KU Psych 333 final

With which ethnic group has authoritarian parenting come to be quite effective, with children seeing strictness as a sign of caring? a. European American b. African American c. Asian American d. Arab American

Asian American

The secular trend in sexual maturation refers to a. the abandonment of the sexual double standard. b. the decades-long trend for earlier sexual maturation. c. teenagers' rejection of organized religion. d. teenagers' habits to overspend on luxury goods.

the decades-long trend for earlier sexual maturation

Which of the following illustrates the nature/nurture theme? a. A child's early experiences direct the synaptic pruning that occurs in the first years of life. b. The timing of puberty depends on both your genetics and what sort of nutrition you have had. c. Babies remain the same length for days, and then grow several centimeters all in one day. d. Motor development in infants is related to the infant's cognitive and social goals.

the timing of puberty depends on both your genetics and what sort of nutrition you have had

Playful interactions among siblings contribute to children's emergence of a. theory of mind. b. sibling rivalry. c. antisocial behavior. d. altruism.

theory of mind

Synchronized interactions between infants and their parents are important contributors to emotional attachment because a. they create a routine. b. the infant likes to look at faces rather than other stimuli. c. they provide an opportunity for the infant to learn what his parent is like and how to attract his or her attention. d. such exchanges are innately pleasurable.

they provide an opportunity for the infant to learn what his parent is like and how to attract his or her attention

Psychosocial theorist Erik Erikson argued that the child's serious socialization begins during a. early infancy, prior to the age of 12 months. b. late infancy, between the ages of one and two years. c. toddlerhood, between the ages of two and three years. d. early childhood, between the ages of four to six years.

toddlerhood, between the ages of two and three years

Sex differences in risk-taking in the first year of life may stem, in part, from a. boys being more courageous than girls. b. increased testosterone levels in boys. c. girls being placed in fewer risky situations. d. boys heightened activity levels.

boys heightened activity levels

Margaret's newborn baby is crying loudly in the delivery room and has turned pink all over. When a nurse extends the baby's leg, the infant pulls away. Margaret's newborn would score a. 0 to 3 points on the Apgar scale. b. 4 or 5 points on the Apgar scale. c. 8 to 10 points on the Apgar scale. d. 15 or more points on the Apgar scale.

8 to 10 points on the Apgar scale

About ____ percent of American mothers are given drugs during the birthing process. a. 35 b. 55 c. 75 d. 95

95

What processes explain why violent video games may have greater impact on aggression than violent television? a. Active planning b. Reinforcement c. Passive planning d. Active planning and reinforcement

Active planning and reinforcement

A baby spreads her toes when you tickle the bare sole of her foot. This is the ____ reflex. a. Moro b. Babinski c. swimming d. Shaffer

Babinski

On a particular day, Dandelion, a single mom, interacts with her baby, her boss, a social worker, and her prison parole officer. These multiple influences on her are best understood in terms of ____ theory. a. Erikson's psychosocial b. Bronfenbrenner's ecological system c. Freud's psychoanalytic d. Piaget's cognitive

Bronfenbrenner's ecological system

Which set of traits applies to the "principled idealistic" character dimension of moral maturity? a. Strong, self-assured, and self-confident b. Clear values, highly developed conscience, and law abiding c. Honest, trustful, sincere, kind, and considerate d. Responsible, loyal, faithful, and honorable

Clear values, highly developed conscience, and law abiding

Which of these factors is known to be a good predictor of the child's later social competency with peers? a. Lack of aggressive bullying b. Cognitive complexity of play c. Having a richly uninhibited fantasy life with daydreams d. Parents' consistent application of authoritarian discipline

Cognitive complexity of play

Which intervention is most effective for changing gender-role attitudes? a. Telling the child about the benefits of cross-gender cooperation b. Praising the child for using cross-sex toys c. Persuasive efforts that are led by women d. Cognitive interventions that attack stereotypes directly

Cognitive interventions that attack stereotypes directly

In which sort of culture is an extended family arrangement associated with better patterns of psychological adjustment in the children? a. Individualist culture b. Western culture c. Collectivist culture d. Independent culture

Collectivist culture

The Flynn effect refers to a long-term secular trend in which a. later generations have become less religious. b. hereditary influences have become stronger. c. IQs have risen by three points in entire populations over each decade. d. evolution has expanded the brain's performance.

