Kins 137 Final

Social Imagination

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According to the IAAF's new limits on testosterone levels in women, how much testosterone can women have in her blood and still be allowed to compete?

- 5 nanomoles

Intersex

- Someone born with both male and female sexual characteristics

Cultural Capital (pg.339)

- comprises the skills and abilities that people gain from education and life experiences; it may include attitude, expectations, and self-confidence.

Social Capital (pg. 339)

- depends on family, friends, and associates and includes resources based on group memberships, relationships, and both social and business networks.

How do politicians use sport to gain support?

- promote sport

Ethnicity (pg.280)

-Race & Ethnicity are used interchangeably -Ethnicity is used when referring to the cultural heritage of a group of people.

What are the trends in performance sport for older adults? In participation sport?

-master divisions -own age group -at 50 considered middle age and have 25 years more -want to be active -excitement

Answer 2 Short Answer Questions:

56/57

What are the current trends regarding racial minorities in sport leadership positions?

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What were the reasons given for lack of female participation in sport?

- Female was a child barrier and nurturer and keeper of the home. Females weren't allowed to engage in physical activity other then required by their domestic roles. -sports participated in assigning a limited role for women by excluding them from participation and resisting efforts to include them. - competitive sports was ruled out as simply inappropriate for women. -girls has little access and few sport role models as well as no encouragement to play sport. -Suppose to be cheerleaders and play in a band -women cannot compete with men in sport, so they don't deserve equal opportunity to play -girls with natural talent in sport are probably lesbians -PA harms the female body

What racial group has the high percentage of inactive adults?

- Hispanice & Latino = 42 - African American = 41 - Asian = 33 - White = 30

What is the negative role that sport plays in promoting racial equality? What is a positive role? (pg.300/301)

- Negative Role: Sport as an unrealistic dream in the black community -High percentage of black on sports teams caused a low rate of making it pro. -Not enough spots to fulfill dreams. -1990: 9% black were pro -2000: 20% were pro -Blacks think that they only way they can be successful is through sports. -Positive Role: Sport as a force for racial equality - Helping the poor community get back on there feet through the community and programs to help them.

Disability (pg.359)

- applies to any individual who had a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the person's major life activities.

What was the significance of the Americans with Disabilities Act?

- had a law in 1990 -before this legislation, living with disability was often characterized by discrimination and segregation -41 percent with disability are employed -3x as many with disability live in poverty -people with disability don't socialize or eat -with disability earinings are 1,961 -34 percent diasbled are happy with life

What are some strategies for promoting racial diversity in sport?

- improve the hiring and retention of minority coaches and administrators in both college and professional sport. - Strategies for recruiting minority candidates, include strategies for recruiting minority candidates, including minorities in the hiring process, and making a good faith effort to evaluate minority candidates objectively and fairly. - improve percentage on minorities in sports -leaders in sports must collect data -Leaders in minority communities and heads of sport org should comfort any instance of discrimination or racism when they become aware of it and report it.

Capitalism (pg. 338)

- is an economic system based on the accumulation and investment of capital by individuals who then use it to produce goods or services.

Politics (pg.394)

- is the art and science of governing, influencing governmental policy, or holding control over a gov't. Even though the term often carries negative connotations, politics is a dominant component of any culture.

Economic Capital (pg. 339)

- refers to the financial resources that a person has or controls; people inherit, earn, invest, and spend money depending on their background and occupational status.

How can sport be used to change society?

- sport is a platform to speak your mind -

Who is Caster Semenya?

- track and field women's -18 year old south african -masculine appearance -tested for gender verification - 800 meter run -had no ovaries but had internal male testes -dragged on till 2010 and raced in 2012

What changes need to happen to ensure that the needs for special populations in sport are met?

- widespread acceptance -funding -organizational support by all support bodies -programs offered -Training -Equipment and rule modifications -sport opportunities -media support

Social Class (pg.338)

-A category of people who share similar positions in society based on their economic level, education, occupation, and social interaction.

Though sport is not an excellent way for athletes to experience social mobility, what are some benefits of sport that may help promote class mobility?

