigned the job of obtaining confessions, through torture if necessary.
ALL
The Reformation : a. was stimulated by religious zeal. b. goal was to "re-form" the Catholic Church. c. caused the creation of the various Protestant (from "protest") sects and a new rebuilt version of the Church. d. produced changes in culture and beliefs about the nature of the human body.
ALL
The Renaissance was characterized by? a. secular ideas about thought and culture. b. the development of nations. c. helping to end the Medieval ways of thought associated with the Church.
ALL
The Renaissance: a. produced philosophers who attempted to show that the classical philosophies went hand in hand with the teachings of the Church. b. produced philosophers who inadvertently paved the way for the philosophical undermining of the Church. c. Unlike the Middle Ages, did not produce too many philosophers who had a lasting impact. d. The most studied philosophy was Scholasticism, which attempted to reconcile the theology of the Christian church with rational thought.
ALL
The approach used by the Humanists: a. encouraged the study of the ancient Greeks and Romans and attempted to study the philosophy and history of the classics. b. emphasized the joy of living and enjoyed their corporeal existence. c. believed that a person's corporeal life was a good thing and worth contemplating--believed in the "Universal Man".
ALL
Vittorino da Feltre: a. founded La Giocosa which blended the spirit of Christianity with the classics and the Greek concept of physical education. b. believed that the body, like the mind, must be developed. c. was the most famous of the Italian humanists. d. was one of the first, if not the first, educator's to institute. physical education as an important part of the educational program during the Renaissance.
ALL
Kyudo
The art of archery in Japan
Bushido
The code of the Samurai is called?
The Age of Science and the Enlightenment was ?
Was a combination of the effects of the Renaissance and Reformation.
The scholastic, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) ?
Wrote Summa Theologiae, which among areas of discussion, stated that to achieve happiness, man requires perfection in both the soul and body. Believed that intelligence depends in part of the Physical fitness level of the individual.
The theories of John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume:
B&C ONLY B Maintained that people could "know" through their bodies. C. Supported the position that the body could be used as a tool for learning.
WHO was Thomas Elyot and WHAT did he do?
B&C ONLY B. wrote The Book of the Governor which contained several chapters on physical education. C. believed that not all sports were good, however, running, swimming, and hunting were sports that Elyot approved of.
Desiderius Erasmus: a. advocated making education a part of every person's life, regardless of social class. b. was trained as a priest and was a dualist. c. was ambivalent regarding the virtues of health and physical education.
BCD ONLY
Michel de Montaigne believed what ?
Believed in a monist view of human existence.
Art of single sword draw
Kendo is the art of the sword, laido is ?
What did Humanists do? a. believed in a philosophy that placed its focus on humans as opposed to the "other worldly" or heavenly concerns of earlier philosophies. b. developed the concept of Humanism. c. saw value in the way the ancient Greeks viewed the body - the Greeks believed that the human body played an important role in the secular world--everyday life.
ALL
What is true a. Ball games that were popular during Roman times continued to remain popular during the Middle Ages. b. The game of Soule was popular among the peasantry and resembled the modern game of soccer. c. English football and horse racing was popular in London during the twelfth century. d. Outraged by the number of incidents of damage to property and persons by widespread drunkenness and lewd conduct, the church prohibited games that involved gambling, specific festivals, and immoral behavior.
ALL
Which is TRUE a. Changes in attitude toward sport and other secular activities within the Christian church began to change during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. b. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many nobles entered the priesthood and brought with them, their love for secular habits such as hunting, falconry, and quite possibly combat sports. c. Young nobles who became priests influenced the attitude of the church towards the body and sports. d. Over time, the church slowly accepted the playful activities that were secular in nature. e. All of the above.
ALL
Which is TRUE? a. The historical periods that followed the Middle Ages are known as the Renaissance and the Reformation. b. The Renaissance was an intellectual reawakening caused in part by the reintroduction of Greek and Roman thought in intellectual circles that were confined mainly to the upper class and nobility. c. The Reformation was a religious reawakening that affected all of Western civilization. d. The Renaissance and the Reformation had a profound impact upon the Catholic Church and as a result, the power of the church was diminished.
ALL
Which of the following a. Plato and Artisole were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used to form the foundation of Christianity. b. Early Christian writers were compelled to embrace specific attitudes/ beliefs put forth by the ancient Greece in order to reconcile Greek philosophy with Chrisitan Theology. c. Not all Christians were ready to accept the merging of Christianity with Pagan Greek Philosophy. d. ALL
ALL
Which of the following are TRUE? a. Philosophers like William of Ockham developed a philosophical foundation that used the body in order to educate children. b. It was not unusual to find theologians during the Reformation that argued against participating in sport and physical education. c. Arguments that developed during the Reformation continue to burden contemporary physical educators which cause us to continually justify playful activities as having educational merit.