IQs have risen by three points in entire populations over each decade

Who will experience the greatest visible distress in response to parental divorce? a. Rhianna, who is one year old b. Latashia, who is three years old c. Sheyanne, who is nine years old d. Kellie, who is 14 years old

Latashia, who is three years old

At what age is school effectiveness most likely to be related to extracurricular activities? a. Elementary school b. Middle school c. High school d. Middle and high school

Middle and high school

Which maturational change has been identified as the source of age-related improvements in children's processing speed? a. Myelinization of the brain's associative areas b. Strengthening of the body's large muscles c. Resiliency of the body's immune system d. Tendency to eat a well-balanced diet

Myelinization of the brain's associative areas

Which birth defect can best be reversed by later enriched experiences or diet? a. Neonatal low birth weight b. Blindness caused by rubella c. Mental retardation from anoxia d. Mental retardation from fetal alcohol syndrome

Neonatal low birth weight

How do crawling infants (ages six months and above) respond to the visual cliff? a. Over 90 percent prefer the shallow side b. Most refuse to budge from the center board c. Most refuse to move but will follow another baby d. Holding a parent's hand greatly increases the number who will crawl off the center board

Over 90 percent prefer the shallow side

Identify the correct sequence of developmental intervals, from youngest to oldest. a. Prenatal :: infantile :: perinatal b. Infantile :: perinatal :: prenatal c. Perinatal :: prenatal :: infantile d. Prenatal :: perinatal :: infantile

Prenatal :: perinatal :: infantile

What change is especially sought in parents who participate in two-generation intervention programs? a. Family planning, to stop growth in family size b. Greater willingness to report neighbors' child abuse c. Increase in level of charitable service or giving d. Rise in socioeconomic status to the middle class

Rise in socioeconomic status to the middle class

CROSS-SECTIONAL is to LONGITUDINAL as ____ is to ____. a. PET :: CHILD b. RANDOM :: SYSTEMATIC c. STATIC :: CHANGE OVER TIME d. PATIENCE :: HURRIED

STATIC :: CHANGE OVER TIME

Which of these is a trait of collectivistic societies? a. Encouragement given to initiative b. Emphasis placed on differences among people c. Competition seen as important d. Self-effacement

Self-effacement

Which computer use will likely promote the use of metacognitive strategies in adolescent writing? a. Repetitive drills on grammar b. Video gaming that is strategic in nature c. Spreadsheet and other organizing tools d. YouTube video content on writing skills

Spreadsheet and other organizing tools

____ are connective spaces between cells where communication takes place between one cell to another. a. Synapses b. Neurons c. Glia d. Myelin

Synapses

Max is very worried about his son, who is about to move to middle school. What should he do to make this transition as smooth as possible for his son? a. Make sure his son knows that the performance standards are high in his new school b. Talk to his son about the ways the new school might be different c. Tighten up his discipline so his son will learn to adapt to the lowered autonomy of middle school d. Stay on the sidelines so as not to be a helicopter parent

Talk to his son about the ways the new school might be different

In Binet's intelligence test, what was meant by the expression, "mental age of seven"? a. The child had an exceptionally long fetal development. b. The seven multiple intelligences are in the normal range. c. The child passed items that most seven-year-olds pass. d. About 7 of 10 (70 percent) of the items were solved correctly.

The child passed items that most seven-year-olds pass

Which theorist(s) regarded the child's self-directed speech to be important, sophisticated, purposive, or communicative? a. Neither Piaget nor Vygotsky b. Piaget, but not Vygotsky c. Vygotsky, but not Piaget d. Both Vygotsky and Piaget

Vygotsky, but not Piaget

____ parents have children with many positive traits such as secure attachment, high self-esteem, strong morality, and prosocial actions. a. Decentrated b. Neonativistic c. Warmly responsive d. Strict disciplinarian

Warmly responsive

According to Rutter and others, a factor that has been found to be highly predictive of "effective" schooling is a. higher levels of monetary support. b. a clear focus on academic goals. c. the introduction of ability tracking. d. the use of an "open" classroom design.

a clear focus on academic goals

There is ____ relationship between preference for violent TV and the viewer's own violent actions. a. a negative b. no known c. a positive d. the unconfirmed possibility of a

a positive

Habituation is a simple type of learning in which a. a response declines when a stimulus is repeated. b. a new signal is added to a reflex situation. c. responses are either rewarded or punished. d. models are observed and then imitated.

a response declines when a stimulus is repeated

Monozygotic twins are the result of a. two ova, each fertilized by different sperm. b. the "crossing over" phenomenon. c. a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes. d. the process of mitosis.

a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes

Effective schools are those that a. achieve their goals regardless of students' ethnic or socioeconomic identities. b. are generously funded through taxes. c. apply sociometric techniques to identify disruptive students. d. experience frequent problem behaviors, but suppress them via authoritarian discipline.