-Many athletes come from a poor background Success on playing field allows for class mobility Can immediately move to upper class with first contractSport opens up opportunities for higher education -Athletes can earn scholarships Parents may have never have had the money to send their child to a university Scholarship may pay for part or all of tuition Can then earn a degree that allows them to obtain a high paying job Can move up in social class

Race (pg.280)

-Race & Ethnicity are used interchangeably -Race is used when referring to attributes that are passed along genetically from generation to generation. -Racism: refers to the belief that race determines human traits and characteristics and that racial differences result in the superiority of a particular race. Groups that have been victims of discrimination due to racism have been minorities.

Sex

-Sex refers to the biological distinction between males and females; by contrast, gender concerns the social differences between males and females.

Social Identity

-Social identity relates to how we identify ourselves in relation to others according to what we have in common.

What is the Relationship between Social Identities, Privilege, and Oppression?

-Social identity relates to how we identify ourselves in relation to others according to what we have in common. -Privilege: a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people. -oppression: prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control.

Stacking (pg.288)

-Stacking was identified by activist Harry Edwards, who is widely recognized as a leading authority on issues of race and sport. Edwards is a long time professor of sociology at UC Berkeley and a consultant for MLB, Warriors, and 49ers. -Stacking refers to an unusual distribution of whites and blacks in a certain sport positions that cannot be explained by a random distribution. -Ex: In football, the position of quarterback has typically been dominated by whites, whereas running backs and wide receivers are blacks. Baseball catchers/pitchers white, outfielders were black. Basketball centers and guards were white and forwards were black. "White positions require more thinking"

What is Title IX and when was it passed? (pg. 315)

-Title IX was passed in 1972 by U.S Congress. Carpenter/Acosta. -Title IX was a passage that gave women an even playing field with men.

Transgender (Article: Transgender)

-When gender identity and sex don't match what they were.

Privilege

-a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people.

What are some suggestions for improving the ways that female athletes are portrayed in the media?

-female athletes should look like athletes -a females clothing should be authentic for her sport -A female should have her clothes on and not have to chance or undress -Certain body parts should be covered -Females movements should not be seductive or shy dainty -captions shouldn't undermine images -final image should be something the athletes proud of as a current athlete or future

Gender (Article: Transgender)

-is a socially constructed grouping of characteristics that categorize an individual as masculine or feminine. In our society, males and females are expected to differ in physical appearance, attire, mannerisms, and personality. What are considered socially accepted behaviors may change over time, yet within a particular context or time period, typical behavior patterns for masculinity or femininity are socially validated (Lucas-Carr & Krane, in review)

Who can compete in the Paralympic Games?

-must meet eleibility standards established by commeitte -those with amputation, blindness/visual impairment, cerbreal palsy, spinal cord injury, ms, dwarfism can compete.

What are some solutions to financial barriers in sport?

-non profit help fund for programs and a given sport -priv org -youth org -YMCA -boys and girls club of america -boys/girls scouts -provide support for extended support for training or scholarships for specialized programs

Who is in control of amateur and professional sport?

-power in sports depend on level of competition -local: parents in clubs, rec sport programs, staff members and board of directors -in national level whoever has the money makes decisions -national level belongs to upper class/ upper middle class 1. roger 2. david etc -make money through sport

What is the relationship between the gov't and sport?

-promote sports participation -financially support high performance athletes -help fund athletic facilities

What is the purpose of the Special Olympics? What has led tot he increase in sport participation of adults over the age of 55?

-required by AARP -be healthier -ICAA

Inclusive Masculinity

-to theoretically describe the social process concerning the emergence of an archetype of masculinity that undermines the principles of orthodox (read hegemonic) masculine values - yet one that is also esteemed among male peers.

Orthodox/Toxic Masculinity

-toxic masculinity is used in psychology and gender studies to refer to certain norms of masculine behavior in North America and Europe that are associated with harm to society and to men themselves.

How does social class affect the sports that people participate in?

-what you can afford in that class and what certain sports you could afford to play -more popular for upper class because time and money -upper class: tennis, golf, eqestrian, sailing -working class: soccer, bball, baseball, volleyball -lower class didn't have time or money

What are barriers for women in sport?

-women should be able to play sports and be watched as men -title IX challenges - inactivity in PA for women (33%) - women are more likely to fail and meet guidelines -girls start sports a year or two after boys - women in poor communties dont play sports for a long time -women are not proud of their bodies -barely in collegiate women sport coaches -43 head coach -22 athletic directors - sports information directors -women dont play at same level as men -women are not as strong -fans come to see men not women

Theories of Sociology: pg. 21

1. Functionalist: 2. Critical Theory: 3. Feminist: