Lahey Psychology Test 3
Which of the following describes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
"I am shaking and feeling afraid at the same time."
Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the postconventional level?
"what I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."
General Criteria for diagnosing those with personality disorders
(1) Cognitive (2)Affectivity (3) Interpersonal Functioning (4) Impluse control
Features of 'Abnormal Behavior'
(1) Maladaptive (2) Deviance (3) Personal distress
Sublimation
(a Freudian term) Redirecting instinctual urges of sex and aggression into socially acceptable behavior
Study on Romantic Relationships by Murstein
(hot or not) noticed with in the first few minutes. Indicate social and economic status. -college students were shown pictures of one female and one male. -they were asked to indicated weather the couple were in a realationship or not. -1/2 of the couples were random, 1/2 in a relationship. -the Ps performed above change. -people who were married had similar levels of attractiveness.
Homagamy
(mating) attraction to partners who are similar to ourselves in age, social class, ethnic group membership religion attitudes interests or temperament.
Lev Vygotsky recognized that cognitive development
- is an interpersonal process - happens in a cultural context - is facilitated by the process of scaffolding
Formal operational stage
-12 years old-young adulthood -hypothetical deductive reasoning ex. an adolescent can talk about "basic" religious and political tensions in the Middle East -idealization; becomes powerful, but not tempered with well thought out reasoning ex. teen may believe "I can become the president of the US if I want to." -teens may suddenly realize that an abstract God can see them -higher level moral reasoning may develop as God becomes a friend, but also someone aware of what the teenager is thinking
Lawrence Steignberg Study
-1400 adolescents and adults between 11-24 -Half of participants had been in Juvenile jail or jail -participants were matched in socio-economics, age, education, gender. -asked them questions that were similar to what an attorney or judge would ask them/ were designed to measure competence. -majority of people weren't competent until age 22 -people who had been in the jail system performed worse then people who had not -point between 15-16 where people become more competent.
Preoperational stage
-2-6 years old -no conservation ex. more water in a tall thin glass than in flat pan, even if child sees water poured from tall glass into pan -strong fantasy and symbolism; active imagination ex. teddy bears are real -egocentrism, strong around 2-3 years old. concrete options are still not knowable -reversibility not realized ex. a child may walk to school 10 times, but cannot find his or way home
Concrete operational stage
-7-11 years old -conservation develops; logic replaces intuition ex. moving water from a tall thin beaker to flat pa does not change quantity of water -reversibility is realized ex. a child who has only walked to school, but never home, can now walk home
Erikson Theory: stage 1
-age 1 -trust vs. mistrust
Erikson Theory: stage 5
-ages 12-19 -ego identity vs. ego diffusion ex. who am I? who will I become?
Erikson Theory: stage 2
-ages 2-3 -autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Erikson Theory: stage 6
-ages 20-30's -intimacy vs. isolation ex. Will I find a husband, wife, or establish close meaningful friendships? Will I find a meaningful career? What is my destiny in life? Will I find purpose? Will I be lonely?
Erikson Theory: stage 7
-ages 30-60's -generativity vs. despair ex. What am I doing to help the younger generation? Am I living only for myself or am I helping others?
Erikson Theory: stage 3
-ages 4-7 -initiative vs. guilt
Erikson Theory: stage 4
-ages 7-11 -industry vs. inferiority
Erikson Theory: stage 8
-ages mid 60's and beyond -ego integrity vs. ego despair ex. Did the life I live mean anything? Am I moving toward death having led a highly meaningful or mostly meaningless life?
Sensorimotor stage
-birth-2 years old -children learn from coordinating sensory experience with motor experience
Which of the following best characterizes a night's sleep? Select one: a. We begin the night in light sleep and end in deep sleep. b. We pass from light sleep to dream sleep to deep sleep. c. Our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times. d. We alternate from the hypnagogic state to dream sleep about six times.
. Our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times.
A child cries until his mother gives him a piece of candy. The candy is a(n) Select one: a. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. positive reinforcer. d. secondary reinforcer.
. positive reinforcer.
Distinctive combinations of personal characteristics are described by ______ theorists-trait
...
Which of the following is not a basic need identified as part of the self-determination theory? E. Autonomy F. Security G. Competence H. relatedness
...
'milk all gone'
...is an example of telegraphic speech.
Characteristics of Stable Marriages
1. married after 20 before 40 2. equal levels of religious commitment 3. haven't co-habituated 4. parents who are married= role model 5. both partners have high self esteem
Three competencies of a defendent
1. they must be able to understand the charges 2. Assist your attorney with your defense: tell details of crime, tell context, mentally retarded or ill can't assist attorney 3. Have to be able to understand the outcomes and pleas.
Sumbolized
10. According to humanistic theory, if a feeling has been _____, it means that we are aware of it
Identical twins share
100% of DNA
Piaget's Formal Operational Stage
11 years through adulthood. the final stage in which adolescents develop the capacity for abstract, scientific thinking.
Beginning to walk age
12 months
great grandparents, first cousins, great aunts and uncles share
12.5% of DNA
Walking independently
15 months
Freud's phallic stage view
16. A child desires the affection of the opposite-sex parent and wants to eliminate the same-sex parent
Ideal self
17. The person you think you are is to the person you wish you were as self is to ....
grandparents, aunts, uncles, double cousins, half-siblings, nieces, and nephews share
25% of DNA
Description of experiment with 3 year old's gambling
3 year olds' were measured for temperament. The three year-olds' who were found to be impulsive, restless and negative were more likely then other toddlers end up as 32 year olds with gambling disorders.
When Milgram asked a panel of psychiatrists how many individuals would continue to "deliver" electric shocks beyond the "extremely dangerous" shock, the panel suggested that about ______ of the individuals would continue.
5%
parents, siblings, fraternal twins share
50% of DNA
Sitting unsupported age
6 months
person x situation interactionism
6. Allie is very shy during one-on-one encounters, but tends to be very outgoing in a group
A person begins to lose the ability to hear low-pitched sounds beginning in his or her
60s
Crawling stage age
8-9 months
Positional cloning
= replacing faulty genetic code with new and improved code that has been cloned to match as precisely as possible the recipient's genetics (McGuffin, 2004)
Evolutionarily speaking, because women were slowed due to pregnancy and caring for the immature young, men who could ______ were more like to survive and reproduce. Select one: a. stay monogamous b. help nurture young children c. throw weapons accurately d. form intimate bonds
?
How are observational methods made more objective? Select one: a. Observees are not told they are being observed. b. Rating scales are developed for observers. c. Projective measures are incorporated into the setting. d. Paper and pencil tests are completed by observees.
?
How are the results of objective personality tests assessed? Select one: a. Trained analysts interpret the results. b. Observers rate answers on a 5-point scale. c. Results are compared to other test takers. d. Correct answers are established by behaviorists.
?
If an infant begins talking at a very early age, what can you conclude about the child's future abilities? Select one: a. He child will continue talking. b. He child will learn to write early. c. He child will be a good debater. d. He child is very intelligent.
?
Typically, each chromosome of a normal human cell contains ______ of genes. Select one: a. billions b. millions c. hundreds d. thousands
?
When a biologist tells you it is the rutting season for deer, it means the _______ deer are _______. Select one: a. female; ovulating b. male; producing sperm c. female; infertile d. male; infertile
?
Which of the following is a major criticism of personality tests? Select one: a. cost b. time constraints c. objectivity d. accuracy
?
If a child's mental age were higher than his or her chronological age, this would mean that Select one: a. the child is brighter than normal. b. the child is about average. c. the child is less intelligent than normal. d. a calculation error was made.
??
Let's say you have a hungry cat in your kitchen. You use your electric can opener, which makes a rather loud sound, to open a can of cat food. You have done this many times before. The hungry cat comes running toward the kitchen at the sound of the can opener, not at the sight of the food. In this example, the running into the kitchen at the sound of the can opener is the Select one: a. conditioned stimulus. b. conditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus. d. unconditioned response.
??
On Lincoln's birthday Mary recited the Gettysburg Address. While she was reciting, the information was being held in _______ memory. Select one: a. working b. long-term c. procedural d. sensory
??
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? Select one: a. learning to avoid your boss by hiding when he comes by your office b. doing your work fast to avoid your boss's constant nagging about deadlines c. doing your work to gain a bonus d. complimenting your boss every time you see him
??
adolescent ego-centrism
A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has been. The boy's behavior is consistent with
Repression
A Defense mechanism that protects the person from anziety by ejecting anxiety-evoking ideas and impulses from awareness.
Carl Jung
A Neo-Freudian who later disfavored Freud's theory and developed his own pyschodynamic theory termed "Analytical psychology". He downplayed the importance of sexual instinct to just one of several important instincts. He believed that we not only have a person unconscious that contains repressed memories and impulses but also an "inherited collective unconscious".
trait
A _____ refers to a relatively enduring pattern of behavior that is relatively consistent across situations.
Delusion
A belief that is held despite obvious evidence to the contrary is called a _____.
conventional
A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, the child is operating at the _______ level.
Darwin proposed that emotions are a product of evolution and are therefore universal. Which of the following supports the idea that emotions are based in biology rather than in learning?
A child, blind from birth, makes the appropriate facial expression for an emotion without ever having seen it.
Oedipus Complex
A conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival love. This complex is usually resolved by the ages of 5 or 6 and desires are then displaced or transferred to socially appropriate members of the opposite gender.
Electra Complex
A conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl longs for her father and resents her mother. This complex is usually resolved by the ages of 5 or 6 and desires are then displaced or transferred to socially appropriate members of the opposite gender.
Social Cognitive Theory
A contemporary learning theory developed by Albert Bandura that focuses on observational learning and and on the cognitive processes that underly person variables such as values and individual differences. They differ from behaviorists because the see people as influencing their environment just as their environment influences them. Bandura terms this mutual pattern of influence reciprocal determinism.
Ego Identity
A firm sense of who one is and what one stands for. A term developed by Erik Erikson which he believed was the goal of all adolescents.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A hierarchy of needs going from most basic to most abstract; 5 levels.
artificial
A limitation of interviews is that they are _________ situations.
Erik Erikson
A modern psychoanalyst who also believed that Freud had placed undue emphasis on sexual instincts. He asserted tat social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. He proposed stages of "psychosocial development". And rather than labeling stages for various erogenous zones, he labeled them for the traits that might be developed during the stages. Each stage is named according to it's possible outcome (trust vs. mistrust). For him, the goal of adolescence is the attainment of "ego identity", no genital sexuality.
What is the relationship between a nerve and a neuron?
A nerve is a bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.
60's
A person begins to lose the ability to hear low-pitched sounds beginning in his or her_____.
Individualists
A person who defines herself or himself in terms of personal traits and gives priority to his or her own goals.
Collectivist
A person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people and groups and gives priority to group goals.
Agreeableness
A personality trait characterized by compassion, cooperation, and good-naturedness.
unconscious
A projective test is intended to tap the ______ mind.
Projective Tests
A psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or drawings and people are asked to say what they look like to them. They have no clear specified answer.
Stroke a newborns cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates
A reflex
Trait
A relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior, even in varying situations.
Humanistic psychologists believe that the individuals personality is dominated by
A striving to reach our full potential
Behavior Rating Scales
A systematic means for recording the frequency with which target behaviors occur. Behavior is assessed in settings such as classrooms, or mental hospitals. Trained observers usually check off each occurrence of a specific behavior such as talking to another student or biting a fingernail. (a form of personality measurement)
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
A test based on the assumption that people will project repressed feelings onto ambiguous stimuli
Standardized Tests
A test that is given to a large number of respondents so that the data concerning the typical responses can be accumulated and analyzed.
Extraversion
A trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely. (Hans Eysenck's two dimensional trait theory)
Introversion
A trait characterized by tendencies to direct one's interests inward and to inhibit impulses. (Hans Eysenck's two dimensional trait theory)
It is normal for babies to sleep 16 hrs. / day
A two-week-old sleeps 16 hours a day. While his mother enjoys the rest, she is worried that he sleeps too much. What advice would you give her?
Psychoanalysis
A type of mental dectective work that Sigmund Freud engaged in to explore the unconscious mind. Aka, a method of exploring human personality.
Superego
A young boy feels guilty after looking through some adult magazines. In Freud's theory, the source of the guilt is the _____.
Superego
A young boy feels guilty after looking through some adult sex magazines. In Freud's theory, the source of this guilt is the ___
What changes in the brain have researchers associated with later adulthood? A) 8% decrease in brain weight B) 8% increase in white matter C) 8% increase in gray matter D) No changes have been found
A) 8% decrease in brain weight
If an infant begins talking at a very early age, what can you conclude about the child's future abilities? A) He child will continue talking. B) He child will learn to write early. C) He child will be a good debater. D) He child is very intelligent.
A) He child will continue talking.
What best distinguishes the infancy stage from other stages of development? A) Physical growth is most rapid in the first year. B) Cognitive growth is five times greater than in any other developmental stage. C) Emotions are fully developed before the next developmental stage. D) It is the only stage that has no emotional development.
A) Physical growth is most rapid in the first year.
During infancy and childhood, the outcome of Erikson's developmental crises are primarily influenced by the A) actions of the child's parents. B) child's genetic blueprint. C) degree of cognitive and moral reasoning. D) degree of self-concern.
A) actions of the child's parents.
The first time a child possesses the ability of conservation occurs during the ______ stage of cognitive development. A) concrete operations B) sensorimotor C) preoperational D) formal operations
A) concrete operations
After age 11, ______ moral reasoning predominates according to Köhlberg. A) conventional B) concrete C) premoral D) principled
A) conventional
. The rate and extent of changes in intelligence level are A) dependent in part upon exercise and activity during adulthood. B) fixed and unavoidable. C) dependent upon activity and health in childhood. D) decreasing abilities with age.
A) dependent in part upon exercise and activity during adulthood.
The reason cognitive tasks are completed faster and more accurately as a child grows is most related to A) myelination in the cerebral cortex. B) learning from observation. C) genetics. D) immaturity levels reported only after children reached the age of 15 years.
A) myelination in the cerebral cortex.
The term ______ describes the use of oversimplified logic by adolescents. A) pseudostupidity B) psychoneurotic C) prepuberic D) preadolescent
A) pseudostupidity
. According to Gilligan, moral development in males begins with ______ and moral development in females begins with ______. A) self-interest; self-interest B) self-interest; abstract principles of justice C) balanced concern for self and others; self-interest D) balanced concern for self and others; abstract principles of justice
A) self-interest; self-interest
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the infancy period occurs during the _______ stage. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational
A) sensorimotor
Gilligan objected to Köhlberg's stages of moral reasoning primarily because his stages A) were biased, favoring male-styled morality. B) did not show clear stagelike separation of behaviors. C) were based on speculation other than objective research. D) were not correlated with actual moral behavior.
A) were biased, favoring male-styled morality.
Female monkeys who were reared alone for the first six months of their lives and placed with an opposite-sex monkey at adulthood A) were fearful or clumsy in sexual situations. B) usually behaved in hypersexual ways. C) were as sexually adjusted as monkeys reared with peers. D) did not engage in any sexual behaviors.
A) were fearful or clumsy in sexual situations.