achieve their goals regardless of students' ethnic or socioeconomic identities

It is known that maturational rate is prone to genetic influence because a. identical twins have the same genotype. b. if one twin dies, the other twin's development regresses. c. twins report that their family treated them alike. d. achievement of maturational milestones is more similar for monozygotic twins than for heterozygous twins.

achievement of maturational milestones is more similar for monozygotic twins than for heterozygous twins

Louis Thurstone's factor analyses led him to the theoretical conclusion that Spearman's g-factor is a. a general ability that supports many tasks. b. present in humans and apes, but not in lower animals. c. biologically based in each person's distinct genotype. d. actually seven separate mental abilities.

actually seven separate mental abilities

In Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, the basic goal of intelligence is to a. adapt to the environment. b. enable the child to get ahead in school. c. encourage scaffolding by relevant nearby adults. d. discourage accommodation while encouraging assimilation.

adapt to the environment

Growth rates for reproductive organs are fastest during a. infancy. b. early childhood. c. middle childhood. d. adolescence.

adolescence

Compassionate toddlers tend to have parents who a. reject the time-out disciplinary technique as too mild. b. teach that wrongdoing must be balanced by revenge. c. describe the child's enemies as "little terrorists." d. apply discipline via compassionate explanation.

apply discipline via compassionate explanation

Test norms for IQ tests a. identify scores obtained by normal children. b. are based on average scores and variations within large pretested samples for the age group. c. are developed from a single child who takes the test. d. can be determined even before the first child is tested.

are based on average scores and variations within large pretested samples for the age group

Sex-linked genetic characteristics a. are controlled by genes located on autosomes. b. develop via experiential learning. c. are controlled by genes located at the 23rd chromosome pair. d. distinguish sex offenders from other adults.

are controlled by genes located at the 23rd chromosome pair

Preschoolers do better at referential communication in natural settings than in laboratory settings because the natural settings a. have objects or animals that can do recasts. b. discourage the inference of illocutionary intent. c. have wind/rain/snow to provide sensory stimulation. d. are rich sources for contextual cues.

are rich sources for contextual cues

The majority of genetically defective embryos a. have the defects corrected prenatally and are born in normal condition. b. transmit the defects back to the uterine wall, so that embryos conceived later also share that defect. c. are born with the defective phenotypic trait. d. are spontaneously miscarried.

are spontaneously miscarried

Situational compliance is promoted by parents who a. are typically insensitive and tend to ignore their children. b. are warm and sensitive to their child's needs. c. attend closely to their child's interests. d. abusive.

are typically insensitive and tend to ignore their children

When age differences exist among children, older children tend to a. assert more power in relationships. b. express feelings of dependency or embarrassment. c. behave very differently than older siblings. d. act similarly as when peers share age equality.

assert more power in relationships

Four-year-old Britney mistakes her neighbor's new pet rabbit for a kitten. Britney's error illustrates the Piagetian process of a. animism. b. assimilation. c. accommodation. d. tertiary circular reaction.

assimilation

The preoperational principle called centration means that the child a. receives help from parents on difficult tasks. b. attends to each object's single most salient feature. c. seeks perceptual balance on objects' spatial layouts. d. looks directly at objects, so that images are centered.

attends to each object's single most salient feature

Parents who apply the ____ disciplinary style are especially likely to be involved with Vygotskian scaffolding, with good results. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. uninvolved d. permissive

authoritative

Infants with a(n) ____ style of attachment are likely to construct positive working models of themselves and negative working models of others. a. disorganized/disoriented b. resistant c. avoidant d. secure

avoidant

Oral-to-visual intermodal perception is commonly studied in very young infants because a. other types of intermodal matches are difficult to test. b. oral sensations are important for speech development. c. babies of this age experience many objects by mouth. d. hearing is well developed at birth.

babies of this age experience many objects by mouth

Children who are rejected by peers in grade school will a. inevitably have anxiety and adjustment problems. b. be at risk for anxiety and adjustment problems, but less so if they are attached to a sibling. c. be at risk for a variety of problems, which are exacerbated by the presence of a sibling. d. have few anxiety and adjustment problems, regardless of the presence of a sibling.

be at risk for anxiety and adjustment problems, but less so if they are attached to a sibling.

The most recent research on gender differences in reaction to divorce suggests that a. girls suffer more. b. boys suffer more. c. boys suffer more overt distress, while girls suffer more covert distress. d. girls suffer more overt distress, while boys suffer more covert distress.

boys suffer more overt distress, while girls suffer more covert distress

The hormone thyroxine, secreted by the thyroid gland, is essential for the normal growth of the a. gonads, especially in boys. b. extremities of the head, such as nose, ears, and lips. c. internal organs, such as the kidneys and liver. d. brain and bones.

brain and bones

The plasticity principle of early neural development implies that cells of the brain a. can retrain themselves following brain injury. b. are genetically canalized to perform specific functions. c. are relatively unresponsive to changing experiences. d. communicate by moving rapidly to distant locations.

can retrain themselves following brain injury

Theorists such as Kipp and Bjorklund have claimed that inhibitory processes are needed so that the child a. avoids suffering the aftereffects of infantile amnesia. b. can suppress task-irrelevant distracting thoughts. c. may balance explicit and implicit cognitions. d. will remain passively attentive to teaching.

can suppress task-irrelevant distracting thoughts

Little Lulu is a baby, and she is now more skilled at movements of her head than of her feet. This shows the a. plasticity of development. b. consequences of catch-up growth. c. proximodistal trend in motor skills. d. cephalocaudal trend in motor skills.

cephalocaudal trend in motor skills

Visual accommodation means a. generating visual sensations without the eyes. b. using memories from past experience to assist in interpreting the meaning of what is currently seen. c. adapting to unfamiliar visual experience d. changing the lens shape to keep images in sharp focus.

changing the lens shape to keep images in sharp focus

An excellent predictor of future positive outcomes in development is the a. parents' involvement in overtime career work. b. child's secure attachment. c. child's diet that is rich in carbohydrates. d. child's early responsiveness to secondary reinforcers.

child's secure attachment

The most violent programs displayed on TV are a. action-oriented adventure shows. b. major league sports events. c. children's cartoon shows. d. reality-based programs for adults.

children's cartoon shows

It can be hard for an early teenage newcomer to make friends on first arrival because a. newcomers' racial identities are hard to identify. b. cliques have already been formed. c. authoritarian parents are often strict about discipline. d. during adolescence, many are confused about their sexual orientation.

cliques have already been formed

Recent theoretical discussion on Piaget's stages has focused on the issue of whether a. Piaget identified too few distinct stages. b. there are individual differences among children. c. cognition develops continuously instead of in stages. d. Piaget thought children are generally smarter than they are.

cognition develops continuously instead of in stages

In classical conditioning, the previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a response is the a. unconditioned response (UR). b. conditioned response (CR). c. unconditioned stimulus (US). d. conditioned stimulus (CS).

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Young infants' memory recall is aided by cues, hints, or reminders, which suggests that their early memories are a. strengthened mainly via negative reinforcement. b. weakened only via negative punishment. c. best demonstrated via habituation. d. context-dependent.

context-dependent

The formal education of children in the United States and Europe primarily involves a. context-independent learning. b. guided participation. c. scaffolding. d. the zone of proximal development.

context-independent learning

In the context of this course, development refers to: a. growth in the national economy. b. advances in civilization's technologies. c. continuities and changes during the organism's lifespan. d. the evolution of species in the animal kingdom.

continuities and changes during the organism's lifespan

Researchers have found that African adolescents display better recall for orally transmitted stories than do American adolescents. This is an example of a. the impact of economics on schooling practices. b. differences in brain function across cultures. c. biological predispositions for the use of certain strategies. d. cross-cultural differences in the tools of intellectual adaptation for remembering.

cross-cultural differences in the tools of intellectual adaptation for remembering

In the ____ research design, children of different age groups are studied and compared at the same point in time. a. correlational b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. Experimental

cross-sectional

Normative development consists of: a. changes that optimize developmental outcomes. b. changes that result from maturation. c. developmental changes that are typical of many children. d. individual variations among children.

developmental changes that are typical of many children

Children utter novel sentences that they have never heard. This originality in speech ____ the empiricist theory. a. strongly supports b. mildly supports c. is theoretically neutral toward d. disconfirms

disconfirms

Infants who display confusion about whether to approach or withdraw from their caregiver during the "strange situation" assessment are classified as having developed ____ attachment. a. secure b. resistant c. avoidant d. disorganized/disoriented

disorganized/disoriented

Sarah has just come to understand that seeing a dog will make her best friend thrilled (she loves dogs) but her other friend afraid. Given that Sarah has just developed the ability to understand that the same thing will make different people experience different emotions, how old would you hypothesize Sarah is? a. Four b. Six c. Eight d. 12

eight

The set of emotions that are closely tied to cognitive development, particularly self-recognition and an understanding of acceptable/unacceptable behavior, is a. interest, distress, disgust, and contentment. b. anger, surprise, fear, and sadness. c. embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride. d. joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom.

embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride

Toddler Todd says, "Kitty eated food," so mom says, "Yes, Kitty ate her food." The error correction is called a a. expansion. b. negative reinforcer. c. holophrase. d. fast-mapping linguistic universal.

expansion

The biological process of mitosis is described as the a. "untwisting" of the double helix cell structure. b. expansive growth via cellular replication. c. consumption and metabolism of nutrients. d. decline and gradual death of the cell.

expansive growth via cellular replication

One of the reasons adolescents enjoy online communication with peers over face-to-face in some circumstances is because online settings allow them to a. explore sexual identity in lower-risk ways. b. experience heightened arousal and risk associated with identity exploration. c. lie about who they are. d. meet a greater number of people from further away.

explore sexual identity in lower-risk ways

Traditionally, girls are encouraged to adopt an ____ gender-role standard. a. expressive b. evocative c. equestrian d. instrumental

expressive

Low self-esteem is most strongly associated with ____ in girls and ____ in boys. a. lack of romantic competence; lack of athletic competence b. lack of athletic competence; lack of romantic competence c. failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of athletic competence d. failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of romantic competence

failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of romantic competence

Temporarily stressful episodes such as a fall, argument, or frightening experience have a. been shown to stunt prenatal growth. b. few if any harmful consequences for the mother or her fetus. c. resulted in birth complications. d. been linked to changes in fetal sensory reactivity.

few if any harmful consequences for the mother or her fetus

Transsexuals' gender-reassignment surgery contradicts the principle of a. gender intensification. b. gender consistency. c. gender stability. d. direct tuition.

gender stability

Children are likely to encode and remember information that is consistent with their ideas about gender, but they are likely to forget or distort information that is not consistent with their views. This is a tenant of the ____ theory. a. gender-schema theory b. social-learning c. psychoanalytic d. biological

gender-schema theory

When compared with preschoolers, older children are especially more proficient at a. speaking with holophrases. b. giving accurate referential descriptions. c. generating and using creole. d. understanding motherese.

giving accurate referential descriptions

Suppose that you allow an infant several minutes to study a drawing of a face. Then, you present a second face and assess whether heart rate changes when this additional face appears. This is the ____ method. a. preference b. habituation c. evoked potentials d. high-amplitude sucking

habituation

Children who suffer from nonorganic failure to thrive tend to a. have metabolic disorders that interfere with digestion. b. have had growth-retarding illnesses since infancy. c. have difficulty feeding and experience retarded growth. d. enjoy close emotional attachment with caretakers.

have difficulty feeding and experience retarded growth

Labeling a child with complimentary terms such as "good" or "honest" a. challenges the child to increase the misbehavior rate. b. encourages children to declare that they will be good, but their actual behavior does not change. c. helps establish inhibitory controls. d. works best in children whose id is weakened.

helps establish inhibitory controls

A trait of adopted children resembled that of their birth parents more than of their adoptive parents. This suggests that a. heritability for the trait is high. b. heritability is moderate. c. heritability is low. d. heritability cannot be estimated.

heritability for the trait is high

When Halpern and her colleagues adopted a biopsychosocial approach in their research, this suggests the ____________ perspective of human development. a. correlational b. microgenetic c. holistic d. lifespan

holistic

Thugo, age 10, likes to beat up smaller kids just to hurt them and make them cry. Thugo performs a. imminent justice. b. hostile aggression. c. situational compliance. d. a doctrine of specificity.

hostile aggression

Predictions that arise from theory are called a. heuristics. b. ecological validators. c. hypotheses. d. confounded variables.

hypotheses

Free recall refers to recalling a. imaginary material that has no basis in reality. b. materials that are devoid of meaningful content. c. in the absence of useful hints or retrieval cues. d. storylike narratives from one's remote childhood past.

in the absence of useful hints or retrieval cues

The wrapping of a waxy sheath of protective myelin on neurons' axons tends to a. shorten the neurons' lifespan. b. change sensory neurons into motor-control neurons. c. cause slippery physical movements of the axon. d. increase the speed of nerve impulses in the axon.

increase the speed of nerve impulses in the axon

Ideographic development refers to a. changes that occur as a result of maturation. b. changes that most children experience at a specific age. c. changes that are unrelated to development. d. individual variations in patterns of change.

individual variations in patterns of change

The overall goal of modern genetic counseling is to a. detect abnormalities early so that abortions can be required for the couple. b. improve the quality of the human gene pool so that a superior "master race" will eventually be developed. c. do research on the breeding of half-human chimeras. d. inform the couple about their risk of having a baby with a serious genetic/congenital defects.

inform the couple about their risk of having a baby with a serious genetic/congenital defects

The use of the computer as a model for understanding the child's mind is part of the a. Vygotskian sociocultural viewpoint. b. information-processing perspective. c. Piagetian cognitive theory. d. executive control process.

information-processing perspective

Researchers seek parents' advance permission for their children to participate in a study. This is the principle of research ethics called a. protection from harm. b. benefits-to-risk ratio. c. confidentiality. d. informed consent.

informed consent

Emotions that the neonate can express immediately at birth are considered by researchers to be a. positive/pleasant in tone. b. developed via learning. c. an aftereffect of the "Kewpie doll" phenomenon. d. innate.

innate

A child who attacks a victim in order to obtain possession of a ball engages in a. instrumental aggression. b. retaliation. c. hostile aggression. d. prosocial aggression.

instrumental aggression

Recognizing through one sense information that is usually received via a different modality is called a. intermodal perception. b. extrasensory perception. c. stereoptic differentiation. d. transubstantiated awareness.

intermodal perception

The moral person must accept attributes or standards as his or her own. This process is called a. internalization. b. objectification. c. situational compliance. d. cognitive disequilibrium.

internalization

At a beauty pageant, none of the five judges can agree with each other about who should win. The pageant rating system is low in a. validity. b. selective attrition. c. interrater reliability. d. temporal stability.

interrater reliability

The adolescent growth spurt a. occurs around the age of 17 or 18. b. involves a weight gain of approximately 15 pounds. c. is evident for weight but not for height. d. is the fastest growth interval of the lifespan.

involves a weight gain of approximately 15 pounds

Adherence to gender-role expectations a. varies very little across cultures. b. is stronger in individualistic societies that emphasize personal achievement. c. is stronger in collectivistic cultures that emphasize the need to maintain social harmony. d. is high in all cultures, regardless of the particular world-view variations that may exist in other social dimensions.

is stronger in collectivistic cultures that emphasize the need to maintain social harmony

The developmental sequence of infant movement skills a. is the same for children of all races and cultures. b. varies, depending on the child's inherited genotype. c. varies, depending on the age at which the child reaches the various locomotory milestones. d. differs for boys vs. girls.

is the same for children of all races and cultures

In Sternberg's triarchic theory, the componential (information-processing) component of intellect includes a. knowledge, strategies, and metacognition. b. responding to novelty, dishabituation, or automation. c. shaping environments and adapting to situations. d. studying and responding to the thoughts of pets.

knowledge, strategies, and metacognition

According to Jensen's genetic hypothesis, level I abilities include all of the following EXCEPT a. attention. b. language ability. c. short-term memory. d. associative skills.

language ability

Research investigating aggressive behavior in popular children reveals that they a. are not aggressive. b. are less aggressive than their less popular age mates. c. largely use relational forms of aggression to enhance their popularity. d. largely use overt forms of aggression to enhance their popularity.

largely use relational forms of aggression to enhance their popularity

When Leah successfully solves a difficult algebra problem, her teacher tells her, "Leah, you thought that problem through and came up with an excellent strategy for solving it." Based on Mueller and Dweck's study, this interchange will help foster Leah's interest in pursuing a. performance goals because the teacher gave person praise. b. learning goals because the teacher gave person praise. c. learning goals because the teacher gave process-oriented praise. d. performance goals because the teacher gave process-oriented praise.

learning goals because the teacher gave process-oriented praise

Scientific evidence on the impact of gay and lesbian couples rearing children suggests that a. children raised in these homes struggle with gender identity but are otherwise well-adjusted. b. children raised in these homes feel profoundly isolated and alone compared to their peers raised in heterosexual homes. c. lesbian and gay couples are as knowledgeable and effective parents as heterosexual couples. d. lesbian and gay couples provide a less stable home environment than heterosexual couples.

lesbian and gay couples are as knowledgeable and effective parents as heterosexual couples

Amy is an eight-year-old girl who watches a lot of television. She will probably be _____ with her body than girls who do not watch television. a. more satisfied b. equally satisfied c. less satisfied d. more happy

less satisfied

Kato is interested in understanding how a family's behavior changes when they have guests living in their homes for long periods of time. Kato's best choice of research design/method is a. cross-sectional, experimental study. b. longitudinal, experimental study. c. longitudinal, observational study. d. cross-sectional, observational study.

longitudinal, observational study

Robert White asserted that people of all ages are motivated intrinsically to a. dominate socially over others. b. apply deception or trickery to control those who hold authority. c. modify their own interests to get others' approval. d. master the environment and its challenges.

