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Which of the following is an application of the second law of thermodynamics? A gas expands because matter tends to spread out. The heat and motion induced by an engine is equal to the energy of combustion. The combined masses of sulfur and iron are equal to the mass of iron(II) sulfide formed through a chemical reaction. A nuclear fission reaction results in the conversion of mass to energy.

A gas expands because matter tends to spread out.

Which of the following familiar processes is/are spontaneous? Select all that apply. Water boiling at 0°C and 1 atm Water decomposing to H2 and O2 at 25oC A teaspoon of table salt dissolving in 1 L of boiling water A ball rolling down a hill

A teaspoon of table salt dissolving in 1 L of boiling water A ball rolling down a hill

Which of the following changes are favored in a spontaneous process? An increase in entropy A decrease in entropy An overall decrease in the energy of the system An overall increase in the energy of the system

An increase in entropy An overall decrease in the energy of the system

Which of the following changes are favored in a spontaneous process? An increase in entropy An overall increase in the energy of the system An overall decrease in the energy of the system A decrease in entropy

An increase in entropy An overall decrease in the energy of the system

The combustion of glucose (shown below) is exothermic. C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (g) Does this reaction cause an increase or a decrease in entropy for the system and surroundings? Increase in the entropy of the surroundings Decrease in the entropy of the surroundings Increase in the entropy of the system Decrease in the entropy of the system

Increase in the entropy of the surroundings Increase in the entropy of the system

Which of the following statements correctly explain the increase in entropy that occurs when substance changes from solid to liquid, or liquid to gas? Select all that apply. The energy of the particles increases during these phase changes. The number of possible arrangements of the particles increases. The particles increase in size during a phase change. The particles become less complex during these phase changes.

The energy of the particles increases during these phase changes. The number of possible arrangements of the particles increases.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the increase in entropy that occurs when substance changes from solid to liquid, or liquid to gas? Select all that apply. The particles increase in size during a phase change. The energy of the particles increases during these phase changes. The number of possible arrangements of the particles increases. The particles become less complex during these phase changes.

The energy of the particles increases during these phase changes. The number of possible arrangements of the particles increases.

Which statements correctly describe the changes that occur when an ionic solid dissolves in water? Select all that apply. The mobility of H2O molecules in such a solution is reduced since they are arranged in a specific way around the dissolved ions. When highly charged ions dissolve, the entropy of the system generally decreases. The dissolution of ions with low charges typically results in an increase in the entropy of the system. The entropy of a system always increases when a substance dissolves, irrespective of the charges on the ions.

The mobility of H2O molecules in such a solution is reduced since they are arranged in a specific way around the dissolved ions. When highly charged ions dissolve, the entropy of the system generally decreases. The dissolution of ions with low charges typically results in an increase in the entropy of the system.

Which of the following statements correctly reflect the relationship between the spontaneity of a reaction and the sign of ΔH? Select all that apply. The sign of ΔH alone is not sufficient evidence to determine the spontaneity of a process. The spontaneity of a process is easily determined from the sign of ΔH for the reaction. A negative value of ΔH favors spontaneity. All endothermic processes are nonspontaneous.

The sign of ΔH alone is not sufficient evidence to determine the spontaneity of a process. A negative value of ΔH favors spontaneity.

Which phase change will have a more dramatic increase in entropy? Select the statement that best explains why. Vaporization of a substance The complexity of the system decreases much more during this phase change. The mobility of the particles increases much more when this phase change occurs. This phase change results in a decrease in the number of possible arrangements for the particles. Melting of a substance

Vaporization of a substance The mobility of the particles increases much more when this phase change occurs.

In order to assess the spontaneity of a chemical reaction or physical process both the change in _____ and ______ associated with the reaction or process must be known.

enthalpy, entropy

The _______ of a system is a measure of the ways in which the energy of the system can be dispersed.

entropy