Each person faces a set of predictable life changing challenges at various stages of life refers to ______ theory. A. Erikson's B. Paiget's C. Skinner's D. Watson's
A. Erikson's
Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are similar in that they are both related to feelings of A. Feelings of satiety B. Low blood sugar C. High insulin levels D. Feelings of hunger
A. Feelings of satiety
Paris thinks her best friend, Nicole, may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa. She shares her concerns with Nicole, but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is "no big deal." What is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa? A. It has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder B. It can cause personality changes C. It can cause mood swings D. It can impact logical thinking process
A. It has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder
Which of the following is evidence that signals other than those coming from the stomach are important in hunger? A. People whose stomachs have been surgically removed still report hunger B. Some people never experience stomach cues C. The stomach cannot send signals that stop hunger D. A balloon inserted in the stomach can speed up or slow down stomach contracting
A. People whose stomachs have been surgically removed still report hunger
What BEST distinguishes the infancy stage from other stages of development? A. Physical growth is most rapid in the first year B. Cognitive growth is 5 times greater than in any other developmental stage C. Emotions are fully developed before the next developmental stage D. It is the only stage that has no emotional development
A. Physical growth is most rapid in the first year
Psychologists who study personality focus on the A. enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time. B. permanent behavior changes that occur due to experience. C. meaningful interpretation of sensation. D. behaviors that result from learned associations.
A. enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time.
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the _______ stage occurs during the period of infancy. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
A. sensorimotor
Carl Jung's personality theory
ARCHETYPES (opposites)
Formal operational development phenomena
Abstract logic. Potential for mature moral reasoning
The process of adjusting a schema and modifying it
Accomodation
Creative Self
According to Adler, the self aware aspect of personality that strives to achieve full potential.
Reciprocal Determination
According to Albert Bandura, the principle that individual behaviors and thus personalities are shaped by the interaction between cognitive factors and environmental factors.
Id
According to Freud the devil tendency corresponds to the ___
Unconscious Mind
According to Freud's theory, the vast reservoir of the mind that holds countless memories and feelings that are repressed or submerged because they are anxiety-producing.
Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and at the same time, identify with their fathers.
3 years, 6 years
According to Freud, children between the ages of _______ and _______ become concerned with the size and functioning of the genitals.
Id
According to Freud, the instincts and death instincts are components of the ____
Identification
According to Freud, the key step in the development of the superego
conscious, preconscious, unconscious
According to Freud, what are the three levels of consciousness?
Sustain and promote life
According to Freud, what is the primary function of the libido?
to sustain and promote life
According to Freud, what is the primary function of the libido?
self-interest; self-interest
According to Gilligan, moral development in males begins with ______ and moral development in females begins with ______.
Anxious Insecurity
According to Horney's theory of personality, _____is most likely the result of inadequate parenting.
collective
According to Jung, the part of the unconscious that people are born with and that they share is called the _______ unconscious.
ethics
According to Kohlberg, higher levels of moral development reflect an increase in concern over the __________ of a person's actions.
bargaining
According to Kübler-Ross, "Look, God, if you let me live, I will be a better wife and mother," is a _______stage of dying does this woman's statement reflect.
Self-actualization
According to Maslow, people can fulfill their potential if they can overcome the complications of everyday life. The tendency to achieve fullest potential is called _____.
peak experiences
According to Maslow, self-actualized individuals have more ______ than non-self-actualized individuals.
Lawrence Kohlberg
According to _________, higher levels of moral development reflect an increase in concern over the ethics of a person's actions.
conflict between the id and the superego
According to psychoanalytic theory, displacement and identification are employed when there is
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling
According to social learning theorists, what are the key concepts in the study of personality?
Humanistic
According to the ________ approach to personality,people are basically good and the world would be better off if they were allowed to express their true selves without restraints.
If Tania assimilates the information she
Adds information to her schema
argumentativeness
Adolescents are able to come up with logical arguments
self-consciousness/self-focusing
Adolescents assume others are extremely interested in them forms of self-consciousness/self focusing: 1. adolescent egocentrism 2. imaginary audience 3. personal fable
Imaginary audience
Adolescents belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern.
Chris is in his twenties and has completed college; he has satisfied his curiosity about other cultures with a trip around the world when he graduated. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which needs might he work to satisfy next?
Aesthetic needs.
conventional
After age 11, ______ moral reasoning predominates according to Kohlberg.
Reciprocal Determinism
Albert Bandura's social-cognitive term for the view that people influence their environment just as their environment influences them.
conservation
Alex understands that when he sees water poured from one glass into another taller, narrower glass there is no change in the amount of water in the new glass. Alex has acquired the concept of _____________, which relies on the ability to decenter.
Overcome feelings of inferiority
Alfred Adler believed that the primary goal of personality development
Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler's pyschodynamic theroy which emphasizes feelings of "inferiority" because of our small size and the "creative self". Adler believed that people are basically motivated by an inferiority complex. And that these feelings give rise to a drive for superiority. His theory states that self awareness plays a major role in the formation of personality. Adler spoke of a "creative self", a self aware aspect of personality.
Drive for Superiority
Alfred Adler's term for the desire to compensate for feelings of inferiority that originated from our small size in comparison to our parents.
Dichotomy Collorary
All personal constructs are dichotomous, that is, we construe events in an either/or manner.
Modeling
Also knows as observational learning; in the social-cognitive theory, it is the exhibiting of behaviors that others will imitate or acquire through observational learning.
Karen Horney
Among those who have revised Freud's psychoanalytic theory, who has been the most influential?
Extroversion
An outgoing personality trait characterized by an energetic, gregarious, and positive outlook.
Which of the following situations is a clear violation of the optimal level of arousal theory?
An overburdened student starts a new job during finals week.
Which of the following situations is a clear violation of the optimal level of arousal theory? Select one: a. A tired new mother takes a relaxing bath while her child cries. b. An overburdened student starts a new job during finals week. c. An anxiety-ridden secretary decides to change jobs. d. A stressed executive watches a movie during lunch break.
An overburdened student starts a new job during finals week.
Alfred Adler
Another follower of Freud (neo-Freudian) that also felt Freud placed too much emphasis on sexual impulses. He believed that people are basically motivated by an inferiority complex. And that these feelings give rise to a "drive for superiority". His views have been termed "Individual Psychology".
Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our _____
Anxiety
Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors
Anxiety
Obsessions
Anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away are called _____.
_____ is the process of adding new information to existing concepts, or schemas, that result in quantitative changes in a child's cognition. The process of changing schemas in qualitative ways to incorporate new experiences is known as _____
Assimilation; accommodation
Phallic
At the age of about 4 or 5, children enter the ______ stage which plays out different depending on if you are a boy or girl, according to Freud
BOWLBY & AINSWORTH's personality theory
Attachment theory
Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of Clayton Alderfer's revision of Maslow's hierarchy?
Autonomy needs.
A person begins to lose the ability to hear low-pitched sounds beginning in his or her A) 50s. B) 60s. C) 40s. D) 30s.
B) 60s.
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mother's providing infants with A) Adequate nourishment. B) Body contact. C) The opportunity to explore. D) Protection from harm.
B) Body contact.
Friendship groups or cliques begin to develop during which stage of cognitive development? A) Preoperational B) Concrete operational C) Sensorimotor D) Formal operational
B) Concrete operational
Which of the following is an effect of climacteric in men? A) Increase in sex hormones B) Decline in sperm cell production C) Men don't experience climacteric. D) Psychological and sexual effects
B) Decline in sperm cell production
How many stages does Levinson use to describe developmental transitions in middle adulthood? A) One B) Four C) Five D) Nine
B) Four
Of the following, which has contributed most to the progressive lowering of the onset of menarche in American women? A) Older males tend to be attracted to much younger females. B) Improved health and nutrition lead to earlier maturity. C) Decreased hormones found in milk bring on earlier onset of menarche. D) The gradual increase in minimum wage and financial equity between males and females.
B) Improved health and nutrition lead to earlier maturity.
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought? A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational C) Concrete operational D) Formal operational
B) Preoperational
What do Köhlberg and Gilligan's first levels of moral development have in common? A) Children have no sense of morality. B) Rewards are sought and punishment is avoided. C) Self-sacrifice and the approval of others is the impetus for behavior. D) One's own principles of morality are employed.
B) Rewards are sought and punishment is avoided.
What three emotions are neonates capable of expressing? A) Pleasure, fear, and anger B) Surprise, pleasure, and distress C) Shyness, pleasure, and anger D) Pleasure, anger, and distress
B) Surprise, pleasure, and distress
What impact did the Harlows' research with monkeys have on Freudian beliefs about development? A) The Harlows' research supported Freud's belief about critical periods. B) The Harlows' research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important. C) The Harlows' research conflicted with Freud's theory of moral development. D) The Harlows' research did not support Freud's beliefs about the influence of early experiences.
B) The Harlows' research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important.
Jean Piaget is notable for proposing a widely influential theory of _______ development. A) personality B) cognitive C) physical D) moral
B) cognitive
According to Köhlberg, higher levels of moral development reflect an increase in A) understanding rules and laws. B) concern over the ethics of a person's actions. C) the consequences of a person's actions. D) doing what society
B) concern over the ethics of a person's actions.
A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Köhlberg, the child is operating at the _______ level. A) premoral B) conventional C) principled D) social influence
B) conventional
Studies with the visual cliff suggest that infants A) cannot perceive depth until 9 months of age. B) develop fear after they learn to crawl and experience a stumble or fall. C) are fearful of heights as early as 2 weeks old. D) up to 1 year of age willingly crawl over a "drop" to reach their mom.
B) develop fear after they learn to crawl and experience a stumble or fall.
The idea that a child cannot learn how to play catch with a ball before motor development has occurred is related most to A) nurture. B) nature. C) society and family. D) genes and environment.
B) nature.
The first two weeks of life are known as the ______ period. A) gestational B) neonatal C) imprinting D) critical
B) neonatal
The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is known as A) egocentrism. B) object permanence. C) hindsight bias. D) conservation.
B) object permanence.
At Köhlberg's _______ level of moral development, individuals make choices to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. A) conventional B) premoral C) principled D) postmoral
B) premoral
The more obvious physical changes that occur during puberty are called A) primary sex characteristics. B) secondary sex characteristics. C) climacteric sex characteristics. D) tertiary sex characteristics.
B) secondary sex characteristics.
Though her weight is normal, Ashley is terrified of becoming heavy. She knows she should stick to a healthy diet, but she often consumes huge servings of junk food- up to 5,000 calories in one sitting. Desperate to keep from gaining weight, she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories. Ashley is suffering from A. Anorexia Nervosa B. Bulimia Nervosa C. Obesity D. Binge-eating disorder
B. Bulimia Nervosa
You have not eaten for four days. When you finally have a candy bar, which of the following is most likely to occur? Your _____ will be reduced, but your _____ will not. A. Emotions; mood B. Drive; need C. Need; emotion D. Drive; emotion
B. Drive; need
Ethan is 17 years old and his parents are concerned about the amount of sexually oriented videos, music and movies that he watches. They are concerned because research shows that the frequency of watching sexually oriented material is linked with A. Greater acceptance of stereotypical attitudes about sex B. Greater acceptance of casual attitudes about sex C. Higher expectations about prevalence D. None of these
B. Greater acceptance of casual attitudes about sex
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who: A. Are obedient but have low self-esteem B. Have high self-esteem and are self-reliant C. Have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent D. Are rebellious and have low self-esteem,
B. Have high self-esteem and are self-reliant
Children learn new things at different stages. Where to find Psychology books that address this phenomena suggest the author to start with is A. Erikson B. Paiget C. Skinner D. Watson
B. Paiget
_____ focus on the role of the unconscious mind in personality. A. Humanists B. Psychodynamic theorists. C. Behaviorists D. Trait theorists
B. Psychodynamic theorists
The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is A. Love/belonging B. Self-actualization C. Esteem D. Safety
B. Self-actualization
Piaget's cognitive development theory the _____ stage occurs during the period of infancy. A. Preoperational B. Sensorimotor C. Concrete operational D. Formal Operational
B. Sensorimotor
The brain circuitry that involves the emotion of fear can follow ____ pathways. A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
B. Two
On the ride home from her senior prom, Mary's date ran a red light and crashed into another vehicle. Twenty years later, Mary can still remember the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the crash. This memory is best described as a _______ memory. A. a repressed memory B. a flashbulb memory C. implicit but not explicit memories D. All of these
B. a flashbulb memory
The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include A. hyperactivity. B. below-average intelligence. C. visual impairments. D. depression.
B. below-average intelligence.
Priming is a phenomenon that has been found to result in _____. A. impaired explicit memory B. enhanced memory retrieval C. enhanced working memory D. impaired semantic memory
B. enhanced memory retrieval
According to Piaget, a child can represent things with words and images, but cannot reason with logic during the _____ stage. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
B. preoperational
the 'behavior learning' personality theory
BANDURA AND SKINNER
B.F. Skinner's personality theory
BEHAVORISM, OPERANT CONDITIONING, learning from stimulus / response
Alfred Adler's personality theory
BIRTH ORDER; STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY
social deprivation
Baby monkeys who experienced _______________ during the first six months of their lives experienced irreversible damage in their social relations.
when there is time off, they spend it with family and friends
Based on research, what is best be attributed to someone living in a collectivistic culture?
predicting
Based on the research, projective tests are highly successful at ____________future behavior.
Many trait theorists agree that the " big five" personality traits are
Basic units
Behavior Observation
Behavior assessment method that involves observing individuals' behavior as they interact with their environment.
Self-efficacy expectations
Beliefs to the effect that one can handle a task. Beliefs that we can accomplish certain things such as speaking before a group, doing a backflip, or solving math problems. People with higher _______ are more likely to try difficult tasks than people who do not believe they can master a certain task.
neo-natal
Ben is weak and dependent on adults. He cannot raise his head or roll over by himself, but he does have several useful reflexive behaviors, such as the rooting reflex, which helps him to take his mother's nipple in his mouth and nurse. Ben is in which stage of development?
concrete operations.
Between ages 7 and 11, many of the restrictions of earlier patterns disappear and children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented. Piaget calls this stage
Which of the following phrases would be an accurate translation of a proverb from the Bariba culture related to pain?
Between death and shame, death has the greater beauty.
Nonshared environment examples
Birth order Differential parental treatment Peers, hobbies, sports, teachers
formal operational
Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine what it is. What stage of cognitive development has Bob reached?
What is the average age of menopause? A) 10 to 12 years B) 34 to 38 years C) 46 to 48 years D) 52 to 54 years
C) 46 to 48 years
Which of the following illustrates the principle of a critical period? A) Learning to ride a bicycle when physically mature B) Developing secondary sexual characteristics C) An animal that must reach a certain age before it learns to hunt D) Learning to hop only after learning to walk
C) An animal that must reach a certain age before it learns to hunt
Individual survival, self-sacrifice, and equity are components of _______ theory of moral development. A) Köhlberg's B) Erickson's C) Gilligan's D) Heinz's
C) Gilligan's
You give your younger brother Joe a bag of marbles. While he is playing with them, you ask him how many blue marbles there are. He correctly answers, "Nine!" You ask, "How many green marbles?" Joe says, "Four!" You then ask, "Are there more blue or green?" He responds, "Blue!" Finally, you ask, "Are there more blue marbles or more round marbles?" Joe responds, "Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage? A) Concrete operational B) Egocentric C) Preoperational D) Equilibrational
C) Preoperational
A stage theorist is likely to believe that development proceeds according to A) the laws of learning. B) the influences of society. C) biological programming. D) the stages of personal experience.
C) biological programming.
Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that A) development is driven by personal choices, independent of the actions of parents and others. B) life is full of disasters and the challenge we face is to suffer through without giving up. C) each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life. D) most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially.
C) each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
6. The term "maturation" refers to systematic changes of the body brought about by A) environment. B) learning. C) physical growth. D) nurture.
C) physical growth.
Research in humans _____ the importance of early nurturing experiences. A) refutes B) is ambiguous regarding C) supports D) disproves
C) supports
When monkeys were raised in isolation for the first few months of their lives and then introduced into a normal environment, A) it took three years to overcome the effects of deprivation. B) they were able to adjust and relate well with other monkeys. C) their behavior was affected, even three years later. D) the initial harmful social effect wore off after three years.
C) their behavior was affected, even three years later.
One of the problems associated with stage theories of adult development is that A) cultural issues are dealt with appropriately. B) the stages are finite and well understood. C) very few studies take into account women and aging. D) the evidence has been overly consistent.
C) very few studies take into account women and aging.
According to the American Psychological Association by late adolescence the heritability of intelligence is about _____% A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 100
C. 75
The wheel model of emotions is also referred to as the A. Arousal-Valence Plot B. Emotion Ring C. Circumflex Model D. Emotional classification system
C. Circumflex Model
Lidia graduated from college ten years ago and is considering a college career change. She is eager to find a position that allows her to grow as a person. To learn about potential career paths, she signs up for classes at the local community college. Lidia's desire to explore and grow as a person reflects _______ motivation. A. Autonomy B. Security C. Competence D. relatedness
C. Competence
According to self-determination theory, people are most fulfilled when they satisfy which of the following three fundamental needs? A. Hunger, thirst, and sex B. Hunger, security, and Love C. Competence, autonomy, and relatedness D. Hunger, esteem and achievement
C. Competence, autonomy, and relatedness
Of all the "big five personality traits", _____ is probably the most important in terms of health and longevity issues. A. Extroversion B. Openness to experience C. Conscientiousness D. Agreeableness
C. Conscientiousness
When you exercise, you begin breathing more rapidly to provide oxygen to your cells. This increase breathing in an attempt to restore A. Self-preservation B. Self-discrimination C. Homeostasis D. Basic metabolic functions
C. Homeostasis
Which of the following is most closely related to blood sugar control? A. Stomach B. Small intestine C. Insulin D. Fat cells
C. Insulin
Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development? A. B.F. Skinner B. Konrad Lorenz C. Jean Piaget D. Sigmund Freud
C. Jean Piaget
Whenever Olivia sees a television commercial concerning food, she goes to the kitchen looking for something to eat. If you wanted to study Olivia's behavior, you would most likely conduct research in the area of A. Emotion B. Incentive C. Motivation D. Instinct
C. Motivation
I am so tired of dieting. It seems like it controls my life. I wonder what my real weight would be if I just at only when I am hungry. This dieter is curious about her A. Metabolic weight B. Instinctive weight C. Set point D. Established weight
C. Set point
Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is people often will form general rules and concepts based on specific examples and experiences; this is referred to as __________ reasoning. A. Deductive B.Subgoaling C.Inductive D. Problem spacing
C.Inductive
Anaytical Psychology
Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory which emphasizes the "collective unconscious" and archetypes.
id
Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing the individual being caught between an internal devil tendency and an internal angel tendency. This devil tendency corresponds to the
Reaction formation
Causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites
In allports trait theory, the most common traits are _____ traits.
Central
inferiority
Children are dependent on their parents for protection and support. According to Adler, this situation is the source for one's __________ feelings.
Phallic Stage
Children enter this psychosexual development stage during the 3rd year of life. It is characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region. The major eroneous zone is the phallic region (the penis and the clitoris). Parent/child conflict is likely to develop over masturbation, to which parents may respond with threats or punishments. Complexes that may arise from this stage are called Oedipus and Electra.
Piaget studies______ _____
Cognitive development
The theory that feeling an emotion comes first as a physical reaction that leads to a behavioral response is known as the
Common sense theory of emotion.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Commonly used projective test in which the subject is asked to examine inkblots and say what they look like or bring to mind.
What are cross-sectional studies
Compare people of different ages
Sublimation
Competing in contact sports, painting lewd art are each examples of...
About 7 to 11 years stage
Concrete operational. Thinking logically and performing arithmetic all operations
When our view of self matches what we think we would like to be or what we ought to be, Rodgers would say our self-concept is
Congruent
Concrete operational development phenomena
Conservation. Math transformations
Reality Principle
Consideration of what is practical along with what is urged by the id. And possible in gratifying needs; it is the governing principle of the ego.
Range Collorary
Constructs are limited to a particular range of convenience, that is, they are not relevant to all situations.
The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and _____/______
Continuity/stages
Developmental researchers who emphasis learning and experience are supporting ________ ; those who emphasis biological maturation are supporting _______
Continuity; stages
Factor IV: Neuroticism
Contrasts Nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli with coping ability.
Factor I: Extraversion
Contrasts Talkativenessm, assertiveness and activity with silence, passivity and reserve.
Factor V: Openness to Experience
Contrasts imagination, curiousity, and creativity with shallowness and lack of preceptiveness.
Factor II: Agreeableness
Contrasts kindness, trust and warmth, with hostility, selfishness, and distrust
Factor III: Conscientiousness
Contrasts organization, thoroughness, and reliability with carelessness, negligence, and unreliability.
Tim and Mandy are involved in a developmental research study. They both participate in the study at the same time and day and the study is completed in two days. Mandy is 10 years old and Tim is 20. The type of research design is most likely a
Cross sectional study
The period known as infancy lasts from about ______ to ______. A) 2 weeks; 26 weeks B) 2 weeks; 1 year C) 1 week; 26 weeks D) 2 weeks; 2 years
D) 2 weeks; 2 years
About _____ of adolescents are relatively happy and well adjusted. A) 10% B) 30% C) 65% D) 80%
D) 80%
Right after Larry discovered he was terminally ill he felt like the doctor was incompetent. Which of Kübler-Ross's stages will Larry most likely experience next? A) Denial B) Depression C) Acceptance D) Anger
D) Anger
. The age 30 transition is a component of ______'s stage theory of development. A) Gilligan B) Köhlberg C) Piaget D) Levinson
D) Levinson
What does research suggest about the permanence of early abnormal experiences on human development? A) Early abnormal experiences produce irreversible damage to social development. B) Humans are affected by early abnormal experiences in a manner similar to Harlows' monkeys. C) Psychologists agree that abnormal early experiences can be reversed before the age of 15 years. D) Psychologists disagree about the permanence of abnormal early experiences on human development.
D) Psychologists disagree about the permanence of abnormal early experiences on human development.
Which of the following describes the moral stage of morality as self-sacrifice? A) A person acts for a higher purpose, following an internalized moral code. B) A person acts in such a way as to obtain rewards for themselves and to avoid punishments. C) A person views his or her own needs as equal to those needs of others. D) To be good and receive approval, a person must self-sacrifice and meet the needs of others.
D) To be good and receive approval, a person must self-sacrifice and meet the needs of others.
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n) _____ and develops into a _____. A) embryo; zygote B) Zygote; embryo C) Embryo; fetus D) Zygote; fetus
D) Zygote; fetus
If Elena does not cheat on tests because she feels it is important to obey rules set down by her teachers, then she is probably functioning at the _______ stage of moral development. A) authoritarian B) survival C) principled D) conventional
D) conventional
The older adult who sees meaning in his or her life continues to live a satisfying existence. Erikson refers to this as A) despair. B) generativity. C) intimacy. D) integrity.
D) integrity.
The fact that a 2-year-old child cannot catch a ball with one hand would emphasize the importance of _______ in development. A) experience B) interest C) critical periods D) maturation
D) maturation
In Gilligan's second level of moral development, there is increased awareness A) that sacrifices should be shared. B) of the consequences of behavior. C) of the rules of society. D) of the needs of others.
D) of the needs of others.
According to Kohlberg, nearly all children use only ______ reasoning at the age of 7. A) principled B) abstract C) conventional D) premoral
D) premoral
Infants about 6 to 9 months in age experience crying and fussing when their parents leave and they are left with the babysitter. This phenomenon is known as A) maturation. B) egocentrism. C) hindsight bias. D) separation anxiety.
D) separation anxiety.
American males begin to produce sperm about _______ the average age of menarche in females. A) two years before B) one year after C) the same time as D) two years after
D) two years after
The period known as infancy lasts approximately from A. Conception to one year B. Birth to one year C. Birth to three years D. Birth to two years
D. Birth to two years
Which of the following is not an element of Carl Roger's theory? A. Unconditional positive regard B. Empathy C. Genuineness D. Defense mechanism
D. Defense mechanism
Consider the following scenario from Maslow's perspective William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try to improve the lives of the residents. Assuming that the citizens have enough to eat and drink, what do they need next? A. Love/belonging B. Self-actualization C. Esteem D. Safety
D. Safety
A newly pregnant woman is warned by a doctor about teratogens. She does not know what these are and wants to look them up in a book, but is unsure where to look. You tell her that the teratogens names in your text include A. Testosterone B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. alcohol
D. alcohol
From Maslow's perspective motivation is primarily the result of A. reinforcement of behaviors B. instinctive responses to environmental stimuli C. specific responses to ethological, innate drivers D. humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs
D. humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of A. conservation. B. separation anxiety. C. attachment. D. objective permanence.
D. objective permanence.
In retrograde amnesia, there is memory loss A. only for new information B. only for segments of new information C. for the complete past D. only for a segment of the past
D. only for a segment of the past
Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin was not seriously hurt in the accident, he cannot remember and of the accident details. Darin is unconsciously engaging in which ego defense mechanism? A. displacement B. rationalization C. reaction formation D. repression
D. repression
Displacement
Defense mechanism in which a person diverts his or her impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety.
Regression
Defense mechanism in which an individual attempts to cope with an anxiety-producing situation by retreating to an earlier stage of development. In statistics, a procedure for predicting the size of one variable based on a knowledge of the size of a correlated variable and the coefficient of correlation between the two variables.
Projection
Defense mechanism in which an individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptable impulses by attributing those impulses to someone else.
Rationalization
Defense mechanism in which an individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behavior.
Reaction Formation
Defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable impulses with their opposites.
Five Factor Personality
Defines personality by five basic dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
maturation
Developmental psychologists who study _________ the systematic physical growth of the nervous system and other bodily structures.
Different cultures define intelligence in _______ ways.
Different
Projection
Disguise your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Which statement is NOT true about display rules?
Display rules are innate, not learned.
Definition of personality
Distinctive patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that characterize an individual's adaptations to his or her life.
Estimating heritability
Do people who have similar genes show similar characteristics?
Pleasure Principle
Do what feels good and do it now, according to Freud
Reality Principle
Do what will get your needs met effectively, efficiently without getting hurt., according to Freud
According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood?
Don't get caught.
Erik Erikson
During infancy and childhood, the outcome of ________'s developmental crises are primarily influenced by the actions of the child's parents.
Anal
During the _____ stage, a moderate amount of tension us arising, but too much or too little attention to the problem results is a fixation, according to Freud
Oral
During the _____ stage, most children get their needs met quickly. Most children experience a lot of tension having to do with their mouths, according to Freud
adolescence
During which stage of social development do peer relationships become the most important relationship?
the big 5 personality types
EXTRAVERSION, NEUROTICISM, OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE, AGREEABLENESS, AGREEABLENESS
According to Freud's view of personality structure the executive system, the _______, seeks to gratify the impulses of the _____ in more acceptable ways
Ego, id
Repression
Ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from awareness. Ex: a student forgets that a difficult term paper is due or a person in therapy forgets an appointment when "deep" material is too be discussed.
Adolescent egocentrism
Elkind's theory that adolescents develop through an imaginary audience, learning to be 'on stage', developing a personal fable
'pseudo - stupidity'
Elkind's theory that adolescents think through issues using over-simplified logic
Body organs. First begin to form and function during the period of the ______; within 6 months, during the period of the ______, the organs are sufficiently functional to allow a chance of survival
Embryo; fetus
Some developmental psychologists now refer to the period that occurs in some western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties and beyond (up to the time of social indeoendence) as
Emerging adulthood
personality
Enduring and distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are the core areas in describing someone's
Reaction Formation
Engaging in behavior that opposes one's genuine impulses to keep those impulses repressed. Ex: a person who is angry with a relative behaves in a "overly sweet" manner toward that relative. Or a sadistic individual becomes a physician.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson's idea that a child learns to meet society's demands
Age 30 transition
Erikson's idea that one re-evaluates one's start into adult life
Pendulum task
Example of hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Children asked to determine the speed in which the pendulum will move. -Pre-operational children: used one of everything and answered randomly. -concrete operational children: one systematically tested variable. -Formal Operational stage: used every combo of measurement: length of string, size of weights, force of push, height from which weight is dropped.
Nonshared environment
Experiences that relatives have which make them different from one another
the 'psychodynamic' personality theory
FREUD AND ERIKSON
Person Variables
Factors within the person, such as expectancies and competencies, that influence behavior.
At the postconventional level, behaviors are based on the threat of punishment.
False
You see a grizzly bear in the forest. You are afraid and start to run away. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what is the precise relationship between the fear and the running? Select one: a. Fear is followed by running. b. Fear and running happen simultaneously. c. Running is followed by fear. d. Running and fear are unrelated.
Fear and running happen simultaneously.
The Big Five Factor Model
Five basic personality factors that include Eysenck's two (extraversion and neuroticism) along with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. Paul T. Costa and Robert McCrae played a role in the development of this Model. These factors can define the personality structures of American, German, Portuguese, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Philippine people. The factors are related to people's basic temperaments which are considered to be largely inborn.
According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages such as the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to
Fixation at that age
The self-concept
Focuses on the nature of the self and the conditions that allow the self to develop freely. Carl Rogers wrote that people shape themselves through free choice and action. He defined the "self" as the center of experience. Our self concepts consist of our impressions of ourselves and our evaluations of our adequacy. He assumed that we all develop a need for self-regard or self esteem.
Freud felt attachment was due to mother or caregiver providing_____. Harlow felt attachment was due to mother or caregiver providing ______
Food. Contact
In eriksons stages, the primary task during adolescence is
Forging an identity
Sublimation
Form of displacement in which impulse-driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued accomplishment.
About 12 through adulthood
Formal operational. Abstract reasoning
According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the __________ stage
Formal operations
different rates
Fred read that children usually learn to walk by the age of 12 months. If Fred's little boy is not walking at 13 and 1/2 months, should Fred be concerned? Answer - No because children learn at ________
Unconscious Mind
Freud's view that primitive instinctual motives and repressed memories are stored here
purpose of the unconscious mind
Freud's view, one's attempt to hide threatening thoughts on a daily basis.
Id
Freud's viewpoint of personality - life instincts and death instincts
Unconscoius Thoughts
Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the indvidual is not aware but that is the store house of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts unavailable to consciousness
concrete operational
Friendship groups or cliques begin to develop during which stage of cognitive development?
Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the _____ lobes, which we use for rational planning, which we continue developing at least into adolescence
Frontal
You stayed up all night to study for a math exam. After the test, you returned to your form room and slept for seven hours. Your sleeping behavior was regulated by the body's tendency to maintain A. Self-preservation B. Self-discrimination C. Homeostasis D. Basic metabolic functions
G. Homeostasis
What is a personality 'theory'?
GENERATES RESEARCH, IS FALSIABLE, IS PARAMONIOUS, ORGANIZES DATA, GUIDES ACTION, IS INTERNALLY CONSISTENT
_______ is the culture's expectations for either masculine or feminine behavior, including actions, attitudes, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture.
Gender role
Libido
Generally speaking it is sexual interest or drive. But in the psychodynamic theory, it is the energy of eros; the sexual instinct.
collectivist
Generally speaking, _______cultures tend to value membership as a part of a group.
Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and ______
Generativity
Through multiple studies with genes and female mice, what is the current conclusion from this research?