master the environment and its challenges

Research suggests that fathers who have helped care for their infants soon after birth a. will be less likely to experience postpartum depression. b. will be more understanding of their spouses. c. tend to avoid engrossment. d. may spend more time interacting with their infants at home.

may spend more time interacting with their infants at home

Each person is genetically unique because of the aftereffects of sexual a. phenotypes. b. concordance rates. c. mitosis. d. meiosis.

meiosis

A five-year-old describes going to the dentist as, "You get in the car, drive there, get out, go inside, wait, get in the dental chair, get teeth fixed, jump from the chair, walk to the car, and go home." This is a a. span of apprehension. b. metacognition. c. memory script. d. rehearsal.

memory script

According to Vygotsky, ____ development refers to short-term longitudinal changes in the child's competencies or performances. a. phylogenetic b. sociohistorical c. microgenetic d. ontogenetic

microgenetic

According to ecologists, most direct influences on an infant will come from and be experienced in the a. macrosystem. b. chronosystem. c. exosystem. d. microsystem.

microsystem

Among minority youth, greater identity formation conflicts tend to arise for a. mixed-identity adolescents and cross-ethnic adoptees. b. minority children living in poverty. c. minority children living in primarily Caucasian neighborhoods. d. minority children who are involved in interracial romantic relationships.

minority children living in primarily Caucasian neighborhoods

The only circumstance under which two people will share a genotype is when those two people are a. biological siblings. b. step-siblings. c. Monozygotic twins. d. dizygotic twins.

monozygotic twins

The neonate's hearing abilities at birth are ____ its visual abilities. a. more highly developed than b. developed to an equal level as c. less well developed than d. impossible to compare to

more highly developed than

In teenage years, adopted children tend to display _____ than their nonadopted peers. a. more learning difficulties b. fewer emotional problems c. lower rates of delinquency d. more difficult with peers

more learning difficulties

Adults' exaggerated verbal utterances mixed with expressive actions such as gestures are known as a. expressive transformational grammars. b. multimodal motherese. c. sensorimotor multimediators. d. attentionated referents.

multimodal motherese

According to the dynamical systems theory, a. significant variations in motor development are likely to emerge across humans. b. children are predisposed to hyperactivity. c. dynamic stimulation can promote coordination. d. new motor abilities emerge as a consequence of the active reorganization of existing motor capabilities into a new more complex action.

new motor abilities emerge as a consequence of the active reorganization of existing motor capabilities into a new more complex action

Infants suffer their peak level of distress from stranger anxiety at the average age of about ____ months. a. three b. six c. nine d. 15

nine

Ethical guidelines allow children to serve in research a. only with informed consent of the parent or guardian. b. as long as the children's names do not appear with data. c. without parental informed consent, so long as the child agrees to participate. d. if each child is suitably rewarded with toys or candy.

only with informed consent of the parent or guardian

The goodness-of-fit principle states that parents should a. ensure that the child's clothing fits properly. b. optimize parenting style for the child's temperament. c. identify an imprinting target and place it in the crib. d. prevent learned helplessness by offering a helping hand.

optimize parenting style for the child's temperament

Infants from ages three to six months are superior to adults in their ability to a. stereoscopically blend images from the left/right eyes. b. focus the eyes accurately on near vs. far objects. c. perceive phonemes that are not part of the parents' native language. d. apply size constancy to vision.

perceive phonemes that are not part of the parents' native language

Children whose parents apply the ____ disciplinary style become impulsive, aggressive, self-centered, and bossy. a. permissive b. uninvolved c. authoritative d. authoritarian

permissive

Three attributes that are components of temperament are a. positive affect, irritability, and empathy. b. sorrow, spin control, and artificiality. c. activity level, conscientiousness, and irritability. d. positive affect, fearfulness, and activity level.

positive affect, fearfulness, and activity level

At a church service, Bonzo jumps up and shouts, while hundreds of people scowl disapprovingly. Bonzo's language ____ is/are inappropriate here. a. morphology b. bound morphemes c. syntax d. pragmatics

pragmatics

Self-serving responses to moral dilemmas, emphasizing one's own needs or interests, is especially common among a. preschoolers. b. grade-schoolers. c. teenagers. d. mature adults.

preschoolers

Two-year-old Jason's big sister stuck a sticker on his head. Later, he looks at himself in the mirror but does not try to retrieve the sticker off of his own head. Jason's self-concept is limited to that of the a. extended self. b. present self. c. categorical self. d. past self.

present self

During the preschool years, there is a shift in altruism from a. close associates to abstract patriotism about the nation. b. other humans to egocentric self-directed concerns. c. pretend play to real acts of helpfulness toward others. d. other humans to helpfulness toward pets.

