L-8

French speaking Normans invaded and conquered England in this year.

1066

Most of England was under Anglo-Saxon rule except for Wales and Scotland in this year.

1066

The year of the Norman conquest and the beginning of the end of OE.

1066

What is the traditional starting for Middle English?

1066 A.D.

EME starting period (16th century)

1500'S

William sent an envoy to rome to receive this for his invasion of England. He wanted this because he told the pope that the church in England was having religious services in English and not in Latin. This shows how much of an influence Latin had. It was considered a religious language while English was a low language. The pope was easily convinced.

A Papal Blessing

Why would an English-speaking person in 1259 in England want to learn French?

An English speaking person in 1259 would want to learn French because it was the dominant language at the time.

A tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings, covered with embroidery representing the incidents of William the conqueror's expedition to England.

Bayeux tapestry

This is a french word but has Germanic and Indo-European roots; 'Bhau', meaning to push or strike. A Button was a fastener meant to push through an opening, therefore Bhau produced Button, and Beat. These are cognate, related. You can Beat someone with a Bat and that may lead to a Battery charge which may lead to you Butting-Heads with someone which may lead to combat. If you gather supporters for this Combat you may gather supporters and have a Battle. Beat, Bat, Butt, Button, and Battle are cognate.

Buttons

1476 - Set up the first printing press in England. This froze the spelling of English but sound changes still changed.

Caxton

Lived during the ME period (1066-1500) and was 10 when the black death hit the English (1350-1352).

Chaucer (1343-1400)

How did the Black Death affect English?

During The Black Death, half of the English population died. Among the majority of the people that died were the upper class that spoke Latin and French because they were less resilient to the plague. The common people that spoke English survived because they were more used to fighting off diseases. This caused a resurgence in the English language and it increased the status of English.

Reign: 1042-1066 - The last king of the Anglo Saxons. He was known as the Confessor because he was pious, meaning he was very religious. He was so Pious that he remained a virgin his entire life even though he was married. He had strong Norman ties and spoke Norman French. He was a "Foreigner" to England in many ways, which did not bode well for his Anglo-Saxon subjects. Furthermore, he was different culturally and linguistically from the Anglo Saxons. In essence, he was more Norman (french) than English and so they resented him because he wasn't Anglo-Saxon in speech nor culture. He did not have an heir due to his pious nature but became obsessed with naming one. His cousin William the Conqueror was a candidate and He was pressured to name Harold Godwinson, a local boy, as king by the locals. Harold was from a prominent family in Wessex so now there was conflict between who would ultimately rule; A French-speaking Norman, William, or an English-Speaking Anglo-Saxon, Harold?

Edward the Confessor

The language of the common person.

English

During Middle English, the prestige language of England was not the dominant language in terms of number of speakers. Explain what affect this had on English and its users.

English had downgraded significantly after The Norman Conquest due to the rise of Latin and French so at the time, English was mainly used by commoners. English, for a time, was not written, only spoken.

- The Norman Conquest-- - Latin was the prestige language of the Church. French was the prestige language of the aristocracy. English was the language of the common person, and it wasn't viewed as a language for scholarly endeavors including basic literacy. - English absorbed hundreds of word from French: English added French words and many of these words were seen as more sophisticated. I.E. we eat pork, beef, and poultry, not pig, cow, and chicken. - English kept losing inflections

External Events that had a major impact on English

During the EME period, this was the language of the aristocracy.

French

The prestige language of the aristocracy.

French

What language did the Normans speak?

French

Old English had the words pig, cow, and chicken. But today, speakers of PDE don't typically talk of eating pig, cow, and chicken. Rather, they speak of eating pork, beef, and poultry. Why?

French was considered to be more of a sophisticated language while regular English was considered lesser, common or ordinary. We say pork, beef and poultry because at the time, pig, cow, and chicken wasn't considered scholarly. English had basically absorbed these words into their vernacular.

After Edward the Confessor passed, The Witan ruled this person as king.

