Lab 33
If an individual's heart rate is 80 beats/min, the length of the cardiac cycle is ____(1)_____ seconds. The portion of the cardiac cycle shortened by this more rapid heart rate is the ventricular ____(2)_____ period.
.75 seconds. relaxation or diastole period.
Interpret 145/85/82.
145 = systolic pressure. 85 = diastolic pressure reported as the point where the sound muffles. 82 = diastolic pressure reported as the point where sound disappears.
No one expects you to be a full-fledged physician on such short notice; but on the basis of what you have learned about heart sounds, how might abnormal sounds be used to diagnose heart problems?
Abnormal sounds such as swishing sounds after valvular closure or high-pitched sounds arising when bood is forced through constricted (valve) openings might indicate valvular problems.
What two factors promote the movement of blood through the heart?
Alternate contraction and relaxation of the myocardium and opening and closing of the heart valves (which is responsive to pressure gradients).
The semilunar valves close when ventricular pressure is __________ than pressure in the great arteries
An event which causes the semilunar valves to open , occurs when ventricular pressure is lower or less than pressure in great arteries
Define systole:
Contraction of the ventricles
How could you tell by simple observation whether bleeding is arterial or venous?
If it spurts, it is arterial. It will flow evenly if it is venous blood.
Immediately after the second heart sound, the ____(6)____ are filling with blood, and the ____(7)____ are empty
Immediately after the second heart sound, the atria are filling with blood, and the ventricles are empty.
If both sets of valves are closed during any part of the cardiac cycle, when does this happen?
Momentarily after atrial contraction and ventricular systole.
Define cardiac cycle:
One completeheartbeat including atrial and ventricular contraction
Describe the procedure used to take the pulse.
Place the first 2-3 fingertips of one hand over an arterial pressure point. Compress firmly and then release the pressure slightly to palpate the pulse.
Define blood pressure:
Pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels.
Define pulse:
Pressure surges in an artery occurring during each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle. Alternating surges of pressure (expansion and then recoil) in an artery
Define pulse pressure. Why is this measurement important?
Pulse pressure is the systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure. It is important because it indicates the actual working pressure (actual amount of blood forced out of the heart during systole).
What are the sounds of Korotkoff? What causes the systolic sound? What causes the disappearance of the sound?
Sounds that can be auscultated over a partially occluded artery. The systolic sound is caused by the sound of turbulent blood flow as it first begins to move through the constricted artery.
What is the name of the instrument used to compress the artery and record pressures in the auscultatory method of determining blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
The AV valves are open during atrial ____(1)____ and ventricular ____(2)____.
The AV valves are open during atrial contraction and ventricular diastole or relaxation.
Why do you think the carotid artery appars to have the greatest amplitude when palpating various pressure points?
The carotid artery is the major artery delivering blood to the brain (against gravity and it is closest to the heart).
What event during the cardiac cycle results in the pressure deflection called the dicrotic notch?
The momentary increase in aortic pressure that occurs when its semilunar valves snap shut
Assume the following BP measurement was recorded for an elderly patient with severe arteriosclerosis:170/110/. Explain the inability to obtain the third reading.
The patient's arteries are so narrowed by arteriosclerosis that blood flow is always partially occluded. Hence, the sound.
When are the semilunar valves closed? When are they open?
They are closed during the period of relaxation of the heart as a whole and during atrial contraction. They are open when ventricular pressure is less than atrial pressure.
How do venous pressures compare to arterial pressures? Why?
Venous pressures are lower because veins are far removed from the pumping action of the heart.
Define diastole:
Ventricular relaxation
fifth intercostal space in line with middle of left clavicle
apical heartbeat
The first heart sound is a result of closure of the ____(2)____ valves, whereas the second is a result of closure of the ____(3)____ valves
atrioventricular valves (AV), semilunar valves.
at the side of the neck
carotid
right sternal border of second intercostal space
closure of the aortic semilunar valve
left or right sternal border of fifth intercostal space
closure of the tricuspid valve
test in which one hand will be immersed in unpleasantly (even painfully) cold water
cold pressor test
When you were palpating the various pulse or pressure points, which appeared to have the greatest amplitude or tension?
common carotid or carotid artery
During the cardiac cycle, pressure in the heart is lowest at the point of ventricular __________.
diastole or relaxation.
on the dorsum of the foot
dorsalis pedis
The AV valves close within the heart when ventricular pressure is __________ than atrial pressure
e is higher or greater
The semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure is __________ than pressure in the great arteries
e is higher or greater
labile blood pressure which exhibit a rise of 23mm Hg or more in the diastolic and/or systolic blood pressure
hyperreactors
stable blood pressure that exhibit a rise of diastolic and/or systolic pressure ranging from 0 to 22 mm Hg or a drop in pressures
hyporeactors
The AV valves open within the heart when ventricular pressure __________ than atrial pressure.
is lower or less
The monosyllables describing the heart sounds are
lub-dup
abnormal heart sounds
murmurs
Are both sets of valves open during any part of the cycle?
no
You may sometimes observe a slight difference between the value obtained from an apical pulse (beats/min) and that from an arterial pulse taken elsewhere on the body. What is this difference called?
pulse deficit
at the wrist
radial
The AV valves closed during ventricular__________.
systole
During the cardiac cycle, pressure in the heart is highest at the point of ventricular __________.
systole or contraction or ejection.
in front of the ear
temporal
The heart chambers that have just been filled when you hear the first heart sound are the ____(4)____ , and the chambers that have just been emptied are the ____(5)____
ventricles, atria
bicuspid
which valve is heard most clearly when the apical heartbeat is auscultated?
Are both sets of valves closed during any part of the cycle?
yes