pretend play to real acts of helpfulness toward others

As children mature through middle childhood, they become increasingly inclined to characterize others in terms of a. psychological constructs (traits). b. psychological comparisons. c. behavioral comparisons. d. canalized genotypes.

psychological constructs (traits)

The ____ shows that the neonate responds to brightness changes in the illuminating light. a. otitis media b. stereopsis response c. pupillary reflex d. visual looming response

pupillary reflex

The incompatible-response technique involves a. reinforcing desirable behaviors while ignoring the undesirable whenever possible. b. punishing whenever the behavior is incompatible with the rules. c. ensuring compatibility between behavioral transgressions and the severity of the punishment. d. using time-out whenever a misbehavior occurs.

reinforcing desirable behaviors while ignoring the undesirable whenever possible

Snubbing or ignoring another person to make him or her feel bad is a type of a. self-oriented distress. b. relational aggression. c. display of immanent justice. d. passive victimization.

relational aggression

During the "strange situation" assessment, infants with ____ attachment display an ambivalent approach to their parent, remaining close but rejecting any contact initiated by the parent. a. secure b. resistant c. avoidant d. disorganized/disoriented

resistant

The plasticity principle states that the child a. responds flexibly to changes in his or her life experiences. b. must be trained by parents to avoid consuming plastics. c. progresses predictably through developmental stages. d. asserts his or her individuality and cannot accurately be described by generalizations that apply to all children.

responds flexibly to changes in his or her life experiences

Turning the head in the direction of a tactile (touch) stimulus to the cheek is known as a. the palmar reflex. b. sucking. c. rooting. d. habit.

rooting

Bowlby's ethological theory states that separation anxiety develops in young children because a. the child instinctively fears predators like sharks. b. separation is a natural clue to danger. c. infants are curious and inclined to explore. d. during separation, the child is unsure where rewards are.

separation is a natural clue to danger

Developmentally, the child's peers are a. social equals whose behavior complexity matches the child's. b. anyone with whom the child has frequent daily contact. c. anyone who shares similar interests with the child. d. teachers, parents, or others who offer Vygotskian scaffolding when assistance is requested or needed.

social equals whose behavior complexity matches the child's

Genotypic influences on the child's self-concept are a. impossible to estimate. b. stronger for boys than for girls. c. stronger for girls than for boys. d. very low for either girls or boys.

stronger for boys than for girls

In the US, parents train their young children to a. suppress some emotions and express others. b. suppress all emotions regardless of type. c. express all emotions intensely, "letting it all hang out." d. imitate the emotions expressed by family pets.

suppress some emotions and express others

In developing countries where childhood illness is common, children who have been relatively free from illnesses tend to be ____ than their sickness-prone peers. a. more socially withdrawn because of fear of illnesses b. later more oriented toward heterosexuality c. more emotionally neglected d. taller and heavier

taller and heavier

Temperament is considered to have a biological basis because a. temperamental correlations are stronger for identical twins than for fraternal twins. b. the genetic alleles for temperament are known. c. temperamental traits don't appear for several years. d. identical twins have nonshared environmental experiences.

temperamental correlations are stronger for identical twins than for fraternal twins

The earliest major change that signals the onset of puberty is a. growth of the male sex organ. b. the adolescent growth spurt. c. growth of facial hair. d. menarche in boys.

the adolescent growth spurt

In the study of preschoolers' efforts to move gumballs between bowls, Brown and Kane found that children a. were incapable of solving the task. b. were aware of analogical hints but could not apply them. c. used analogical hints effectively to solve the task. d. induced the correct strategies from their own efforts.

used analogical hints effectively to solve the task

If a measure accurately measures what it is designed to measure, it is said to be a. valid. b. reliable. c. objective. d. generative.

valid

Observing a rule-following model is most effective in reducing a child's misbehavior when the model a. looks just like the mischievous child. b. gets punished for sassing to adults. c. verbalizes that a rule is being followed and gives a rationale for doing it. d. is disliked by peers, yet still acts properly.

verbalizes that a rule is being followed and gives a rationale for doing it

Telegraphic speech is especially prominent in toddlers a. of all cultures and all languages around the world. b. who have been fed "alphabet soup" by literate parents. c. whose languages emphasize the importance of word order. d. whose languages make word order mostly irrelevant.

whose languages emphasize the importance of word order

An infant who has begun to crawl a. will soon develop fear of drop-offs. b. does this to practice stereoscopic vision. c. must first have mastered skills for face recognition. d. typically does high-amplitude sucking while crawling.

will soon develop fear of drop-offs