Genes influence aggression in female mice.
Personality is a combination of
Genetic Cultural Familial Idiosyncratic learning experiences (unique to you)
Finn twin studies results
Genetics did not explain total variance Greater effect of shared environment for smoking, drinking, saying prayers, getting drunk Neighborhood = drinking without peers Personal environment = participating in church activities
Equality
Gilligan's idea that an older woman's morals are based on ____
Gender
Gilligan's idea that there is a difference in moral development between ___
From Maslow's perspective motivation is primarily the result of E. reinforcement of behaviors F. instinctive responses to environmental stimuli G. specific responses to ethological, innate drivers H. humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs
H. humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs
variables
Happy aging and slowed intellectual decline are linked to three key psychological ___________: (1) positive beliefs about old age, (2) avoiding smoking and excessive drinking, and (3) staying active and engaged in intellectual and social activities.
self actualization
Having more concern about the welfare of friends, family members, and humanity rather than self, is an important aspect of...
What did Alfred Kinsey believe about sexual orientation?
He believed that sexual orientation falls on a continuum, with some people falling at either extreme and some falling in the middle.
Hans Eysenck
He developed a "Trait Theory" termed a two dimensional view that evolved from Greek physician Hyppocrates's four fluid or four humor theory. He focused his research on the relationships between two personality traits: introversion-extraversion and emotional stability-emotional instability (also known as neuroticism).
Maslows hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self actualization. Maslow based his ideas on
His study of healthy creative people
_____ are at higher risk for substance abuse, sexually risky behavior, eating disorders, suicidal thinking, and victimization by others than their agemates.
Homosexual, bisexual, or transgender adolescents
Rating scales are developed for observers.
How are observational methods made more objective?
three
How many stages does Levinson use to describe developmental transitions in early adulthood?
Neutral
Humanistic psychologists believe people are born ____
A striving to reach our full potential
Humanistic psychologists believe that the individual's personality is dominated by _____.
Alport's personality theory
INTRINSIC/EXTRINSIC RELIGIOUSNESS DISPOSITIONS
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Id, Ego, Superego are in conflict with each other causing displacement and identification
anal expulsive
If John is described as cruel, pushy, messy, and disorderly, Freud would refer to his personality as....
conscientiousness
If Pam is rated as negligent, careless, and undependable on a personality test, which of the following personality traits may also be low?
experience little or no conflict
If a child feels loved and secure, Karen Horney believed the child will...
Envy
If a girl wishes she had a penis, it is called penis _____, according to Freud
watching actual behavior
If someone is using an observational method to better understand personality, it means that they are
Halluciations
If you could give someone with schizophrenia a drug that would stop them from hearing voices that were not actually present, the drug would eliminate _____.
trait theory
If you say that Karl will make a good college class president because he is outgoing and sensitive, you are subscribing to...
cardinal
In Allport's personality theory, ______ traits dominate a person's life.
Central
In Allport's trait theory, the most common traits are _____ traits.
central
In Allport's trait theory, the most common traits are _______ traits.
Collective Conscious
In Carl Jung's theory, a kind of universal memory bank that contains all the ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated throughout their evolvement.
Personal Unconscious
In Carl Jung's theory, the part of the unconscious that is akin to Freud's concept of a reservoir of all repressed thoughts and feelings.
conscious mind
In Freud's analogy of the mind, the ____ is the tip of the iceberg visible above the surface.
Defense Mechanism
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality.
Repression
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious.
Reality Principle
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the tendency to behave in ways that are consistent with reality; it governs the ego.
Fixation
In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, arrested development that results from exposure to either too little or too much gratification.
Electra Complex
In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the attraction a female child feels toward her father (and jealousy toward her mother) during the phallic stage.
Oedipus Complex
In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the attraction a male child feels toward his mother (and jealousy toward his father) during the phallic stage.
"Cardinal" personality trait
In Gordon Allport's theory of personality where a powerful, dominating behavioral predisposition is an organizing principle in a small number of people's lives.
"Secondary" personality trait
In Gordon Allport's trait theory of personality; any of a variety of less generalized and often short-term traits that affect people's behavior in specific circumstances.
inadequate parenting
In Karen Horney's theory of personality, anxious insecurity is most likely the result of
Our parents
In Roger's theory of personality, conditions of worth are determined by _____.
our parents
In Rogers' theory of personality, conditions of worth are determined by
ideal
In humanistic psychology, the ________ self is is the person I wish I was.
Self-actualization
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential.
Defense Mechanism
In psychodynamic theory, an unconscious function of the ego that protect it from anxiety-evoking material by preventing accurate recognition of this material.
Psychosexual development
In psychodynamic theory, it is the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during stages of development. Freud hypothesized 5 periods or stages of development and termed this. The stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.
reciprocal determinism
In social learning theory, the fact that an individual's behavior and the social learning environment continually influence each other is known as
self-efficacy
In social learning theory, the perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one's goals is known as
self efficacy
In social learning theory, the perception that one is capable of doing what is necessary to reach one's goals is known as....
sublimation
In terms of the interests of society, the best form of displacement is referred to as
premoral
In the ____________ level of moral thinking, decisions are based on externally determined punishments and rewards.
Unconscious
In the psychodymamic theory, not available to awareness by the simple focusing of attention.
Psychic Structures
In the psychodynamic theory, this is a hypothesized mental structure that helps explain different aspects of behavior. They cannot be seen or measured directly, byt their presence is suggested by behavior, expressed thoughts and emotions. There are 3 total
Individualist cultures tend to value ______ ; collectivist cultures tend to value ______
Independence, Interdependence
Self Efficacy
Individual's belief that he or she can perform adequately and deal effectively with a particular situation.
As young Javier gets off his school bus, he runs to his mother and proudly shows her the book his read at school today. Which of Erikson's stages is Javier demonstrating?
Industry vs. Inferority
Fixation
Insufficient or excessive gratification in ANY stage could lead to this. The attachment to objects of an earlier stage. Freud theorized that adults with oral ____, could experience exxagerated desires for oral actvities such as smoking, thumb sucking, overeating, alcohol abuse, and nail biting.
What have twin studies revealed about intelligence?
Intelligence is partly influenced by heredity.
A study has found that homosexual men and heterosexual women respond similarly to a testosterone-based pheromone that is secreted in perspiration; what does this tell us about the origin of homosexuality?
It tells us that homosexuality can be linked to biological origins.
In a study of the serial position effect, what happened when recall was delayed for more than 30 seconds? Select one: a. Items at the end of the list were poorly recalled. b. Items at the beginning of the list were not recalled well. c. Recall for items at the end of the list improved. d. Recall for all items on the list was poor.
Items at the end of the list were poorly recalled.
"Narcissistic"
Its all about me mentality
Which structuralist is best known for the study of heat and cold?
J.Henry Alston
self actualization
Jack has been described as spontaneous and natural, committed to cancer research, highly moral, and very positive about life. Jack probably has achieved_______
The theory that we experience emotion first with physical arousal (e.g., increased heart rate, shaky hands) which then leads to awareness of the emotion is the
James-Lange theory of emotion.
A criticism of Maslow's hierarchy is that it was developed using only Americans. In which country's culture would security needs be much stronger than self-actualization needs?
Japan.
cognitive
Jean Piaget focused __________ development.
intimacy vs. isolation
Jed is 24 years old. Having just graduated from college and begun a new career, he is now contemplating proposing to Abigail. Jed is in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
preoperational
Jeremy, who is experiencing normal development, believes that the moon is following him when he rides in the car with his parents at night. He also has imaginary friends who seem quite real to him. Jeremy is in which stage of development?
Which individual is most at risk for developing anorexia nervosa?
Jill is 17 and lives in the suburbs
Anal
Jordan is very compulsive and stingy. He is preoccupied with neatness and does not seem to enjoy life. Freud would say that he is fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
Bipolar
Juan has periods of boundless energy followed by periods of sadness and depression. This pattern most closely resembles _____ disorder.
formal operational
Juan is able to use abstract concepts. He is often deep in thought about truth, justice, and the meaning of life. Juan is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
positive regard
Judgement of another person value or esteem on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors. It can also be unconditional (an enduring expression of esteem for the value of a person).
Collective unconscious
Jung believed that all humans are born with ______
Incest taboo
Jung would explain that the _____ is part of the collective unconscious mind.
Collective Unconscious
Jung's hypothecized store of vague racial memories. The _______ contains primitive images or archetypes, that reflect the history of our species.
Competencies
Knowledge of rules that guide conduct and skills.
Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When at the same level- Stage 6. Based on research reported in your text, what probably caused this discrepancy?
Kohlberg's approach is a justice perspective while Gilligan's is a care perspective
Conventional Stage
Kohlberg's idea that moral development is most likely to occur by trying to please parents and teachers
Ethical principals
Kohlberg's idea that morality is based on following ____
Pre-moral stage
Kohlberg's theory that children learn morals through rewards and punishments
Principled Stage
Kohlberg's theory that few people make moral decisions only on ethical principles
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety, according to Freud
How does Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory differ from the Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory?
Lazarus's theory suggests that we appraise a stimulus first, then cognitively label the emotion, and then feel a physical response.
depression
Lenny was advised by his doctor that he has six months to live. Lenny feels guilty about leaving his loved ones behind and feels incapable of facing death with dignity. He is in which of Kübler-Ross' stages of grief?
Erogenous Zones
Libidinal energy is expressed through sexual feelings or stimulation in different parts of the body, these are called blank. Areas of the body that are sensitive to sexual sensations. To Freud, human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one blank to another.
Karen Horney
Like many of Freud's intellectual decendants, she took issue with the way psychoanalytic theories portrayed women. Psychoanalytics originally taught that a woman's place was in the home and women who sought to compete with men in the business world were assumed to be suffering from unconscious "penis envy". Horney argued that little girls do not feel inferior to boys and that there views were founded on western cultural prejudice, no scientifc evidence. She agreed that childhood experiences affect the development of adult personalities. But she asserted that unconscious sexual and agressive impulses are less important than social relationships in children's development. She also believed that genuine and consistent love can alleviate the effects if even the most traumatic childhood.
One famous personality inventory is the
MMPI
reciprocal determinism
Many times, the way you treat others will have an effect on how they treat you. This is similar to the concept of__________
The basic units of personality
Many trait theorists agree that the "big five" personality traits are _____.
Which of the following is a theory developed out of the humanistic approach to understanding motivation?
Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Self Actualization
Maslow's view = the ultimate accomplishment of human growth
Self Actualization
Maslow's view, the one having more concern about the welfare of friends, family members, and humanity rather than self, is an important aspect of ___
Who is credited with conducting one of the most important studies of the human sexual response?
Masters and Johnson
Ego
Mediates the demands of the ID and Superego
The 'preconscious mind' (Freudian view)
Memories are not presently conscious but can easily be brought into consciousness.
What is the primary function of the preconscious mind? Select one: a. The contents of memory that we are currently processing. b. Memories are not presently conscious but can easily be brought into consciousness. c. The contents of memory that we are unaware of permantently. d. Memories that were once available but are now gone due to interference and decay.
Memories are not presently conscious but can easily be brought into consciousness.
preconscious
Memories are not presently conscious but can easily be brought into consciousness. This statement describes the ________ mind.
two
Memory research by Rovee-Collier demonstrates that infants at six months show memory for a learning task for as long as _________ weeks.
Which of the following is true about sex differences in the brain?
Men have more white matter in the brain, while women have more gray matter.
Interview
Method used in psychological studies in which an individual is asked questions; may be informal and unstructured or highly structured.
Exaggerated emotional states
Mood disorders are characterized by _____.
Kohlberg studies_____ _____
Moral development
Danielle is a normal weight female whereas Ron is an obese male. Wherever Danielle and Ron go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains the fact that he eats more than Danielle by pointing out that he has ___.
More fat cells than Danielle and he isn't satiated with food until all of his fat cells are full.
collective unconscious
Most people intuitively understand that incest is wrong, even though they are not told this directly. Jung would explain that the incest taboo is part of the ________
DSM-IV
Most psychologists and psychiatrists in the United States use a standardized reference guide for diagnosing mental disorders. This guide is commonly known as the _____.
The _____ ducts can become female primary sex organs.
Müllerian
Neuroticism
Negative emotionality characterized by the ease and extent to which people experience negative emotions.
How do nerves differ from neurons?
Nerves are bundles of long neurons.
premoral
Nikki says, "Heinz should not steal the medication for his wife because he might go to jail." Nikki's reasoning reflects the ________ level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
Modulation Collorary
Not all new experiences lead to a revision of personal constructs. To the extent that constructs are permeable they are subject to change through experience. Concrete or impermeable constructs resist modification regardless of our experience.
Sensorimotor developmental phenomena
Object permanence. Stranger anxiety
Projective Tests
Objective personality tests are generally more effective than ___ in distinguishing among groups with different traits.
Variance in personality traits
Observed differences in personality traits = 40% Genetics + 0% Shared environment + 40% Nonshared environment + 20% Error
Identification
Occurs in the superego psychic structure. The unconscious adoption of another person's behavior.
Fixation
Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage, according to Freud
You have observed that, Billy, age five has a strong, affectionate attachment to his mother. In Freudian theory, this is explained as the __ complex
Oedipus
secondary
Of Allport's categories of traits, which traits tend to describe a specific aspect of a person's personality?
Contrary to what many people assume
Older people are much happier than adolescents
word meaning and decision making
On what tasks do older adults tend to perform better than younger adults?
think abstractly.
One major change from the concrete operations stage to the formal operational stage is the acquisition of ability to
adolescence
One of the earliest conceptions of __________ was that it was a time of storm and stress.
situationism
One personality theory called _______ suggests that behavior is consistent when the environment we inhabit remains consistent.
five factor model
Opposing adjectives are used to describe each trait in _______ of personality.
Our scores on personality tests best predict
Our average behavior across many situations
Fragmentation Collorary
Our behavior is sometimes inconsistent because our construct system can readily admit incompatible elements.
Sigmund Freud's personality theory
PSYCHOANALYSIS; ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
In the treatment of ______, transcranial stimulation has been found to be more effective that placebo trials.
PTSD and depression
Authoritative
Parents demand but also respond to their child
Authoritarian
Parents set rules and expect ibedience
Permissive
Parents submit to children's demands
Individuality Collorary
People have different experiences and therefore construe events in different ways.
individualistic / collectivistic
People who live in ________ cultures are more likely than people who live in __________ cultures to work hard to meet their own personal goals as opposed to the goals of others.
Which of the following is true regarding listener characteristics and persuasion? Select one: a. More intelligent people are easier to persuade. b. People are easier to persuade when they are listening alone. c. People with a high need for social approval are generally easier to persuade. d. People with high self-concepts are easier to persuade.
People with a high need for social approval are generally easier to persuade.
Expectancies
Personal predictions about the outcomes of potential behaviors.
Eysenck's Personality Scale
Personality scale that differs between instability and stability and extroversion and introversion.
Projective Tests
Personality tests that consist of loosely structured, ambiguous stimuli that require the subject's interpretation.
Introverts
Persons who score low on extraversion measures are said to be ...
climacteric
Phoebe is 50 years old and is no longer able to reproduce sexually. Her husband, Phil, is 52 and is experiencing a decline in his reproductive capacity. Phoebe and Phil are experiencing the ________
Shared environment examples
Physical = type of dwelling, layout, things in the home Psychological = parenting practices, psychopathology, quality of sibling interactions Social aspects = SES, family structure, urban or rural setting, religion
The problem with Piaget's Formal Operational Stage
Piaget lumped 80 years of development together
decenter
Piaget stated that to be able to correctly solve problems that require the use of conservation, the child must possess the ability to ________, or the ability to think of more than one thing, or aspect of a problem at a time.