Harold Godwinson

The richest man in England and a successful general and skillful politician. He claimed that Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne upon his death. He traveled to France in 1064 but he's redirected to enemy soil, the land of Guy of Pontier, who imprisons him. William hears about this and demands Harold be sent to him. William treats him as an honored guest and invites him to go on campaigns with him, meaning he's fighting in William's army at this point. His performance was so good that William chooses to Knight him and give him arms. This shows him taking an oath to swear to William with the oath did "He will support my claim to be the next king of England". William had seen this as him swearing before God to see him become the next king of England.

Harold Godwinson

The Normans relied on this because they had weak sea power. They had to transport equipment and horses and had to be completely dependent on the wind to get to England, which their ships was reliant on their sails in unpredictable weather via the channel. People didn't believe in William's mission to get to England so he sought approval from the Pope (Alexander the second). The Pope's papal support meant that all that died in support of the mission would be granted eternal salvation.

Land Power

This man was the most important monk in Normandy. He was the counselor to William the Conquerer and he became the Archbishop of Canterbury where he was loyal to the pope. He was a teacher to the pope and a close friend to William so he was able to act as a go-between in the Papal Blessing.

Lanfranc

During the EME period, this was the language of the church.

Latin

The prestige language of the Church.

Latin

This is in the northwest part of modern-day France, just across the channel from England.

Normandy

Where did the name "Norman" come from?

North Man - The people living in Normandy were Danes originally. They were from the North. They had conquered their own area of modern-day France.

What language did Anglo Saxons speak?

Old English

Containers with saint's bones

Reliquaries

The Wife of Bath's tale

The 'Wife of Bath's Tale' is told to show what women most desire. Throughout her tale, traditional values of leadership and supremacy are reversed. In the 'Wife of Bath's Tale,' it is the queen and the ladies of the court who serve as justices and determine the punishment for the knight instead of King Arthur.

On 10/4/1066, this battle took place at the "Gray apple tree". The English crossed their shields - The Shield Wall - to protect themselves and this was the traditional way of fighting. Knights took them on the the other side. The shield wall was more effective but William was determined to live.

The Battle of Hastings

This caused a migration to cities where work and English were more dominant. Between 1348-1352 half of the English population died.

The Black Death

Written by Chaucer, this was about a group of 29 travelers on a religious pilgrimage to Canterbury. The travelers have a competition to see who can tell the most entertaining story.

The Canterbury Tales

Occurred in 1066, The English became less prestigious due to the rise of the language of the Normans (French)

The Norman Conquest

These people were Anglo-Saxon nobles in England. They preferred Harold the local boy to be king and not William the Conqueror from Normandy. They are usually summoned around Christmas time.

The Witan

Since the Normans won, today we tend to use these words to describe battle/military. These were French words. The anglo saxons gave us sword, shield, axe, spear, etc. The military terms generally come from the French, however.

The Words for Warfare.

After the Norman conquest, William's Agenda to reform the English church succeeded and a return of Latin was presumed dominate and OE writing began to disappear. Latin and French began to become the standard.

The move away from OE.

During the Middle English period, many French words were incorporated into English.

True

Harold Godwinson was king of England for a few months.

True

In the early Middle English Period, French was more prestigious than English in England.

True

A cathedral where royal coronation, weddings and funerals take place, completed in 1065

Westminster Abbey

In "The Wife of Bath's Tale," what question must the Knight answer in order to avoid execution?

What is thing that women desire most of all?

Who ruled England after the French conquest?

William

A descendant of Rollo, a great Dane Warrior and the ruler of Normandy. He and Edward the Confessor were cousins. Upon his nomination as king, he demanded he be made king instead of Harold the local boy due to a promise Edward made to him come his death. In France William was a duke but in France he could be a king, which was a position blessed and approved by God. He based his invasion of England on the basis of the oath he made with Harold Godwinson and immediately attacked England from Normandy as soon as Harold was declared King and defeated him shortly after. This was The Battle of Hastings. His corronation ceremony was performed in Latin and English and a call for people to consent to his rule was issued. The people were questioned in French and English and their response was 'Long live the King'; Vivat Rex. His army misinterpreted this and thought it was a revolt so they set fire to buildings and killed many people.

William the Conqueror

Who was king of England after William invaded England?

William the Conqueror

William the bastard became this.

William the Conqueror

On what subject does the Wife of Bath claims she is an expert?

marriage

What was the single most important event that "launched" Middle English?

the Norman invasion