ALL
Which of the following is true in regard to the Renaissance and the Reformation? a. As a result of the diminished authority of the Catholic Church, a significant change relative to how Western civilization viewed the body occurred. b. The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle made significant contribution to Renaissance thought. c. Humanists, those individuals who focused on the "human condition", gained a strong foothold during the d. Renaissance much to the dismay of the Catholic Church who insisted spiritual matters must take precedence over secular/humanist matters if eternal salvation is to be conferred.
ALL
Which of the following is true? a. It was not that unusual to find that during the Renaissance, the church continued to emphasized ascetic and monastic virtues of self-denial and bodily mortification. b. The "pleasures of the flesh" that the Christian church allowed, like eating, drinking, and sex were necessary to survival, however, it was proof to the Church that humans are indeed, "weak.' c. The classical philosophies of the Greeks and Romans, which were re- discovered during the Renaissance, accepted the human body and appealed to a new group of Renaissance philosophers known as "humanists". d. Humanists attacked the monastic virtues as having been falsely imposed on the true structure of Christianity and by doing so, advanced the philosophical position of the body
ALL
Which of the following is true? a. Renaissance thinkers undermined the philosophical basis used by the Church to control its members by reading and discussing philosophies that were contrary to those of the Church. b. In general, classical philosophies of the Greeks and Romans emphasized how to live in the secular world while Christian religion emphasized life in the spiritual world. c. Many intellectuals began to differ with the Church as to what was "reality". As a result, a new view emerged that believed that the material world ("the here-and-now") and our bodily experiences were indeed, "real" and important. d. Renaissance philosophy, along with the rediscovery of Greek beliefs about the body, physical education and athletic competition, laid the groundwork for the justification of physical education in Western civilization.
ALL
Which of the following is true? a. the Renaissance was a time of dramatic philosophical change, a time when painters and sculptors celebrated the human form. b. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the quintessential Renaissance Man who excelled as an artist, musician, engineer, mathematician, and scientist. c. da Vinci studied anatomy by dissecting corpses and made more than 200 accurate human anatomy drawings. d. da Vinci's anatomical drawings and notes on physiological function were studied by Renaissance scientists and others interested in kinesiology and exercise.
ALL
With Regards to the position of the body as presented in the Bible a. Biblical concepts of the body, soul, and flesh describe man as a whole being, as opposed to having a dualistic existence. b. there was, and still is, confusing and contradictory views of scripture relative to how it relates to the position and role of the body. c. various interpretations of scripture can have a significant impact on the perceived worth or value of the body. d. the scope and development of sport and physical education has been influenced by the position of the body as described in the Bible
ALL
With regards to the brutality of the tournaments, the Catholic Church : a. issued Papal Bulls that forbid the savage and abominable tournaments. b. threatened those who participated in the Melee with eternal damnation. c. tolerated, for utilitarian reasons, the knightly sports and the Melee during the era of the Crusades.
ALL
a. Tertullian, circa A.D. 2, was an early Christian who demanded bodily mortification and opposed the use of the pagan philosophy of the ancient Greeks put forth by Plato et al as part of Christian theology. b. Platonism, much to the dismay of Tertullian, was commonly regarded by Christian thinkers as having been an intellectual preparation for Christianity. c. Christian theologians attempted to use philosophy to prove theological Christian dogma but this approach - to merge philosophy and theology, did not work. d. Theologians accept the existence of God on faith alone - and not necessarily using philosophical deductions that are based on reasoned and rational inquiry. e. All of the above.
ALL
a. The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no small part the result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who glorified the body. b. Conversely, many christian theologians would eventually come to embrace the ideas of Plato and Artistole who were Pagan greeks.. c. In addition to the Christian influence on European civilization, Judaism and the religion of Islam also had a profound impact.
ALL
TRUE/FALSE Galen studied human physiology and believed that it was composed of eight essential humors which resided exclusively in the brain and heart.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE The Scholastics provided religious justification for admonishing the value of the body and opposing activities that promoted physical fitness.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE : The Medieval Tournament of Jousting was reserved exclusively for the aristocracy. Peasants were completely excluded from attending as spectators.
FALSE
St. Thomas Aquinas
believed, as did Aristotle, that the soul needs a body to acquire knowledge. developed with his fellow Scholastics, a philosophical and religious justification for cherishing the body and valuing physical fitness and recreation because of the benefits of physical, mental, social, and moral well-being. Believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man.