Cooperative Play
Piaget's idea that children learn to play with others after learning solitary play and parallel play
egocentric
Piaget's use of the term ________ means that the child cannot see from another person's perspective.
Although piagets stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children's thinking, many researchers believe that
Piagets "stages" begin earlier and development is more continuous than he realized
Archtypes
Powerful, emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious.
What improves operational thinking?
Practice, Practice, Practice
What are the three basic levels of moral thinking
Preconventional Morality, Conventional Morality, Postconventional Morality
Preoperational developmental phenomena
Pretend play. Egocentrism. Language development
_______ are sexual organs present at birth and are directly involved in human reproduction.
Primary sex characteristics
Archetypes
Primitive images or concepts hypothesized by Carl Jung to reside in the collective unconscious. Examples are the all powerful God, the young hero, the fertile and nurturing mother, the wise old man, the hostile brother, fairy godmothers, wicked witches, rebirth and resurrection, etc. They remain unconscious, Jung believed that they influence our thoughts and emotions and cause us to respond cultural themes in stories and films.
Dr. Susan is your family therapist. She believes that to adequately understand psychological problems, she must understand the role that you play in the family system. Which of the following statements supports that underlying belief? Select one: a. Older siblings are usually relied upon to provide therapeutic solutions. b. The individual must be cured before the remainder of the family is infected. c. Problems of the individual are often caused by problems in the family. d. Mothers and fathers are the cause of almost every psychological problem.
Problems of the individual are often caused by problems in the family.
_______ tests ask test takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it
Projective
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test for personality assessment in which he subject is shown cards depicting various scenes and is asked to describe what is happening in each scene.
Superego
Provides standards for judgement (conscience)
Evil
Psychoanalytic psychologists believe people are born ____
Free Association
Psychoanalytic technique developed by Sigmund Freud in which patients relax and say whatever comes to their mind.
White American women are more likely to commit suicide than other ethnic groups of women. Why? Select one: a. They are less religious. b. They are more likely to use drugs and alcohol. c. They feel less needed by their children. d. Psychologists do not conclusively know.
Psychologists do not conclusively know
Develop; assess
Psychologists who study personality want to know how personalities ______ and how to _____ personality.
must have valid evidence for their theory
Psychologists who support the idea that behavior is influenced by both enduring personal characteristics and the current situation...
Neo-Freudian
Psychologists who were in general agreement with Freud's basic interpretation of personality, his focus on the unconscious, and his emphasis on childhood experience, but dissented regarding other aspects of Freud's theory, such as his emphasis on aggressive impulses and unconscious sexual conflicts.
Erickson studies ____ _____
Psychosocial crises
Adolescence is marked by the onset of
Puberty
the 'humanistic' personality theory
ROGERS AND MASLOW
the ranges for personality traits: heritability and personality
Ranges from .40 to .60, and is the same for men and women Shared environments account for very little variation Nonshared environments account for a great deal
By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to
Recall and lost all the important terms and concepts in a chapter
Sublimation
Redirecting instinctual urges of sex and aggression into socially acceptable behavior is called _____
Observational Learning
Refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others. It is one of the foundations of the social-cognitive theory. It is also known as Modeling.
Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious
Repressed memories of anxiety provoking events
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from conciousness through an unconcious process called
Repression
Authoritative
Research by Baumrind found that most well behaved and happiest children have parents who use this parenting style
similarities
Research on moral development suggests that there are more ___________ than differences in the moral development of males and females.
What are longitudinal studies
Restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time
affection
Reuben is 55. As he has grown older, if he is typical of other men, it is likely that he has become more aware of his need for _____________.
In the modern era, the first and most influential advocate of the view that psychological problems had psychological causes was
Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
anger
Right after Larry discovered he was terminally ill he felt like he could beat the illness. Which of Kübler-Ross's stages will Larry most likely experience next?
True Self
Rodgers describes personality in terms of a _____ self. (the talents, thoughts, desires, and feelings that we genuinely have)
infant
Ross just turned two weeks old today. He can now officially be called an___________
Bandura's personality theory
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY; RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
Robert Epstein's Study on Marriage
Said that you can make two people fall in love by practicing certain behaviors. in his first study he and a friend agreed to do romance building activities and behaviors. They touched each other (non-sexually) 5 times a day ect. at the begging they filled out a questionnaire, and found each other to be average. At the end they had feelings for one another. Same thing repeated with 24 college couples matched up by age. 18 out of 24 stayed together after the experiment was finished.
industry
Samuel is successfully learning to meet his parents' demands to keep his room clean. He is also meeting his teacher's demands of learning to read, write, and do arithmetic, while he learns about taking turns from his friends. It is likely that Samuel will develop a sense of__________
separation anxiety
Sarah is eight months old. When the babysitter shows up, Sarah cries and fusses so much that her parents feel guilty about leaving. This is considered normal; infants this age often show intense _________when they are separated from their parents.
________ are sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction.
Secondary sex characteristics
Object permanence is the ability to
Seek an object after it has been hidden
Conscious
Self aware.
Planning and decision making
Self-Regulation: the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts. IE. Checking grades, and redirecting study habits.
According to Maslow people can fulfill their potential if they can overcome the complications of everyday life. The tendency to achieve fullest potential is called
Self-actualization
Which of the following is NOT true of a sensation seeker?
Sensation seekers always need arousal in the form of danger.
Birth to nearly 2 years stage
Sensorimotor. Experiencing world through senses
The only reason to severe the corpus collusum is
Severe life threatening epileptic seizures
Shared environment
Shared = aspects of the family environment that are generally the same for all children in a household
Displacemrnt
Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
If a characteristic has a strong genetic component then we would expect who to be more similar than strangers in that characteristic
Siblings and family members
Psychodynamic Theory
Sigmund Freud's perspective which emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior.
Freud asserted that people may fixated at stages of development. An oral fixation may be expressed as over or under gratification and may result in
Smoking behavior
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freuds views but placed more emphasis than he did on
Social interactions
Good
Social learning psychologists believe people are born ____
Critics say that ______ - _______ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual's interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the persons enduring traits
Social-cognitive
Name two major subdivisions of the central nervous system
Spinal cord, brain
same
Stage theorists believe that all children pass through different stages in the _______ order.
Psychosexual Development
Stages of development, in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, in which the focus of sexual gratification shifts from one body part to another.
An 8 -month old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and changing to his fathers shoulder is showing ______ _______
Stranger anxiety
Gregor Johann Mendel
Studied the variation in pea plants, began to notice some characteristics seemed to skip a generation -Each parent plant (parent human!) passes on one form of the gene for a given characteristic to its offspring ---Two forms of the gene, one from each parent = different forms of the same gene are called alleles (can be same or different, if different one is dominant over the other, but still pass on both)
visual cliff experiment
Studies with the _______ suggest that infants develop fear after they learn to crawl and experience a stumble or fall.
Psychosexual stages
Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specific bodily areas at different times of life, according to Freud
A young boy feels guilty after looking through some adult magazines. In Freuds theory, the source of this guilt is the
Superego
Exams and lack of sleep are making you feel impatient and you have been overly sensitive- when your friend is critical of your work you snap at her. Later you feel guilty for what you said. Freud would say your _____ made you feel guilty
Superego
Freud proposed that the development of the voice of conscience is related to the ______ which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgements
Superego
Phobias
Systematic desensitization is most effective in treating _____.
Denial
Te refusal to face or accept the true nature of a threat. Ex: Belief that one will not contract cancer even though one smokes heavily. Saying to oneself "no, it can't happen to me".
Psychoanalysis
Technique developed by Freud in which an individual's revelations of normally unconscious cognitions are interpreted.
From the very first weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed, these differences are usually explained as differences in _______
Temperament
Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example,
Temperament tends to remain stable throughout life
Chemicals that pass through the placentas screen and may harm an embryo or fetus are called ______
Teratogens
Objective Tests
Tests whose items must be answered in a specified manner. Tests whose items have concrete answers that are considered correct.
Latency Stage
The 4th pyschosexual development stage characterized by the repression of sexual impulses. The pressures of the Oedipus and Electra complexes cause the child to repress all sexual urges. During this stage, their sexual feelings remain unconscious. It is expect that children will prefer playmate of their own gender during this stage. This stage occurs after age 5 or 6.
Genital Stage
The 5th and mature stage of psychosexual development, characterized by preferred expression of libido through sexual intercourse with an adult of the other gender. Freud believed that we enter this stage at puberty (adolescence). This time, the incest taboo case them to repress the impulses toward their mother and father and displace them onto other adults or adolescents of the other gender.
The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feedback from the sympathetic organs to the cortex initially seemed to support which emotional theory?
The Cannon-Bard theory.
What impact did the Harlows's research with monkeys have on Freud's beliefs about development? Select one: a. The Harlows's research supported Freud's belief about critical periods. b. The Harlows's research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important. c. The Harlows's research conflicted with Freud's theory of moral development. d. The Harlows's research did not support Freud's beliefs about the influence of early experiences.
The Harlows's research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important.
ten
The MMPI-2 contains a total of ______ scales.
Objective
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n) _____ personality test.
phallic stage
The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex develop and are resolved during the
Phallic
The ________ complex refers to when a young child realizes they have do or do not have a penis and the feelings they get from it, according to Freud
formal operational
The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ______ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development
formal operations
The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ______ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Levinson
The age 30 transition is a component of ______'s stage theory of development
Researchers have found that low self esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted
The answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect
Sublimation
The channeling of primitive impulses into positive constructive efforts. Ex: A hostile person becoming a boxer or a tennis star.
Ego
The conscious, rational part of the personality, charged with keeping peace between the superego and the id, according to Freud
If a defendant is given a "guilty but mentally ill" sentence, which of the following is true? Select one: a. The defendant must be severely psychotic and untreatable. b. The defendant will serve a prison sentence. c. The defendant will receive mandatory psychiatric treatment but no prison time. d. The defendant will be committed to a mental hospital for life.
The defendant will serve a prison sentence.
Subjective Values
The desirability of an object or event.
power
The desire for ___________ declines into adulthood.
Supereog
The development of morality rests with the ____ in Freudian personality theory
superego
The development of morality rests with the ______ in Freudian personality theory.
Unrealistic
The difference between a fear and a phobia is that a phobia is _____.
menopause
The end of menstruation for females is known as
Modern day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about
The existence of unconscious mental processes
Genital Stage of personality development
The fifth and final stage of psychosexual development (beginning in puberty) during which sexual feelings that were dormant during the latency period reemerge.
secondary
The first change in _____________ sex characteristics in females is an accumulation of fat in the breasts.
Oral Stage
The first stage in psychosexual development, occurs during the 1st year of life. During this stage, gratification is to be attained primarily through oral activities. Freud argued that oral activities such as sucking and bitig give the child sexual gratification as well as nourishment. Conflict resulting from this stage stems from the nature and extent of oral gratifiction. Early weaning (stopping of breast feeding) could lead to frustration. On the other hand excessive gratification caould lead to an infant expecting to get anything it wants. Oral traits include dependence, gullibility, excessive optimism or pessimism.
Oral Stage of personality development
The first stage of psychosexual development (birth to 12-18 months old) during which the lips and mouth are the primary erogenous zone.
solitary
The first type of play that children engage in is called _______ play.
inheritance and experiences
The five basic traits are thought to be relatively stable and to be influenced by ____________.
Latency Period of personality development
The fourth stage of psychosexual development (5 years old to puberty) during which sexual drives remain unexpressed or latent.
Libido
The freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure
phallic
The genitals become the primary source of pleasure during Freud's ______ stage of personality development.
Freud's phallic stage
The genitals become the primary source of pleasure during _____ of personality development.
Pleasure Principle
The governing principle of the id which demands instant gratification of instincts without consideration of law, social custom, or the needs of others..
Moral principle
The governing principle of the superego, which sets moral standards and enforces adherence to them. Throughout life, it monitors the ego and hands out judgements of right and wrong.
A gymnast can complete a trick on the balance beam consistently without falling in practice. However, during competition the gymnast becomes nervous, causing her to bobble and fall. According, to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the problem?
The gymnast's arousal level is too high.
Power
The highest ethical standards must be maintained during psychotherapy due to differences in _____ between the therapist and the client.
object permanence
The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is known as
Inner-directedness
The internal force that motivates humans to grow and improve is known as ____________
Behaviorism
The learning theory that states, we should focus on observable behavior rather than hypothesized unconscious forces and that we should emphasize the situational determinants of behavior. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner largely ignored the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self direction and suggested that environmental influences can shape people into wanting to do what is required of them. Behaviorist believe that personality is plastic. That situational variables and environmental influences are the key shapers of human behaviors. Behaviorists like Watson argued that unseen, undetectable mental structures must be rejected in favor of what can be seen and measured. In opposition to this, evidence suggests that some personality traits are heritable. Some object to behaviorists because they downplay the importance of consciousness and choice.
Superego
The mind's storehouse of values including moral attitudes learned from parents and from society; roughly the same as the common notion of the conscience, according to Freud
secondary
The more obvious physical changes that occur during puberty are called ________ sex characteristics.
Self Actualization
The most abstract on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the point in life when a person feels most successful and fulfilled
Physiological Needs
The most basic on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes oxygen, food, liquid, rest, shelter, and sex.
Interview
The most widely used method of personality assessment
interview
The most widely used method of personality assessment is the
integrity
The older adult who sees meaning in his or her life continues to live a satisfying existence. Erikson refers to this as
erogenous
The parts of the body which become the primary outlets of sexual energy are known as ______ zones.
2-week; 2-year
The period known as infancy lasts from about the ______ mark to the ______ mark.
Humanistic Psychology
The personality is defined as the ideal self is the person I wish I was.
Social Interest
The positive motive that Alfred Adler believed all persons are born with
The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is
The presence of books in a home
Id
The primitive, unconscious portion of the personality that houses the most basic drives and store repressed memories, according to Freud
repression
The process of ______ involves the placement of troubling thoughts and memories into the unconscious mind.
puberty
The process of sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is known as
Id
The psychic structure present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is entirely unconscious. Freud describes this structure as "a chaos, a couldron of seething excitations. It follows what Freud termed the "pleasure principle".
Eros
The psychodynamic theory's meaning for the basic instinct to preserve and perpetuate life.
Personality
The reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives and behavior that distinguish one person from another.
Regression
The return, under stress, to a form of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development. Ex: An adolescent cries like a child when forbidden to use the family car. Or an adult becomes highly dependent on his parents after a bad divorce.
Self esteem
The second most abstract on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes respect, recognition, status, dignity, and attention.
Sense of Safety
The second most basic on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes protection, security, stability, and order.
Ego
The second psychic structure which develops during the 1st year. It is characterized reason and good sense, by self awareness, planning, delay of gratification, and rational ways of coping with frustrations. It is guided by the "reality principle". It also acts as a censor that screens the impulses of the id. Thus causing defense mechanisms to develop during this structure.
Anal Stage
The second stage in psychosexual development, during which sexual gratification is attained through contraction and relaxation of the muscles that control the elimination of waste products from the body. This stage is said to begin in the 2nd year of life. Children learn to delay the gratification that comes from eliminating as soon as they feel the urge. The general issue of self control may become an issue between parent and child in this stage. Some develop a strong need for order, and exxagerated neatness and cleanliness (anal expulsive traits) or careless, messy and even sadistic.
Anal Stage of personality development
The second stage of psychosexual development (12 months to 3 years old) during which the anal area is the primary erogenous zone.
What is true of motor-skill development
The sequence, but not the timing is universal
unconscious
The storage of primitive instinctual motives and memories and emotions threatening to the conscious mind are stored in the
Behavioral genetics
The study of the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in personality and behavior
Free association
The technique used by Freud to encourage the client to talk about whatever comes to mind, giving the unconscious mind an opportunity to slip past the censorship of the ego, is known as _____.
physical growth
The term "maturation" refers to systematic changes of the body brought about by
Is not a psychological term
The term insanity _____.
Carl Jung
The terms extraversion and introversion are most accurately attributed to....
Create a safe atmosphere
The therapist's principal job in client-centered therapy is to _____.
Sense of Belonging
The third most abstract and basic on Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes love, approval, and acceptance.
Superego
The third psychic structure which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior. It develops through childhood as the child incorporates the moral standards and values of their parents and community members in a process called identification. It functions according the the "moral principle".
Phallic Stage of personality development
The third stage of psychosexual development (3 to 5-6 years old) during which the focus of sexual gratification of genital stimulation.
Projection
The thrusting of one's own unacceptable impulses onto others so that other are assumed to have those impulses. Ex: A gay man who is in the closet accusing many other men of being gay. Or A sexually frustrated person interprets innocent gestures as sexual advances.
Displacement
The transfer of ideas and impulses from threatening or unsuitable objects to less threatening objects. Es: A working picks a fight with her spouse after being reprimanded by her boss at work.
Self-esteem
The value of worth that we attach to ourselves. At first, it reflects the worth in which other people place on us.
Sociocultural Perspective
The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, cultue and socioeconomic status in personality formation, behavior, and mental processes.
Humanism
The view that peope are capable of free choice, self fulfillment, and ethical behavior. People and self awareness are at the center of consideration.
Existentialism
The view that people are completely free and responsible for their own behavior. They view freedom as as illusion determined by social forces that influence us. And the meaning of our lives is the meaning that we give to our lives.
Allport's Trait Theory
The view that the most common personality traits are central traits for all people.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Theory of personality that views people as shaped by ongoing conflicts between primary drives and the social pressures of civilized living.
In examining the top 1% of mathematical ability test scores used for college applications, what is the proportion of males and females in this top 1%? Select one: a. There are seven times more males than females. b. The proportion of males and females is equal. c. There are twice as many females as males. d. For every 100 males there is one female.
There are seven times more males than females.
How are motivation and emotion similar? Select one: a. They both develop incentives. b. They both satisfy needs. c. They both activate behavior. d. They both regulate homeostasis.
They both activate behavior.
Which of the following is true about stress reactions? Select one: a. They produce a physiological reaction only. b. Psychological reactions happen independently of physiological reactions. c. They produce both a physiological and psychological reactions. d. Physiological reactions differ depending on the stressor.
They produce both a physiological and psychological reactions.
Abraham Maslow
This humanistic psychologist argued that people also have a conscious need for self-actualization (to become all that we can be). He argued that one of the main threats to individual personality development is control by other people.
Carl Rogers
This humanistic psychologist represented the "self concept theory". Two of his major concerns are the self-concept and self esteem.
Bandura's Theory
This social learning theory states that personality is learned, but also determined, emphasizing cognitive development in the brain
learned
To a social learning theorist like Bandura, personality is....
Encode
To symbolize or represent something. Different people ______ similar stimuli in difference ways. Encoding strategies affect their feelings and behavior.
The ______ theory of personality focuses on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion
Trait
Babies are born with many reflexes intact. True or False
True
Erikson's stage theory of personality development includes eight stages. (true/false)
True
Giving up some power is important in a successful marriage. (true/false)
True
T/F Looking at the FFM, each factor has moderate heritability
True
Carl Rogers' personality triad:
UNCONDITIONAL REGARD, GENUINENESS, EMPATHY
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth- promoting environment is called _______ ________ ________
Unconditional positive regard
ID
Unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Immediate gratification
Frames of reference
Unique ways of looking at ourselves and the world. Each using a different set of dimensions in defining ourselves and judging ourselves according to different sets of values.
The authoritarian parent would most likely react respond to a child that screamed at them by
Using physical punishment
Finn twin studies
Wanted to estimate the separate effects of genetics (comparing identical and non-identical twins), familial environments (twins and matched control classmates), nonfamilial environments (control kids from same class to one another), and personal environments (kids from different neighborhoods to one another)
The theory that suggests that all human emotions can be thought of as the combination of two basic elements—positive and negative emotions—comes from
Watson and Tellegen
Construction Collorary
We anticipate future events according to our interpretations of recurrent themes.
Choice Collorary
We choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that we see as extending our range of future choices
Experience Collorary
We continually revise our personal constructs as the result of experience.
Which of the following is the best explanation of the spreading activation model of long-term memory? Select one: a. We sometimes process long-term memories independently of short-term memory. b. We organize episodes in memory in chronological order. c. We form connections between concepts based on experience. d. We organize the contents of memory alphabetically.
We form connections between concepts based on experience.
Agreements among humanists, psychoanalysts, and social learning theorists
We guide our behavior by society's standards
Why can't we consciously recall how we learned to walk when we were infants
We have no conscious memories of events occurring before age 3.5
Organization Collorary
We organize our personal constructs in a hierarchical system, with some constructs in a superordinate position and others subordinate to them. This organization allows us to minimize incompatible constructs.
Social Learning Theorists
What Theorist would believe that a human is neutral at birth (not good nor evil)?
Harlow's research supported Freud's belief that early experiences are very important.
What impact did the Harlows's research with monkeys have on Freud's beliefs about development
Accuracy
What is a major criticism of personality tests?
Describe what they see in an ambiguous picture
What is a person asked to do when taking the Rohrschach inkblot test?
to find socially acceptable ways for the id to be gratified
What is the major responsibility of the ego?
individual survival, self-sacrifice, equality
What is the order, from earliest to latest, of Gilligan's stages of moral development for girls?
getting good grades to earn money from your parents
Whats is an example of Kohlberg's premoral level?
premoral
When a child has no sense of morality, as adults understand the term, Kohlberg would say that the child is at the _______ level of moral reasoning.
Congruent
When our view of self matches what we think we would like to be or what we ought to be, Rogers would say our self-concept is _____.
The client will not share deep personal problems
When resistance occurs in therapy, what event is taking place?
highly extroverted people
When shown pictures of scenes that were happy or positive, ____ showed more arousal than introverted people.
arousal
When shown pictures of scenes that were happy or positive, highly extraverted people showed more ______ than introverted people.
rooting
When young infants are touched on the cheek, they reflexively turn their heads in the direction of the stimulus and begin to "mouth" toward the stimulus. This response is known as the _______ reflex.
Thorazine
Which drug marked the beginning of the drug therapy movement in 1954 with its success in helping schizophrenic patients?
preoperational
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?
to be good and receive approval, they must self-sacrifice and meet the needs of others.
Which of the following describes the moral stage of morality as self-sacrifice?
Medication
Which of the following is NOT included in psychotherapy?
ignoring myths about us
Which of the following is a key psychological variable of happy aging?
Accuracy
Which of the following is a major criticism of personality tests?
accuracy
Which of the following is a major criticism of personality tests?
decline in sperm cell production
Which of the following is an effect of climacteric in men?
premoral, conventional, principled
Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
social learning theorist
Which of the following theorists would believe that a human is neutral at birth (not good nor evil)?
The id
Which structure of Freud's concept of the mind operates according to the pleasure principle?
Innately good
While humanists view humans as _____, psychoanalysts view them as innately evil.
good; evil
While humanists view humans as innately _______, psychoanalysts view them as innately _______.
Diagnosis involves subjective judgements
Why is it so difficult to define abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is NOT true of the resolution phase?
Women cannot achieve orgasm during this time.
preoperational
You give your younger brother Joe a bag of marbles. While he is playing with them, you ask him how many blue marbles there are. He correctly answers, "Nine!" You ask, "How many green marbles?" Joe says, "Four!" You then ask, "Are there more blue or green?" He responds, "Blue!" Finally, you ask, "Are there more blue marbles or more round marbles?" Joe responds, "Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage?
Oedipus
You have observed that Billy, age five, has a strong, affectionate attachment to his mother. In Freudian theory, this is explained as the _____ complex.
Displacement
You really would like to hurt your boss, but you don't. Instead, on the highway driving home you honk at every person in your way. You have substituted your goal of hurting your boss for a more acceptable goal. This process is called ___
You haven't eaten for two days. The only food store that is open is down a dark, creepy alley and your best friends are waiting for you to go to a movie. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs which of the following are you most likely to do?
You'll get the food, then get out of the alley, and then meet your friends
preoperational
Your younger brother has a bag of marbles. While he is playing with them, you ask him how many blue marbles there are. He correctly answers, "Nine!" You ask, "How many green marbles?" Joe says, "Four!" You then ask, "Are there more blue or green?" He responds, "Blue!" Finally, you ask, "Are there more blue marbles or more round marbles?" Joe responds, "Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage?
Conscientious behavior
___ ___, dependable, and truthful actions lead to a longer life, according to research
Adult
____ personalities experience increases in acceptance of life's hardships, being dependable and agreeable
Anal Retentitive
______ _______ people put off getting pleasure until the last moment and like to have everything in its proper place.
Freud; sex and agression
_______'s theory of psychoanalytic theory describes people as having 2 fundamental needs for motives; ____ and _______.
Projective tests
________ are generally unsuccessful in predicting behavior.
Psychoanalytic
__________ Theories share the common beliefs that peoples behavior is motivated largely by unconscious needs; that people feel conflict between getting those needs met, on one hand, and social pressures to behave in ways that wouldn't meet those needs, on the other hand.
Personality
____________ refers to one's typical way of behavior that differentiates a person from others.
puberty
_____________ begins with the production of sex hormones by the ovaries in females and the testes in males.
Critical period
a biologically determined period during which certain forms of learning can take place most easily
Separation Anxiety
a child being fearful of strangers between 6 and 9 months of age
Pre-operational stage
a child is egocentric and uses transductive reasoning
Solitary Play
a child learning to play with toys all by themselves
Which of the following is an example of male secondary sex characteristics?
a deeper voice
The psychological tension that arises in an organism and motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension is called
a drive.
personal fable
a female adolescent imagining that she is the only person who ever had a crush on the boy sitting next to her; the idea that no one can understand her thoughts
You know someone who gets their sexual satisfaction only from licking other people's toes. What type of sexual behavior does this person exhibit?
a fetish
Imprinting
a form of early learning that takes place in some animals
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
a formal operational problem solving strategy in which adolescents begin with a general theory of all possible factors that could affect an outcome in a problem and deduce specific hypotheses, which they test systematically. IE Pendulum task
Stranger anxiety
a normal and healthy development among children as they develop secure attachments to caretakers
Which of the following persons is best described as fixated at the oral stage?
a person who constantly smokes, chews, or puts things into the mouth
Kohlberg's Theory
a person's moral development takes place in three stages
Erikson's Theory
a person's social personality develops in eight stages
Which of the following is NOT a factor that creates obesity?
a raised metabolism as people age.
The reason males cannot have several successive orgasms is that they experience
a refractory period
personality trait
a relatively enduring pattern of behavior that is relatively consistent across situations
Stage
a time period in development that is qualitatively different from the periods that come before and after
Propositional thought
a type of formal operational reasoning in which adolescents evaluate the logic of verbal statements with out referring to real world circumstances. IE. Premise 1: If there is a knife, there is a fork Premise 2: there is not a knife. Question: is there a fork? Answer: Not necessarily
consequences of adolescent thinking
a. Argumentativeness b. self-consciousness and self-focusing c. idealism d. planning and decision making
The notion that a person would forget something because that memory would be threatening to the individual in some way is know as the theory of Select one: a. motivated forgetting. b. spreading networks. c. associative nodes. d. synaptic terminations.
a. motivated forgetting.
A 'sequence of play'
a. solitary play; b. parallel play; c. cooperative play
You happen to hear two psychologists discussing a recent client. They refer to the DSM. What general study of behavior were the psychologists most likely talking about?
abnormal behavior
During REM sleep, ______ dreams take place. Select one: a. all b. about half of c. less than 10% of d. about 80% of
about 80% of
Gene was tired of fighting cancer. Although he did not want to die, he was resigned to it. What stage of dying does Gene's behavior suggest?
acceptance
Little Amy screams with delight as she sees a horse. She yells to her dad, "See doggie." Dad gently corrects her, "No, that's a horse." According to Piaget, what process has occurred?
accommodation
The movement of the eyes as they adjust to objects at different distances is called
accommodation.
People who seek careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because they like the feedback on their performance are high in the need for
achievement.
Xavier has a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. He currently has a medical degree and is in the process of earning a law degree. Xavier has a need for
achievement.
Which of the following is a facet of cognition? Select one: a. emotional b. active c. useless d. passive
active
During which stage of social development do peer relationships become the most important relationship?
adolescence
Puberty marks the onset of
adolescence
A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has been. The boy's beliefs are consistent with
adolescent egocentrism.
Personal fable
adolescent's belief that they are special and unique and invulnerability. I.E. Adolescent girls say that if other girls have unprotected sex, they'll get pregnant. But when asked if they have unprotected sex if they'll get pregnant, they say "no, not me"
Idealism
adolescents become interested in social justice/politics
Social Clock
age graded expectations for life evens such as beginning a first job, getting married, birth of children, buying a home, retiring. -age norms
Maggie is unable to cross certain major streets, and lives her whole life in a four square mile area. She might have
agoraphobia
Important aspects of behavior and mental processes are learned from others. Which psychologist most likely made a statement similar to this?
albert bandura
A newly pregnant woman is warned by a doctor about teratogens. Which of the following does the doctor mention?
alcohol
Which of the following is an example of a relate communication style?
allowing everyone to participate in conversation with very little interruption
In Pavlov's classic studies with dogs and digestion, what was the response that Pavlov measured?
amount of salivation
Kathy says that when she meditates, she feels like she becomes one with the universe. Kathy has experienced
an altered state of consciousness.
Your friend Jim refuses to leave his house and reports that if he is not in his own home he begins to have "tremendous fears." Jim most likely has which of the following
an anxiety disorder
Observational Method
an assessment tool is most likely to be used in the decision to promote an employee
Active genotype-environment correlation
an individual possesses a heritable tendency to seek out certain environments (environmental exposure) Ex. An extrovert seeks out different social experiences
Reactive genotype-environment correlation
an individual's heritable behavior evokes an environmental response Ex. Depression and marital conflict
gender schema
an information processing approach to gender typing that combines social learning and cognitive developmental features. It explains how environmental pressures and children's cognition's work together to shape gender-role development. - IE at an early age children pick up gender-typed preferences and behaviors from others. At the same time they organize their experiences into gender schemas, or girl/boy categories. -they then pick their gender and incorporate it into thier self-perceptions
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
an objective personality test
The involuntary and simultaneous experience of involuntary spasms of many muscle groups during a sexual experience is known as
an orgasm
If John is described as cruel, pushy, messy, and disorderly, Freud would refer to his personality as Select one: a. oral aggressive. b. anal retentive. c. oral receptive. d. anal expulsive.
anal expulsive.
The main class of male sex hormones is
androgens
Your best friend Clarice possesses characteristics that are feminine, but also exhibits masculine characteristics as well. Someone who possesses both masculine and feminine characteristics is known as
androgynous.
The characteristic of possessing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of actual sex is called
androgyny.
If your friend is dealing with his imminent death by screaming, "Why is this happening to me? I have tried to be a good person. It just isn't fair." Your friend is experiencing which of the stages spoken of by Kubler Ross?
anger
Right after Larry discovered he was terminally ill he felt like he could beat the illness. Which of Kübler-Ross's stages will Larry most likely experience next?
anger
A young child tells his parents not to put his new stuffed animal in the toy box because it will get lonely. This is an example of
animism
Who is most likely to respect an aggressive adolescent?
another aggressive adolescent
Neuroticism
another word for emotional instability in Hans Eysenck's two dimensional trait theorr.
Distinctiveness
another word for personality CHARACTERISTICS
In order to control emotions, the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain?
anterior cingulate cortex.
Equal environments assumption
applies only to similar treatment that is related to the specific characteristic under study example: Dressing twins alike and then measuring fashion sense vs. shyness
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who
are socially competent and self-reliant
5 Basic Traits of Personality
are thought to be relatively stable and to be influenced by inheritance and experiences
Rating Scales
are used as observational methods allowing observers to be more objective
Erikson's view of a child's play
as a means through which young children learn about themselves and their social world. Play permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism and failure.
Kubler-Ross Theory
as a person approaches death and dying, they experience denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance
Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ____ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ____.
assimilation; accommodation
Erikson's concept of "generativity" concerns
assisting younger people to develop and lead successful lives
Limitations of twin studies reared Representativeness
assumes that people who adopt are different than people who do not
Assumption of representativeness
assumes that twins are typical of the population example: Possible effect of prematurity or low birth weight
Double-the-difference method
assumes that twins were reared under equal environments Example: If they are treated more similarly, may artificially inflate the estimate, so environmental effect (similar treatment) may be mislabeled as a genetic effect (similar personality)
Limitations of twin studies reared apart: Selectiveness
assumes the adoptive families are different
Ian came home late for curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. What type of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?
authoritarian
Parents using the ____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with the little discussion of the reasons for the rules
authoritarian
Elise demonstrates a parenting style that encourages her children to be independent but still places limit on their behavior. Her parenting style is best described as
authoritative
Mazie's mom is loving and nuturing, sets clear boundaries, and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as
authoritative
The McKellars have a darling, well behaved daughter Mary. They believe that their rational parenting style includes establishing firm guidelines, providing Mary with explanations of the rules, and allowing Mary to have some input into parenting decisions. The McKellars use the style of _____ parenting
authoritative
According to Erikson, at which stage is the person first capable of independent control of his or her own actions?
autonomy verses shame and doubt
Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and
autonomy.
When does adolescence start?
average age of 11, Girls start earlier, boys later
Alcoholic Bart was given an alcoholic drink that contained a substance that will make him very nauseous and induce vomiting. This pairing of a negative stimulus with an abnormal habit is called
aversive conditioning
According to humanistic theory, if a feeling has been symbolized, it means that we are
aware of it
Social learning theory suggests that catharsis in the form of hitting a punching bag or throwing things will lead to
b. an increase in violent behavior. Correct
A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it became clear that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are Select one: a. determined by subconscious expectations. b. governed by circadian rhythms. c. controlled by daily lunar cycles. d. correlated with lunar rotation.
b. governed by circadian rhythms
In Erik Erikson's theory of development, the first stage is involved with
basic trust vs. mistrust
One method to help avoid groupthink from occurring would be to have someone in the group
be a devil's advocate.
Differences in polymorphic genes can help explain differences in
behavior and mental processes
Differences in polymorphic genes can help explain differences in
behavior and mental processes.
Situationism
behavior is consistent when the environment we inhabit remains consistent.
Which type of therapist is most likely to maintain that a client is acting depressed because the behavior is being rewarded by the people around him?
behavior therapists
Because motivation cannot be directly observed, it must be inferred from
behaviors.
Mark flunks a history test and says to himself, "I'm a failure." According to rational emotive therapy; Mark telling himself that he is a failure is an example of his
belief system
According to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's
beliefs about control over his or her life.
Expectancy value theories assume that the actions of humans cannot be predicted without an understanding of people's
beliefs and values.
Humanists
believe that a person's psychological experience is best understood by asking the person about it and taking his or her word for it
If a paranoid schizophrenic is reported to have delusions of grandeur, this means that they
believe that they are exceptionally important.
The symptoms of FASD are most likely to include
below-average intelligence
when do first friendships form?
between ages 2-6
In many lower animals, sexual motivation is most closely driven by Select one: a. biological factors. b. individual survival. c. psychological factors. d. level of male estrogen.
biological factors.
One of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on
biologically determined patterns of behavior.
A person who is either male or female and is attracted to both sexes is called
bisexual.
Based on available evidence, inheritance influences the _______ of our behavior.
broad dimensions
Chronological Age
calendar age.
Displacement
can sometimes be good, such as substituting a socially desirable goal (for example, losing weight) for a socially undesirable goal (for example, bombing the grocery store).
Piaget's use of the term egocentric means that the child
cannot see things from another's prospective.
One of the greatest struggles infant researchers face is the fact that infants
cannot use language
In Allport's personality theory, ______ traits dominate a person's life.
cardinal
Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation?
caregiver leaves infant with stranger and returns later
Sometimes in psychotherapy the patient has a release of pent up emotions, a process called
catharsis
Which of the following biological theories of aging emphasizes the role of telomeres?
cellular clock
Genotype-Environment interaction
certain environments have different effects on people depending on their specific genetic makeup (genotype) A genotype responds differently to an environment
Developmental psychology is best described as a study of Select one: a. the physical human growth process. b. how people become individuals. c. how the environment shapes human beings. d. changes in behavior across the entire life span.
changes in behavior across the entire life span.
Adolescent egocentrism
characterized by an imaginary audience, the personal fable, hypocrisy, and pseudostupidity
Formal Operational Stage
characterized by the ability to use abstract concepts (Piaget)
Pedophilia is a psychosexual disorder involving
children
Insecure attachment
children cling excessively to the caretaker and become upset when seperated
'Two Way Street'
children's behavior affects their parents' behavior just as parents' behavior affects child behavior
The most common sexually transmitted infection is
chlamydia.
adolescent risks
choosing risky behavior, experiencing parent / child conflicts, greater mood changes
A baby is born with sexual organs that are ambiguous. What could have caused this?
chromosome defects
All cells in the human body contain microscopic structures called
chromosomes
The procedure known as ______ uses electrical probes to destroy the cingulated cortex of the limbic system.
cingulotomy
Mary's therapist focuses on her current situation and aids her by sharing feelings and providing warmth. This therapist is most likely to have a background in
client centered therapy
The text reports of a study in which infant monkeys were given surrogate mothers made of wire and cloth. Infant monkeys displayed a strong preference for the
cloth mother
Exons
coding regions (2-3% of functioning genes)
the ability to multiply two numbers together falls under ________ development
cognitive
adulthood
cognitive abilities, such as knowledge of facts and word meanings improve as one approaches _______
The theory of emotion that proposes that physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of a stimulus happen simultaneously is known as the
cognitive arousal theory of emotion.
The _____ gender theory suggests that children start acting in male or female ways only after they understand ______
cognitive development; gender
The therapy based upon the assumption that abnormal behavior is due to faulty ways of thinking and believing is
cognitive therapy
Most psychologists believe the roles of nature and nurture Select one: a. are equal across many aspects of development. b. vary in importance. c. combine to form our behavior but not our thoughts. d. combine to influence behavior and our thoughts.
combine to influence behavior and our thoughts.
The desire to have someone near to you and feelings of deep, caring affection for a person are traits of ________ love.
companionate
According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, the need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one's life is the need for
competence.
When the term insanity is used to determine whether or not a person should stand trial, it is used in the context of
competence.
Reversibility is a skill usually not achieved until Piaget's _____ stage
concrete operational
Women who breastfeed their babies often notice that the crying of any infant may result in milk ejection. In this case, the crying of any infant is a(n) Select one: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. conditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
If you participated in a research study and your results accidentally became public and were linked to you by name, this would be a breach of
confidentiality
According to psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are necessary because of
conflict between the id and the superego
Skinner's view of personality is that it is a set of habits or behaviors that are
consequences
I have two glasses of equal amounts of water. I pour one of them into a taller thinner glass. When I ask Charles, "Do I have the same amount or does one glass contain more or less than the other?" he says, "You have the same amount because you haven't added any water or taken any away." Charles demonstrates
conservation
The work of Harry and Margaret Harlow established that
contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process
According to research, the happiest older adults are those who
continue to be active in meaningful activities
According to research, the happiest older adults are those who
continue to be active in meaningful activities.
According to the information-processing model, attention serves as a Select one: a. temporary memory buffer. b. control mechanism. c. retrieval mechanism. d. sensory register.
control mechanism.
A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the ____ level.
conventional
When your behavior is dictated by general accepted standards or is based on a personal moral code, you are in Kohlberg's ______ level of moral thinking
conventional
Your roommate tells you not to cheat in this course because the instructor said that it was wrong. Your roommate is operating at the ______ level of moral development, according to Kohlberg
conventional
Mary has become blind, but there is no organic basis for her loss of vision. If psychological factors were the foot of Mary's problem, her diagnosis would be
conversion disorder
Based on the research, which of the following characteristics is more likely to occur in women? Select one: a. cooperative b. competitive c. dominant d. assertive
cooperative
Which of the following is a characteristic that helped women band together in groups large enough to scare off predators in search of their young?
cooperative
Which of the following would be an operational definition designed to measure the amount of violence on television?
counting the number of homicides that occur on a TV show
When trying to reduce the frequency of behavior using punishment, criticism is often used by parents and teachers. However, researchers have argued that this leads to the criticism trap. What is the criticism trap? Select one: a. The criticism of our children, for any type of misbehavior, can lead to the decline or inhibition of all behaviors, including positive ones. b. Researchers have criticized the use of punishment because of its cruel nature, especially with the risks of child abuse. c. One of the criticisms of punishment is that although it might reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior, it does not strengthen an alternative desirable behavior. d. Criticism intending to be a negative consequence is perceived as attention by the child and therefore is a positive reinforcer.
d. Criticism intending to be a negative consequence is perceived as attention by the child and therefore is a positive reinforcer.
Which is the correct order of categories, from most specific to most broad? Select one: a. basic, superordinate, subordinate b. basic, subordinate, superordinate c. subordinate, superordinate, basic d. subordinate, basic, superordinate
d. subordinate, basic, superordinate
Which of the following is an effect of climacteric in men? Select one: a. increase in sex hormones b. decline in sperm cell production c. men don't experience climacteric d. increase in sperm cell production
decline in sperm cell production
People are tested for peripheral vision by driving machines. If declines are found, the physical cause probably involves
decrease in rods.
A false belief that distorts reality is
delusion
Jean Piaget
demonstrated that children of different ages understand the world in ways that are often very different from the way adults understand it.
According to the research of Kubler Ross, the first stage of dying is called
denial
Lawrence Kohlberg
developed a stage theory focusing on the development of moral reasoning, especially among boys
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
developed a theory explaining the stages that occur leading to the acceptance of death
Erik Erikson
developed the theory that personality development and maturation changes by age through eight stages
The sequence of progressive changes that begin with conception and continue throughout life are known as
development
Rogers' Humanistic View
differences between the self and the ideal self are uncomfortable to experience, lead to incongruence, and lead to unsymbolized feelings
Infant Stefano cries virtually every time and has difficulty with new situations. His temperament is best described as
difficult
Impulse control
difficulties with self regulating control emotions and behavior
According to the work of Ekman and Friesen, which of the following is one of the seven universally recognized facial expressions of emotion?
disgust.
Suppose that your professor embarrasses you in front of the entire class. Later at lunch, you become very angry when someone asks you a question, and you begin yelling at her. Your behavior reflects the use of
displacement
You had a lousy day at work. You really would like to hurt your boss, but you don't. Instead, on the highway driving home you honk at every person in your way. You have substituted your goal of hurting your boss for a more acceptable goal. This process is called
displacement.
Learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings are known as
display rules.
Which of the following is a component of the definition of an attitude? Select one: a. nature of the environment b. level of homeostasis c. the situation encountered d. disposition to behavior
disposition to behavior
antisocial
disregard and violation of the rights of others occuring since 15 years old of age
A woman wanders away from her hometown and is discovered five years later in a distant city under a different name and identity. She is probably suffering from
dissociation amnesia
Psychogenic amnesia and psychogenic fugue are forms of ______ disorders
dissociative
If you are a ______ thinker, you are more easily able to break out of mental sets and think in very creative ways.
divergent
The term used to describe a split in conscious awareness that allows us to perform two or more tasks at the same time is Select one: a. dissociated personality disorder. b. multiple personality disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. divided consciousness.
divided consciousness.
When two activities are simultaneously attended to, consciousness is said to be
divided.
Fraternal twins are also called
dizygotic (DZ) twins Share 50% DNA
The majority of children of divorced parents
do not have adjustment issues
In classical conditioning, what does the person (or animal) have to do in order for learning to occur? The organism (human or animal) Select one: a. does not have to do anything. b. needs to be ready to receive positive reinforcement. c. must be resistant to multiple forms of punishment. d. has to have reached the age of maturity.
does not have to do anything.
Chromosome abnormality caused by the presence of an additional twenty-first chromosome that results in physical irregularities and mental retardation is
down-symdrome
When do the primary sex characteristics begin to form?
during the fifth week of pregnancy
Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that
each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various life stages
Infant Caleb can be taken just about anywhere and seems to flourish in new surroundings. His temperament is best described as
easy
The id, left unchecked, would lead a person into trouble because of the pursuit of selfish and aggressive behavior. It is the responsibility of the ______ to keep the id in check.
ego
A 13 year old has his first girlfriend. After a while they break up, and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with the view of
egocentrism
Evidence gathered from publicly observable behavior is known as ______ evidence.
empirical
Which of the following is the most common male sexual dysfunction?
erectile dysfunction
The parts of the body which become the primary outlets of sexual energy are known as ______ zones. Select one: a. erogenous b. erroneous c. proximal d. enlightenment
erogenous
Transductive reasoning
errors concluding what are cause and effect relationships
The termination of a behavior is known as ______ conditioning, while preventing the behavior from occurring all along is known as ______ conditioning. Select one: a. avoidance; escape b. generalized; specified c. escape; avoidance d. specified; generalized
escape; avoidance
_____ is the female hormone and _____ is the male hormone
estrogen; androgen
What do the goals of treatment, choice of treatment, and voluntary client participation have in common? They are ________ considerations in psychotherapy.
ethical
The phrase "survival of the fittest" is most closely associated with the ______ perspective of psychology.
evolutionary
Master and Johnson identified four components of the human sexual response cycle. What are they (in the order that they occur)?
excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution
Compared to others, people with a Type A personality tend to
experience greater physiological arousal in competitive situations.
Early experiences
experience occurring early in development believed by some to have lasting effects
For a formal experiment to yield valid results, all alternative explanations for the findings must be ruled out by a process of
experimental control.
Whereas social learning theory is interested in _______ of personality, trait theories are interested in _______ of personality.
explaining the origins; describing the nature
An example of a stimulus motive is
exploration.
Which of the following is a goal of interpersonal psychotherapy in helping a client with depression? Select one: a. express feelings in constructive ways b. focus on understanding the past c. develop a healthy pessimistic focus d. fix all relationships, no matter what
express feelings in constructive ways
environmentality
extent to which observed individual differences can be traced to individual environmental differences
If you are paying your child for every correct math problem on tonight's homework, and the child wouldn't even work on math if left up to him, the use of money would be taken as an example of ______ motivation.
extrinsic
The desire to avoid an unpleasant consequence is an example of
extrinsic motivation.
