Lab 10

The renal artery enters the kidney at this indented area.

hilum

What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron?

hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients

The secretion of aldosterone is directly stimulated by _______.

angiotensin II

The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.

False

Where does the kidney filter the blood?

Renal corpuscle

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

Renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

Renal cortex

A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?

Renal pelvis

What type of receptors embedded in the urinary bladder wall initiate the micturition reflex?

Stretch receptors

In its excretory role, the urinary system is primarily concerned with the removal of __________ wastes from the body.

nitrogenous

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

Hilum

Where are the renal columns located?

Renal medulla

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

Renal cortex

At which concentration of glucose carriers was the glucose concentration reduced to zero?

400

What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate?

80 - 140 ml/min

Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) is sudden inflammation of the glomeruli, most commonly a result of a streptococcal infection that causes the body to attack its own tissue. The damage to the filtration membrane increases permeability of the membrane for proteins and larger components. Which test result would you expect for a patient with acute GN?

All of the answers are correct.

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Collects newly formed urine

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

During tubular reabsorption, components of the filtrate move from the bloodstream into the tubule.

False

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

Renal columns

What is true about the urethral sphincters?

The internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cortical nephrons?

Their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta

The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.

True

Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron?

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole

The secretion of ADH is directly stimulated by _______.

a change in body fluid osmolarity

The pressure in the left source beaker simulates _______.

blood pressure

In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______.

blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate

Many nephrons empty into a ________.

collecting duct

When blood pressure increases, what changes can occur to maintain glomerular filtration rate?

constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole

Nephrons consist of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscles are located in the ________ of the kidney.

cortex

The outermost portion of the kidney is called the renal ________.

cortex

Blood flows from the peritubular capillary to the renal vein through this sequence of vessels.

cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein

When the micturation reflex is initiated, the brain responds by __________ action potentials (APs) in somatic motor neurons, resulting in the relaxation of the __________ urinary sphincter so urine can be voided.

decreasing; external

As the number of glucose carriers increased, the concentration of glucose in the _______.

distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased

The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed.

efferent

Micturition is a synonym for ________.

emptying the bladder

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues

The functions of the urinary system include ________.

excreting nitrogenous wastes, maintaining electrolyte balance, and maintaining acid-base and fluid balance

The __________ urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled.

external

During filtration in the nephron, substances move ________.

from the glomerulus into the nephron

Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move ________.

from the peritubular capillary into the nephron

Which of these cells is located interspersed between the capillaries of the glomerulus?

glomerular mesangial cells

When the beaker pressure was lowered, which of the following decreased?

glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume

The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______.

glomerular secretion

A fenestrated squamous epithelium can be observed in this structure within the kidney.

glomerulus

This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the __________.

glomerulus

This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron.

glomerulus

What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

glomerulus

Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron?

glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

List the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order: ________.

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop

When the glucose transport maximum is reached, _______.

glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?

granular cells

The juxtamedullary nephrons ________.

have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla, and play an important role in concentrating urine

ADH is produced in the _______.

hypothalamus

Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure?

increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

What region of the male urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm, extending about 2 centimeters from the prostate to the beginning of the penis?

intermediate part of the urethra (membranous urethra)

The juxtaglomerular apparatus ________.

is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure, and contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop

Of the following urinary system organs, major homeostatic functions are performed by the ________.

kidneys

The __________ perform(s) the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system.

kidneys

The __________ of the kidney is segregated into triangular regions with a striped appearance.

medulla

As urine is formed it flows through the collecting ducts to enter, in order, the following structures.

minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

Which of the following directly enclose the papilla of the renal pyramid?

minor calyx

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate

Name the structures in the kidney that produce urine.

nephrons

What do we call the anatomical units responsible for the formation of urine? __________

nephrons

These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.

podocytes

In which segment of the nephron would you find cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria?

proximal convoluted tubule

The section of the renal tubule closest to the glomerular capsule is the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule

As the renal artery approaches a kidney, it is divided into branches known as the __________.

segmental arteries

The pathway taken by blood from the renal artery to the afferent arteriole is, in correct sequence, ________.

segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery

The veins that drain the kidney include all of those below except ________.

segmental veins

When the efferent arteriole constricts, _______.

the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases

With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed and with the pressure increased, _______.

the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure increased

What are the two main parts of the nephron?

the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

What defines the trigone of the urinary bladder?

the ureter entrances and the opening to the urethra

This type of epithelium is found lining the inside of the urinary bladder.

transitional

Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra?

transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Urine is formed by three processes. In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood?

tubular reabsorption

With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed, _______.

urine volume was zero

The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder-like blood vessel called the ________.

vasa recta

What structure receives blood from the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron?

vasa recta

Which of the following should NOT be found in the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule?

white blood cells

The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is called the ________.

afferent arteriole

The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.

False

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of any of the urinary tract structures: kidneys, ureter, bladder, or urethra. Considering the differences in the male and female anatomy and that the bacteria that cause UTIs are often found in the feces, explain why females are more likely to contract a UTI.

Females are more likely to contract a UTI because the opening of the urinary tract is located closer to the opening of the digestive tract, allowing fecal bacteria to get into the urinary tract more easily.

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.

Fibrous capsule

What is true about the renal processes for making urine?

Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule.

As the pressure in the beaker was increased, which of the following occurred?

Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume increased.

What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?

The urine concentration increased.

What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?

The urine volume decreased.

What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct?

The urine volume will increase.

Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate?

decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter