Lab 12 - Reptiles Assignment connect ed mcgraw hill zoology

Scales, feathers, hair, and claws are skin structures found in amniotes that are composed of ______

keratin

The amnion, chorion, allantois, and the yolk sac are the four extraembryonic membranes found in _____ eggs.

amniotic

Because they share several derived characters, such as the presence of _____ keratin in the skin, birds and nonavian reptiles are united as a ____ clade.

Blank 1: beta Blank 2: monophyletic

A turtle's shell is made of two parts: a dorsal _____ and a ventra ____

Blank 1: carapace Blank 2: plastron

A key difference between lizards and snakes is that lizards have movable ____ , while a snake's eyes are covered with a permanent ____cap.

Blank 1: eyelids Blank 2: transparent

Nonavian reptiles have metanephric ____ and ureters that open into their cloaca.

Blank 1: kidneys

A ___ skull has a single temporal opening behind the orbit. The opening is usually located low on the cheeks and bordered by a single bony ___

Blank 1: synapsid Blank 2: arch

Amniote animals fill their lungs by expanding their ____ cavity, using their rib muscles, or by pulling the diaphragm or ____ posteriorly with other muscles.

Blank 1: thoracic Blank 2: liver

Genetic and morphological evidence suggests that even though modern turtles have anapsid skulls, they evolved from animals with _____ skulls.

diapsid

As traditionally defined, reptiles are a paraphyletic group because they don't include all of descendants of their most recent common ancestor. Which group of animals has to be added to the traditional reptile group in order to produce a monophyletic clade? Multiple choice question. Egg-laying mammals Birds Mammal-like reptiles Crocodilians

Birds

What is a separate monophyletic group within the reptiles (as defined by modern cladistics)? Multiple choice question. Snakes and crocodilians Birds and crocodilians Birds and lizards

Birds and crocodilians

The presence of extraembryonic membranes and, in many cases, a shell, would prevent the sperm from reaching the egg. For that reason, all amniotes have ______ fertilization.

internal

All reptiles, except crocodilians, posses a single _____ in their heart, which is incompletely partitioned into multiple chambers.

ventricle

By flicking its tongue through the air, a snake collects scent molecules that are then drawn past the _____ organs in the roof of the mouth, where specialized cells detect those scents.

Blank 1: Jacobson's, vomeronasal, or jacobsons

What statement accurately compares the lungs of amniotes with those of amphibians? Multiple choice question. Amniote lungs have much more surface area and are ventilated by a different mechanism. Amphibian lungs have much more surface area and are ventilated by a different mechanism. Amniote and amphibian lungs have similar surface area, but are ventilated by different mechanisms.

Amniote lungs have much more surface area and are ventilated by a different mechanism.

Amniotes with skulls that have no openings in the temporal area (behind the opening for the eye) are known as _____

Anapsid

What type of skull has a temporal region with no fenestrae and that is completely roofed by dermal bones? Multiple choice question. Therapsid Diapsid Anapsid Synapsid

Anapsid

Early diapsids diversified to give rise to five morphologically distinct clades. What clade includes dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodilians, and birds? Multiple choice question. Sauropterygians Pelycosaurs Archosaurs Lepidosaurs

Archosaurs

Select all that apply Choose the two sister clades within the Reptilia, as defined by modern cladistics. Multiple select question. Archosaurs Lepidosaurs Pelycosaurs Trissaurs

Archosaurs Lepidosaurs

Why can't a turtle expand its chest to breathe in, as other amniotes do? Multiple choice question. Because its chest muscles are fused to the sternum. Because its ribs are fused to the shell. Because it does not have a true thoracic cavity. Because it does not have any chest muscles.

Because its ribs are fused to the shell.

Why can't a turtle expand its chest to breathe in, as other amniotes do? Multiple choice question. Because its ribs are fused to the shell. Because its chest muscles are fused to the sternum. Because it does not have any chest muscles. Because it does not have a true thoracic cavity.

Because its ribs are fused to the shell.

The four extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg are: the ____ , the____, the ____, and yolk sac.

Blank 1: amnion Blank 2: allantois Blank 3: chorion

What type of movement allows a snake to move in a narrow passage, by extending forward, while bracing S-shaped loops against the side of the channel? Multiple choice question. Concertina movement Side-winding Lateral undulation Rectilinear movement

Concertina movement

In order to kill their prey, constrictors evolved certain rearrangements of their muscles. What is the trade-off of that adaptation? Multiple choice question. Constrictors can't excrete their food quickly because they have reduced intestines to make room for muscles. Constrictors lost some of their internal organs to make room for muscles. Constrictors are much slower and have to ambush their prey.

Constrictors are much slower and have to ambush their prey.

What non-avian reptiles have robust, elongated skulls, with massive jaw musculature and a complete secondary palate? Multiple choice question. Lizards Crocodilians Snakes Turtles

Crocodilians

A ____ skull has two temporal openings that are separated by a bony arch.

Diapsid

Why does ectothermy allow lizards to inhabit systems with low productivity and warm temperatures? Multiple choice question. Ectothermy requires cooler temperatures but uses considerably more energy than endothermy. Ectothermy requires warm temperatures but uses considerably less energy than endothermy. Ectothermy requires cooler temperatures but uses considerably less energy than endothermy. Ectothermy requires warm temperatures and uses considerably more energy than endothermy.

Ectothermy requires warm temperatures but uses considerably less energy than endothermy.

Select all that apply Select two important specializations in snakes. Multiple select question. Loss of limbs, which is not observed in any other type of non-avian reptile Presence of a special form of keratin called beta keratin in the skin Extreme elongation of the body with internal organ displacement and rearrangement Highly specialized kinetic skull for swallowing large prey

Extreme elongation of the body with internal organ displacement and rearrangement Highly specialized kinetic skull for swallowing large prey

True or false: Amniotes and amphibians ventilate their lungs in the same way.

False

Name the group of lizards whose members are small, nocturnal forms with adhesive toe pads that enable them to walk upside down and on vertical surfaces. Multiple choice question. Iguanids Monitors Skinks Geckos

Geckos

Select all of the habitats in which ectothermic nonavian reptiles are particularly successful. Multiple select question. Cool temperatures, low productivity Grassland Warm temperatures, low productivity Boreal forests Tropical deserts

Grassland Warm temperatures, low productivity Tropical deserts

Diapsids first appeared during the Paleozoic and subsequently diversified into five distinct clades. The ______ are an extinct clade represented by aquatic, dolphin-like species

Ichthyosaurs

What statement describes the separation of blood in the atria of amniotes? Multiple choice question. In all amniotes, except crocodilians, blood in the left atrium is incompletely separated from blood in the right atrium. In all amniotes, blood in the left atrium is completely separated from blood in the right atrium. In all amniotes, blood in the left atrium is incompletely separated from blood in the right atrium.

In all amniotes, blood in the left atrium is completely separated from blood in the right atrium.

Select all true statements about senses in lizards. Multiple select question. Similar to snakes most lizards do not have an external ear opening. In contrast to snakes, most lizards have an external ear opening. With the exception of geckos, hearing is not an important sense in lizards. Most lizards have excellent hearing, which compensates for their poor vision.

In contrast to snakes, most lizards have an external ear opening. With the exception of geckos, hearing is not an important sense in lizards.

Why are introduced non-native animals such as rats, cats, and dogs so detrimental to tuatara populations? Multiple choice question. Introduced animals bring numerous new infectious diseases that kill many tuataras. Introduced animals prey upon tuatara eggs and destroy their habitat. Introduced animals prey heavily upon adult tuataras.

Introduced animals prey upon tuatara eggs and destroy their habitat.

What is the adaptive significance of the complete secondary palate in crocodilians? Multiple choice question. It allows them to detect even minute traces of chemicals in water. It allows them to swallow very large prey. It allows them to hear sounds under water. It allows them to breathe even when their mouth is full of water.

