Lab Report 11: Male and Female Reproductive Systems review

Explain how a bacteria that develops in the vagina can spread to the abdominopelvic cavity. How could this cause infertility?

-Bacteria that develop in the vagina can spread to the abdominopelvic cavity because the urinary tract goes all the way up to the kidneys in the retroperitoneal cavity which connects to the abdominal cavity. -Some conditions are endometriosis and PCOS. -Infertility could occur if scarring if the uterine tubes blocks the passageway to the uterus.

What happens during ejaculation? Which autonomic nervous system controls this process?

-During ejaculation sympathetic nerves help with the expulsion of semen to go outside. -Sympathetic nervous system controls this process with the aid of smooth muscle contracting

When must fertilization occur? How long does it take a fertilized egg to reach the uterus? What happens to fertilized eggs? Unfertilized eggs?

-Fertilization occurs when the egg is in the fallopian tube. -Fertilization must occur within 12-24hr after ovulation and it takes 3-4 days to reach uterus after ovulation -fertilized egg (zygote) will travel to the uterus and implants into the uterus lining -unfertilized egg will disintegrate and the uterine lining is shed.

Describe what happens during the three phases of the menstrual cycle and indicate how long each last.

-Menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days, and its events are influenced by hormones and correspond to specific stages of the ovarian cycle. -menstrual: days 1-5, the functional zone is broken down and bleeding occurs, the endometrial tissue and blood pass out of the vagina. -Proliferative: 6-14 days, the basilar zone gives rise to a new functional zone. New glands are formed, endometrium thickens, and blood vessels infiltrate the new tissue. -secretory: days 15-28, prepare the endometrium for implantation. endometrial glands are larger, more complex, and begin to secrete glycoproteins and other nutrients.

What type of tissue is the myometrium comprised of? What is its function?

-Myometrium is made of smooth muscle. -goes through cyclic changes and is shed during menstruation. -layer that is affected by oxytocin to form contractions in the birthing process.

What type of epithelium lines the uterine tubes? What is the function of the mucus and cilia?

-Uterine tubes are lined by a mucous membrane which is columnar epithelium. -mucus and cilia move the egg along the tube and provide nutrients for the egg and present sperm.

Describe the secretions of the bulbourethral glands. Where are its secretions released?

-bulbourethral glands secrete an alkaline mucus like fluid. -secretions are released into the urethra.

What is breast cancer and what causes it? What are the risk factors?

-common female cancer that affects 1 in 8 women in the U.S. -most common happens in the epithelium which lines the ducts of the lobules. -Risk factors include family history and an increased exposure to estrogens like early puberty, late menopause, have first pregnancy after the age of 35, estrogen replacement therapy, and being exposed to environmental toxins.

What is found in the cortex of the ovaries? The medulla?

-cortex contains developing egg cells, oocytes, which are enclosed in multicellular capsules called follicles. -medulla there are blood vessels, elves, lymphatics that supply the ovary.

What happens to the sperm in the epididymis? How long can sperm be stored here? What is the function of the smooth muscle?

-epididymis is a torturously coiled structure topping the testis, and it receives immature sperm from testes and stores it for several days. -ejaculation occurs, sperm is forcefully expelled from tails of epididymis into the deferent duct. -sperm can be stored in the epididymis for 3 days. -function of the smooth muscle in the epididymal duct is thought to be responsible for adequate transport of the spermatozoa.

What is the function of the fimbrae?

-fingerlike projections that are found at the end of the infundibulum. -fimbrae carry the egg into the fallopian tube to end up in the uterus.

What happens to the functional zone during menstruation? What is the role of the basilar zone? What is found in the lamina propria?

-functional zone is shed during menstruation. -basilar zone forms a new functional layer when menstruation is completed. -lamina propria contain uterine glands and blood vessels.

What is found in the head of the sperm? What is the role of the acrosome?

-head of the sperm contains the nycleus that has the male genetic material or DNA. -Acrosome is at the tip of the head and it contains enzymes that allow sperm cells to penetrate the egg in fertilization.

What is found at the neck of the sperm? What is the tail of the sperm made of?

-neck, mitochondria is found that produce ATP. -tail of the sperm is made of flagella that propel the sperm.

What is the location of the vagina relative to the bladder, urethra, external urethral orifice and rectum?

-posterior to the urinary bladder, urethra, external urethral orifice -anterior to the rectum.

What is semen comprised of?

-semen is a mixture of fluids that contain sperm, but the majority of semen is composed of over 200 separate proteins, as well as vitamins and minerals including vitamin C, calcium, chlorine, citric acid, fructose, lactic acid, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, vitamin B12 and zinc.

Describe the secretions of the seminal vesicles. Where are their secretions released?

-seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. -Fluid is secreted from the ejaculatory ducts of the vesicles into the vas deferens where it becomes part of semen. -consists of fructose, prostaglandins, and substances that promote sperm motility

What are the spermatic cords comprised of? What condition are males more susceptible to because of these?

-spermatic cord is composed of ductus deferens, the testicular artery and the pampiniform plexus of veins. -condition that makes males more susceptible to inguinal hernias because of these is varicocele or varicose dilation of veins of the pampiniform plexus.

What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the ovary? Ovarian ligament?

-suspensory ligament contains blood vessels that connect to the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the uterus. -ovarian ligament connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus

What is the difference between descent of the ovaries and testes?

-testes and ovaries both develop in the abdomen and descend to their adult anatomical positions just before birth. -Testes descend from the abdomen to the scrotum around week 28 of development.

Explain why a man's testes will still function after a vasectomy. What other structures could be damaged?

-testes still function after a vasectomy because sperm is still being made, but it is not passed through the vas deferens tubes into the urethra. -body instead reabsorbs the sperm. -structures that could be damaged are the epididymis as it could be inflamed and cause epididymitis.

What comprises the erectile tissue of the penis?

-three columns of tissue. -includes the paired corpora cavernosa and a single ventral corpus spongiosum. -contains venous sinusoids and arteries within connective tissue and smooth muscle.

Describe the function of the two muscles. When is the cremaster relaxed? Contracted?

-two muscles of urethral sphincters are used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through urethra. -cremaster is relaxed when the environment is warm, and when the environment is cold -the muscle contracts and draws the testicle towards the warmth of the body. -dartos muscle wrinkles the skin covering the scrotum

How do the labia minora differ from the labia majora in terms of location and structure?

-two smalled skin folds that are within the labia majora. -labia minora does not produce hair and they have a pinkish color due to the blood supply.

What does the urethra carry?

-urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. -In males, it has the additional function of expelling semen when man reaches orgasm.

What is the function of the uterus? What is its location relative to the bladder?

-uterus functions to nourish and house the fertilized eggs until the fetus is delivered. -uterus is between the bladder and the rectum.

What is circumcision? What are the pros and cons from a clinical perspective?

-when the prepuce is removed from the head of the penis. -pros are that it decreases the risk of infections and bacteria. -cons that some people believe are that it is medically unnecessary and aide undue pain to a baby.

spermatogenesis steps

1. diploid spermatogonium replicate their DNA to form... 2. primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I.. 3. form two secondary spermatocytes that undergo meiosis II ... 4. form 4 spermatids which mature into spermatozoa

How many lobes is each breast comprised of?

15-20

How does the mons pubis change after puberty?

After puberty it is covered with pubic hair

What are the vestibular bulbs equivalent to in males?

Corpus spongiosum

Descent of the testes during fetal development: Where do they begin?

During fetal development they are retroperitoneal position along the posterior body wall cavity, close to the kidneys.

Descent of the testes during fetal development: When do they make their final descent?

During the 7th month

What is contained in each lobule?

Each lobule contains 3 or 4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules.

What type of tissue of the endometrium comprised of?

Epithelial tissue: simple columnar epithelium.

What is the stimulus for new glands, blood vessels, and epithelial tissue to form in the endometrium?

Estrogens that are produced by cells in the ovarian follicles induce the rebuilding of the endometrium.

What is the function of the smooth muscle layer?

Function is to transport the egg thru the tube

Where do the rete testis lead?

Into the epididymis.

What is the function of the vagina?

It is a passageway, fluids to the outside, receives the Penis, temporarily holds sperm, and serves as the birth canal for the fetus during both.

What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the vagina? Why?

It is made of stratified squamous epithelium and underlying lamina propria because it has blood vessels.

What does the corpus luteum do during pregnancy?

It produces progesterone to maintain the uterus walls during early development.

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

Its function is to convey the egg down into the uterine cavities

What is the function of the laciferous sinus?

Milk storage for breastfeeding

What are mammary glands on top of?

Pectoralis major muscle

What is the clitoris equivalent to in males?

Penis

What is polythelia? Polymastia?

Polythelia- multiple nipples Polymastia- complete mammary glands

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

Prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg during fertilization.

If pregnancy doesn't occur, what causes the menstrual phase to start again

Progesterone production eventually declines when the corpus luteum degenerates, and the endometrium breaks down.

What male reproductive structures would you find in the urogenital triangle?

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, root of penis

What causes an erection? Which autonomic nervous system controls this process? What is the state of the smooth muscle?

Sexual arousal causes an erection. -The parasympathetic nervous system controls this process. -The smooth muscles are contracted.

Descent of the testes during fetal development: What structures descend with the testes?

Spermatic cords

Describe spermatogenesis Sperm production.

Spermatogenic cells> spermatogonia> primary spermatocytes> secondary spermatocytes> spermatids> sperm. During this process the cells move from the base to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

What is the function of sustentacular cells? Interstitial cells?

Sustentacular cells nourish the spermatogenic cells and also regulate spermatogenesis. -Interstitial cells work to produce and secrete androgens (make sex hormones).

Which three structures are located in each partition?

Testes, epididymis, initial portion of spermatic cord

Which follicle stage releases the egg during ovulation?

The Graafian follicle releases an egg during ovulation

What is the function of the extensive smooth muscle layers in the ductus deferens?

The muscle layer contracts rhythmically in order to propel sperm forward during ejaculation.

Describe the secretions of the prostate gland. Where are its secretions released?

The prostate gland adds secretions to the sperm during the ejaculation of the semen. -prostate glands secrete an alkaline fluid that comprises the seminal volume. -released into the urethra and ejaculatory ducts.

What ability do sperm gain in the epididymis?

The sperm become mature and then get the ability to swim.

What do the seminiferous tubules merge to form? What process occurs in the seminiferous tubules?

They merge to form the tubular network called rete testis and this process in the seminiferous tubules is spermatogenesis.

What is cervical cancer and what causes it?

This is cancer which develops in the epithelium close to the cervical orifice which leads into the vagina. Most occur as a result of a previous HPV (human papillomavirus) infection.

Descent of the testes during fetal development: What are cryptorchid testes?

This usually occurs in premie babies, it can affect one or both testes and is an undescended testicle that has not moved into the scrotum before birth. They usually drop within a few weeks but if they do not they need to be surgically fixed or else there is a risk of infertility.

Which are the two connective tissue layers covering the testes?

Tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

What are the labia majora comprised of?

Two fatty skin folds that are covered with pubic hair.

What is the hymen and how can it be ruptured?

Usually ruptured by intercourse or other activities that exert excessive pressure on the membrane.

What accounts for variation in breast size?

amount of fat deposition

What are stereocilia? What is their function?

elongated microvilli, which extend into the lumen from the epithelial cells -absorb testicular fluid and give nutrients to sperm cells.

What is the broad ligament made from?

fold of the peritoneum which supports the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes.

spermatid labeled

go back and be able to label all these

epididymis histology

left picture

If the prostate gland is surgically removed, the functions of what other structures could be affected by the procedure?

major side effect of radical prostatectomy are urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction (impotence; issues getting or keeping erections).

What is endometriosis?

occurs when there is endometrial tissue from the uterine wall growing outside of this cavity in the areas of the Fallopian tube, ovaries, etc. Because these tissues are going through the cyclic changes, they will also deteriorate and fall off, causing painful menstruation or ovarian cysts.

Write the stages of egg and follicle development. Egg development

oogonia>primary oocytes>secondary oocyte

Write the stages of egg and follicle development: Follicle development

primordial follicle>primary follicle>secondary follicle>Graafian follicle (ovulation)>corpus luteum> corpus alibicans

Which hormone is critical during this stage should implantation occur?

progesterone which is produced by the corpus luteum

What do vestibular glands secrete?

secrete mucus to moisten the vagina in order to facilitate the insertion of the penis during sexual intercourse.

Penis histology

shiny and lots of tiny little colors

vagina histology

similar to fallopian tube

What opening is found in the glans penis?

slitlike, external urethral opening

What structure is the vas Deferens contained within?

spermatic cord

What is found at the corpus spongiosum?

spongy urethra

Pregnancy causes the uterus to remain in which stage?

the secretory stage