It allows them to breathe even when their mouth is full of water.

Select all of the selective advantages of the amniotic egg when compared with the egg of amphibians. Multiple select question. It can be laid in drier environments. It can support larger embryos. It has better movement of oxygen. It supplies nutrients via a smaller yolk sac.

It can be laid in drier environments. It can support larger embryos. It has better movement of oxygen.

Consider the quadrate bone in the skulls of reptiles. How is that bone modified in the kinetic skulls of snakes and lizards? Multiple choice question. It has a joint at its dorsal end, instead of being fused to the skull as in other reptiles. It has been replaced in snakes and lizards with a thick ligament, which greatly increases the movement of the jaws. It is fused to the skull in snakes and lizards, instead of having a joint as in other reptiles.

It has a joint at its dorsal end, instead of being fused to the skull as in other reptiles.

Select all of the amniotes that have synapsid skulls. Multiple select question. Mammals Birds Therapsids Lizards Crocodilians

Mammals Therapsids

What accurately describes turtles and their classification? Multiple choice question. Modern turtles have anapsid skulls, however, genetic and morphological evidence places them within the diapsid clade. Modern turtles have diapsid skulls, which, when combined with genetic and morphological evidence places them within the diapsid clade. Modern turtles have anapsid skulls, however, genetic and morphological evidence placed them within the synapsid clade.

Modern turtles have anapsid skulls, however, genetic and morphological evidence places them within the diapsid clade.

Select all that apply Choose all members of the lacertilia (lizards). Multiple select question. Elapids Colubrids Monitors Geckos Skinks

Monitors Geckos Skinks

Select all that apply Regarding a turtle's shell, choose the two correct matches. Multiple select question. Plastron: ventral Carapace: dorsal Carapace: ventral Plastron: dorsal

Plastron: ventral Carapace: dorsal

What type of movement allows a snake to move slowly and inconspicuously towards a prey it is stalking. This is typical of heavy-bodied snakes. Multiple choice question. Side-winding Concertina movement Lateral undulation Rectilinear movement

Rectilinear movement

Select all that apply Select all of the adaptations found in lizards that allow them to live in hot, arid conditions. Multiple select question. Skin rich in lipids Excretion of uric acid Storage of fat Extremely efficient kidneys Thin dermal layer of the skin

Skin rich in lipids Excretion of uric acid Storage of fat

Select all shared derived characters that unite birds and nonavian reptiles as a monophyletic group. Multiple select question. Presence of four limbs Beta keratin in the skin Skull and ankle features Good sense of vision

Skull and ankle features Beta keratin in the skin

What sense is used by most snakes to hunt their prey? Multiple choice question. Vision Hearing Smell

Smell

Select all that apply Choose the two answers that correctly match snakes with their typical prey items. Multiple select question. Snakes that swallow prey alive: large, mammalian prey Snakes that swallow prey alive: small animals Snakes that kill prey by constriction: worms and insects Snakes that kill prey by constriction: larger, mammalian prey

Snakes that swallow prey alive: small animals Snakes that kill prey by constriction: larger, mammalian prey

Why do all amniotes have internal fertilization? Multiple choice question. Sperm cannot penetrate the shell and extraembryonic membranes. All amniotes have copulatory organs that deliver the sperm to the egg. The embryo has to develop inside the female parent before an egg can be laid or the offspring can be born.

Sperm cannot penetrate the shell and extraembryonic membranes.

Select all that apply A fossil skull of an amniote has two temporal openings, one above the other, separated by a small bony arch. Select all of the following that can be concluded about this ancient amniote. Multiple select question. The amniote could have been a turtle. The amniote was a synapsid. The amniote was a diapsid. The amniote could have been a lizard. The amniote could have been a mammal.

The amniote was a diapsid. The amniote could have been a lizard.

What feature of the jaws in snakes allows them even greater flexibility when swallowing large prey? Multiple choice question. There is only one pair of temporal openings in the snake skull. The two parts of the lower jaw are only joined by muscle and skin. The two parts of the lower jaw are fused. The two parts of the upper jaw are not connected.

The two parts of the lower jaw are only joined by muscle and skin.

What describes the flow of blood in the ventricle of reptiles (except crocodilians)? Multiple choice question. The ventricle is incompletely partitioned, but flow patterns limit the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The ventricle is incompletely partitioned, which results in significant mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The atrium is completely partitioned, so there is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

The ventricle is incompletely partitioned, but flow patterns limit the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Select all that apply Which of the following are ways in which turtles can breathe? Multiple select question. They can pump water through specialized parts of the mouth or cloaca when submerged in water. They use certain abdominal and pectoral muscles to actively inhale and exhale. Movements of their limbs can help ventilate lungs during walking. They use their intercostal muscles to expand and contract their chest.

They can pump water through specialized parts of the mouth or cloaca when submerged in water. They use certain abdominal and pectoral muscles to actively inhale and exhale. Movements of their limbs can help ventilate lungs during walking.

Which of the following is true of nonavian reptiles? Multiple choice question. They have non-nucleated red blood cells. They don't have well differentiated red blood cells. They have nucleated red blood cells.

They have nucleated red blood cells.

How do modern turtles grip their food? Multiple choice question. They have teeth as juveniles, which are replaced by keratinized plates in adults. They have teeth that are kept throughout their life. They have tough keratinized plates on their jaws.

They have tough keratinized plates on their jaws.

What makes New Zealand tuataras particularly vulnerable to introduced non-native animals, such as rats, cats, and dogs? Multiple choice question. They have very slow growth and reproductive rates. They make nests in secluded areas, so they have to compete for nest sites with non-native animals. They only eat one type of food which is also eaten by the non-native animals.

They have very slow growth and reproductive rates.

Select all that apply Choose all answers that correctly describe the growth and reproductive rates of tuataras. Multiple select question. They lay eggs once every four years. They lay eggs once every 10-20 years. They take 2-4 years to become sexually mature. They take 10-20 years to become sexually mature.

They lay eggs once every four years. They take 10-20 years to become sexually mature.

How do turtles transfer sperm from male to female animals? Multiple choice question. They release sperm in aquatic environments. They use their cloaca. They use a penis for copulation.

They use a penis for copulation.

Select all of the ways in which amniotes can fill their lungs. Multiple select question. They reduce the volume of their thoracic cavity. They use rib muscles. They push air from the oral cavity into the lungs. They pull their liver posteriorly.

They use rib muscles. They pull their liver posteriorly.

True or false: All crocodilians are oviparous.

True

True or false: In certain turtle families, nest temperature determines the sex ratio of the hatchlings.

True Reason: This is indeed true of many turtle families, as well as all crocodiles and some lizards. These animals lack sex chromosomes.

What modern group of nonavian reptiles lacks teeth? Multiple choice question. Crocodiles Turtles Lizards Snakes

Turtles

Venomous snakes belonging to what family have well developed, movable, tubular fangs at the front of the mouth that are erected only during strikes by a muscle and bone lever system? Multiple choice question. Elapidae Colubridae Viperidae

Viperidae

Select all that apply Select all of the characteristics of tuataras. Multiple select question. Anapsid skull Well developed "third eye" Lay eggs without shells in aquatic or moist environments Diapsid skull with complete arches around their temporal openings

Well developed "third eye" Diapsid skull with complete arches around their temporal openings

The evolution of the shelled egg allowed reptiles to become fully independent from the aquatic environment because Multiple choice question. a shelled egg encloses a small aquatic environment, where development of the embryo can occur. a shelled egg is a requirement to have efficient internal fertilization. a shelled egg can be buried in the ground and still allow for embryo survival.

a shelled egg encloses a small aquatic environment, where development of the embryo can occur.

As traditionally classified, reptiles are a paraphyletic group because birds are not included, and birds Multiple choice question. were the ancestors of all reptiles. have features that are similar to those of reptiles. are descended from the same ancestor as reptiles.

are descended from the same ancestor as reptiles.

In the amniote heart, the left _____ , which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, is completely separated from the right one, which receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

atrium

Nonavian reptiles have metaneprhic kidneys and empty their metabolic wastes to the outside through their ______

cloaca

What is an adaptation of crocodilians that allows them to breathe when the mouth is full of water and/or food? Multiple choice question. lung bypass elongate skull complete secondary palate complete, four chambered heart

complete secondary palate

A robust, well-reinforced, elongated skull with powerful jaw muscles and socketed teeth is typical of reptiles in the order _______

crocodilians

Gila monsters store fat in their tails. When needed, they can metabolize the fat to provide energy and metabolic water. This is an adaptation that allows those lizards to survive periods of Multiple choice question. extreme cold. migration. extreme rainfall. drought.

drought.

In terms of the source of heat used to regulate their body temperature, nonavian reptiles are ______. Multiple choice question. ectothermic endothermic homeothermic

ectothermic

Nonavian reptiles use external sources of heat in order to regulate their temperature; therefore, they are ___

ectothermic

True or false: Nonavian reptiles have non-nucleated red blood cells.

false

The _____ of a viper have a canal for venom delivery and are erected during a strike; when the snake's mouth is closed, they lie in a membranous sheath.

fangs

In the skin of amniotes, ______ provides protection from physical trauma, while ______ lipids limit the loss of water. Multiple choice question. keratin; hydrophobic elastin; hydrophobic keratin; hydrophilic elastin; hydrophilic

keratin; hydrophobic

Most lizards and snakes have skulls that are modified from the ancestral diapsid condition by loss of dermal bone near the lower temporal opening. This has allowed the evolution in those animals of a(n) ______ skull that has movable joints. Multiple choice question. anapsid kinetic fossorial unfenestrated

kinetic

A snake is moving following an S-shaped path, appearing to "flow" over the ground. This type of movement is Multiple choice question. lateral undulation. side-winding. concertina movement. rectilinear movement.

lateral undulation.

All crocodiles are ______. Multiple choice question. oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous

oviparous

All turtles are _______. Multiple choice question. oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous

oviparous

Sometimes snakes have to slowly move forward, as when stalking a prey. To do that, they lift a few sections of their body while keeping the rest of the body on the ground for support. This is known as ____ movement.

rectilinear

The lower jaw of nonavian reptiles is made of Multiple choice question. one or two bones. a single bone. several bones.

several bones.

The ______ of early amniotes allowed those animals to fully live on land because it provided an enclosed aquatic environment, in which an embryo can develop. Multiple choice question. shelled egg eft stage spermatophore external gills

shelled egg

Desert vipers can move very fast across loose sand by thrusting their body forward in loops keeping their body at an angle of about 60 degrees relative to the direction of travel. This type of movement is Multiple choice question. side-winding. rectilinear movement. lateral undulations. concertina movement.

side-winding.

What group of nonavian reptiles is characterized by an extreme elongation of the body and highly kinetic skulls that allow the swallowing of very large prey? Multiple choice question. Lizards Snakes Amphisbaenians Crocodilians

snakes

Order the following animals in terms of the flexibility of their jaws, starting with the most flexible at the top.

snakes lizard turtle

Scientists hypothesize that early amniotic eggs had a selective advantage, specifically they were able to support larger and faster-growing embryos than eggs of amphibians because Multiple choice question. amniotic eggs stored nutrients in the larger shell instead of in the yolk sac. their shells provided better support and movement of oxygen. they were the first eggs that could be laid on land where temperature was higher than in the water.

their shells provided better support and movement of oxygen.

In all nonavian reptiles, the skull is connected to the first vertebra Multiple choice question. without occipital condyles with two occipital condyles with a single condyle

with a single condyle