The ________ is an adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory that when an emotion is expressed freely on the face, the emotion intensifies.
facial feedback hypothesis
Lisa is the lead actor in a tear-jerking play. She spends most of her time on stage "crying." Even though she feels happy and upbeat before the show, she finds that she often feels down after the show. This is an example of which emotional theory?
facial feedback hypothesis.
How does body temperature change in relation to the circadian rhythm linked to the sleep cycle? Body temperature Select one: a. falls during REM sleep but rises again during the periods of non-REM sleep. b. falls at the beginning of sleep and starts to rise by the middle of your sleep cycle. c. falls at the beginning of sleep and continues to fall until the middle of your sleep period. d. rises during dreams that are anxiety-provoking but rises during dreams that are calm.
falls at the beginning of sleep and continues to fall until the middle of your sleep period.
On average, men can throw _____ and with more ______ than women.
farther;accuaracy
Which of the following, when consumed in excess, can lead to high levels of cholesterol? Select one: a. fresh vegetables b. fatty red meats c. low-fat dairy products d. lean white meats
fatty red meats
Extroversion
feeling free and open to reveal personal information
The following characteristics are typical of a North American ________: illogical, changeable, emotional, sensitive, naturally nurturing, patient, and incapable of understanding mechanics.
female stereotype
When a person obtains sexual satisfaction by the use of an unusual object or by participating in an atypical situation, the general term for this psychosexual disorder is
fetishism
Permissive Parents
few rules and rare punishment for misbehavior
Compared to individuals in their 20s, individuals in their 70s showed declines in
fluid intelligence
developmental psychology
focuses on how people change / develop across the life span.
The technique from persuasion called ______ means that a person makes a small request first to get you to agree, then makes a larger request second.
foot-in-the-door
An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities may well be functioning in the ___ stage of cognitive development.
formal
Adolescent egocentrism occurs during the _______ stage of cognitive development
formal operational
Individuals are able to engage in hypothetical deductive reasoning after they achieve ______ thought
formal operational
Jason is working on a problem for his science class and is systematically going over every possibly outcome. Jason is in the ___ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Introversion
four of the five Big Five personality traits
When a psychoanalysts asks a client to talk about whatever comes in mind, he or she is using the technique of
free association
concrete operational stage
friendship groups or cliques begin
You enjoyed your general psychology course so much that you decided to register for more psychology courses next semester. However, you are among the last to register and all the desirable psychology courses are already filled. The stress you are feeling is the result of
frustration.
Transsexuals believe they are trapped in the wrong body for their sex. In this instance, the body fails to match the person's
gender identity
An individual's sense of being male or female is called
gender identity.
The extent to which children view behaviors and attitudes as being associated with either the male or female role is known as
gender role
Emotional expressiveness, dependence, and nurturance are traditional feminine
gender roles.
Western cultures expect men to be "manly," to not show emotion, to be strong, aggressive, independent, and interested in sports. This is an example of
gender roles.
Peer pressure and a desire to be like other girls may be one of the reasons why Pennie acts like most girls do. This motivation to conform to gender stereotypes is indicative of ______ theory
gender schema
The ______ theory proposes that gender identity is acquired as a child develops a mental pattern for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that mental pattern.
gender schema
A little girl observes that all of her teachers are women. Therefore, when she plays, she pretends to be a teacher and she decides that when she grows up she wants to be a teacher. This is an example of
gender schema theory.
A boy watches his father shave every morning and believes that to be a man, he must shave. When he grows up, he shaves every day whether or not he needs to. This is an example of
gender typing.
Anna's mother takes her to get a pedicure for her birthday, telling her, "a lady always has pretty feet." This is an example of
gender typing.
The process of acquiring gender-role characteristics is called
gender typing.
The psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine are known as
gender.
Jennifer worries constantly about grades, classes, and about how her family and friends feel about her. She seems to be anxious about most things in her life. Her behavior best fits the diagnosis of
generalized anxiety disorder.
A forty year old executive feels that life is boring. According to Erikson, what stage of development is this person confronting?
generativity versus stagnation
The nature or nurture issue involves a debate about the relative contributions to development by Select one: a. genes and chromosomes. b. learning and culture. c. society and family. d. genes and environment.
genes and environment.
A stage theorist is likely to believe that development proceeds according to
genetic blueprint
Biological Aging
genetically influenced, age related, health declines in the functioning or organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species. in you live line long enough, you'll experince some sort of decline
According to Carl Rogers, characteristics of the therapists that improve the probability of successful therapy are
genuineness, accurate empathy, and unconditional positive regard
In which type of psychotherapy is a heavy emphasis placed on congruence between verbal and nonverbal behavior, being open about one's feelings, and role play activities
gestalt ¬therapy
The most common cell in the brain is the
glial cell.
Characteristics of agreeableness
good-natured, softhearted, selfless, and forgiving
J insists that people call him Jesus and that he died for their sins. J is suffering from which of the following type of delusion?
grandeur
Max had been in the hospital for 12 years. Everyone knew him, but they didn't call him Max. He insisted that they call him J.C. and that he had died once for their sins. Max suffered from delusions of ________, a symptom of ________ schizophrenia.
grandeur; paranoid
All of the following are stages in Erikson's theory of development EXCEPT
growth vs regression
According to Erikson, if a child does not develop a sense of initiative, he or she will likely develop a sense of
guilt
Comparison of twins between MZ and DZ twins raised together
h2=2(rMZ-rDZ) Heritability = 2 times the correlation of identical twins minus 2 times the correlation of fraternal twins
Comparison of MZ twins raised in separate environments
h2=rMZA Heritability= the correlation between MZA twins
The Terman study that followed gifted children from childhood through adulthood found that the gifted individuals Select one: a. were just as successful as non-gifted individuals. b. had higher rates of adult alcoholism. c. had a lower death rate than the national average. d. had average family incomes.
had a lower death rate than the national average.
The Janus report stated that 19 percent of men and 8 percent of women
had sexual intercourse before the age of 14.
Concerning success in mathematics courses, women tend to attribute their own success to Select one: a. innate predisposition. b. luck. c. hard work. d. intellectual ability.
hard work.
Which of the following is a common physical cause of intellectual decline in old age?
hardening of the arteries of the brain.
The area in psychology that studies factors surrounding health, lifestyles, and health care is called _______ psychology.
health
adolescent egocentrism
heightened self-consciousness of adolescents that is reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are.
The two halves of the cerebral cortex are called cerebral
hemispheres.
Physiologically, the body responds to anger with
higher heart rate and blood pressure.
How are hormones different from neurotransmitters?
hormones are carried in the bloodstream.
Functional Age
how old your body seems
The cognitive view of depression states that it is not that bad things happening to a person causes depression, but
how we interpret those events makes all the difference.
In working with nonhuman animals, ______ refers to the concept of minimizing the discomfort of animals, such as performing surgeries under adequate anesthesia.
humane treatment
Therapies that aim to help people feel better about their own uniqueness grow out of _______ theories
humanistic existential
What do we know to be true about human behavior?
humans are social animals
Humanistic theory
humans possess an inner directedness that guides their thoughts and behavior
Mary goes to the doctor at least twice a month and is always worried about becoming ill, even though the doctor assures her that her health is perfect. Mary's pattern resembles
hypochondriasis
One of the pleasure centers of the brain is found in the
hypothalmus
The pituitary gland is primarily controlled by the
hypothalmus
Life instincts and death instincts are components of the Select one: a. id. b. preconscious. c. ego. d. subconscious.
id
MZA Twins
identical twins that have been raised in separate environments.
Resolutions of Identity Crisis
identity achievement: crisis and commitment identity foreclosure: no crisis and yes to commitment Identity moratorium: yes to crisis no to commitment Identity defused: no crisis, no commitment
"I want to be a surgeon. But my father was a surgeon and he had no time for his family. I do not want to close off my opportunities to be a mother!" This young woman is expressing the crisis of
identity versus role confusion
Erikson's Adolescent Stage
identity vs. identity diffusion. Age 20-40
Which of the following best describes the relationship between dominant and recessive genes?
if both genes are present and the dominant gene is expressed.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an altered state of consciousness? Select one: a. sense of division b. illogical c. clear perception d. describable
illogical
Bill suddenly realized how to solve a difficult problem. According to Wallas, Bill has just completed the creative process step called Select one: a. verification. b. incubation. c. preparation. d. illumination.
illumination.
Rapid innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen is termed
imprinting
Sumblimation
in terms of the interests of society, the best form of displacement
Which of the following is a goal of family therapy? Select one: a. decrease communication among family members b. decrease the amount of intimacy among family members c. decrease the number of rules set for all family members d. increase the amount of warmth among family members
increase the amount of warmth among family members
In the United States, which of the following would be considered to be a masculine trait? Select one: a. nurturing b. independent c. sensitive to others d. emotionally expressive
independent
Research has shown that cultures that are more ______and have high standards of living are more nontraditional in gender role expectations and cultures that are more ______ and have less wealth are more traditional in gender role expectations.
individualistic; collectivistic
Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?
individuals will make choices based on what others think of them
Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. However, when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's stages does this reflect?
industry vs. inferiority
If you use defense mechanisms to cope with stress, you are using a(n) _______ coping strategy.
ineffective
The study of the sexual life style of the Mangaians serves as an example that the sexual motive is
influence by learning
Most psychologists agree that biology
influences human behavior.
The Eisenberg's want to raise their children to be highly moral individuals. They should provide their children with
information on expected behaviors
Memory theories based on the similarities between the operation of the human brain and the computer are called _______ theories.
information processing
Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?
insulin.
The older adult who sees meaning in his or her life continues to live a satisfying existence. Erikson refers to this as
integrity
In terms of motivation, needs and drives are ______ while incentives are ______
internal; external
The psychoanalyst explains to the patient that his dream symbolizes an unresolved conflicts involving his parents. This typical therapeutic strategy is called
interpretation
The most widely used method of personality assessment is the Select one: a. profile. b. interview. c. polygraph. d. survey.
interview.
Erikson views early adulthood as a period during which the person is building a network of social relationships and making close contact with potential mates. The crisis experience at this time is
intimacy versus isolation
Erikson described early adulthood as a period during which the person is building a network of social relationships and making close contact with potential mates. The crisis experience at this time is known as
intimacy vs. isolation
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions claims that the physiological arousal associated with emotion _______ the cognitive experience of emotion.
is independent of.
Authoritarian Parenting Style
is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive control and low in autonomy granting, most successful approach, involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting.
Permissive Parenting Style
is warm and accepting but uninvolved. overindulging or inattentive and engage little control. Grant TO MUCH autonomy
To say that a theory is tentative means that it
is what we believe right now, but it could change.
According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood?
it's the law
Gender differences in emotion and social behavior tend to be
larger than differences in cognitive behavior.
Common Parenting Mistakes
lax parenting; reinforcement of mis-behavior; verbosity; over-reacting to situations
An algorithm is a systematic pattern of reasoning that Select one: a. leads to a correct solution if followed. b. generates multiple, possible solutions to test. c. followed a preprogrammed series of shortcuts. d. records individual trials and errors.
leads to a correct solution if followed.
The term "conditioning" as used by Ivan Pavlov is another term for
learning.
The writings of Aristotle are important to psychology's origins because they were concerned with the nature of
life.
Cedric saw an ad for a big screen television at a great price. When he went to the television showroom he was told that the model was completely sold out, but another similar model was available for a slightly higher price. This is an example of the
low-ball technique.
In Maslow's need hierarchy, motives toward the top of the pyramid do not begin to operate until
lower level needs are satisfied
What type of task might a person be asked to do if taking a projective test?
make up a story.
When a biologist tells you it is the rutting season for deer, it means the _______ deer are _______.
male;producing sperm
These preferences, a younger mate, a physically attractive mate, and a mate who has good housekeeping skills, are the preferences of
men
Erikson's Productivity vs. Stagnation Stage
middle adulthood. An evaluation period where you stop and look at what you've accomplished in relation to your jobs.
Bandura's famous study with the children and the Bobo doll was a demonstration of
modeling
In social skills training, a therapist typically ________ appropriate social behaviors.
models
Identical twins are also known as
monozygotic (MZ) twins share 100% of DNA
Identical twins are also known as
monozygotic twins.
Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding principles that guide what people should do is part of ___ development.
moral
Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are more likely to be
more responsive
Order
most developmental psychologists believe children pass through the same stages in the same ___
Biological
most developmental psychologists believe stages are ___ programmed to unfold
Since most nonprimate mammals have no color vision, you would expect their eyes to have
mostly rods
If you are a psychologist interested in studying why people think and act the way they do, then you are interested in
motivation
Going to college means that you will meet new friends, gain freedom, increase job options, and so on. It also means the possibility of failure, leaving old friends, and so on. Thus, going to college may present a(n)
multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
In Maslow's hierarchy of motives, lower needs
must be satisfied before higher needs.
In helping to understand how we develop, the ______ approach suggests we are controlled by biological factors, while the ______ approach suggests that the psychological environment determines who we are.
nature;nurture
Sensation seekers
need more arousal in the form of more complex and varied sensory experiences.
In a double blind study, who knows about the details of the study?
neither the experimenter nor the participant
Introversion
never reveal personal information
With the moon illusion, the moon looks larger when it is
next to the horizon
Dreams occurring during ________ sleep are briefer, less fragmented, and less likely to involve visual images compared to ________ sleep. Select one: a. REM; non-REM b. non-REM; REM c. hypnagogic; REM d. hypnagogic; non-REM
non-REM; REM
Introns
noncoding regions (so-called "junk" DNA)
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of
object permance
Infants of different ages spend some time watching a toy go in and out of sight around a circular track. After a while, an experimenter switches toys, so that something unfamiliar comes into the child's field of vision. Five months olds show no responses to this, but sixteen month olds are surprised. The basic difference between these children is likely to be
object permanence
Infancy
object permanence, telegraphic speech, and separation anxiety all develop during ___
The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is known as Select one: a. egocentrism. b. object permanence. c. hindsight bias. d. conservation.
object permanence.
Social learning theory suggests that a girl learns feminine behaviors by
observing and imitating females
Anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away are learned
obsessions
If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and saw stars or flashes of light, cells were stimulated in your ________ lobe.
occipital
A person described as androgynous has characteristics
of both males and females
Fluid intelligence
older adults approaching their 70's often show declines in ____
In identification theory, a child is initially attracted to the ______ parent, but will eventually adopt the behaviors of the ______ parent
opposite; same sex
Which of the following is the shortest phase of the sexual-response cycle?
orgasm
College students from African countries are more likely to believe that their negative emotions as being caused by Select one: a. environmental toxins. b. internal thoughts. c. other people. d. abject poverty.
other people.
An astral projection can be thought of in common terms as a/n Select one: a. out-of-body experience. b. mindful state of tranquility. c. manifest content dream. d. stimulus incorporation event.
out-of-body experience.
To say that someone is extraverted means that they are socially
outgoing
To say that someone is extraverted means that they are socially
outgoing.
Which of the following is an example of female primary sex characteristics?
ovaries
Gate control theory is associated with
pain
Jack was sitting reading a book when all of a sudden he felt he was "losing his mind." His heart beat faster and he began to sweat and tremble. He was probably experiencing a(n)
panic disorder
A sexual disorder in which the person either prefers to, or must, achieve sexual arousal and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is unusual or not socially acceptable is
paraphilia.
Another name for atypical sexual behavior is
paraphilia.
Erogenous Zones
parts of the body which become the primary outlets of sexual energy
When our genes and environment are linked with a person doing anything to cause the link, this is known as ______ gene-environment correlation.
passive
According to Maslow, a time in a person's life during which self-actualization has been temporarily achieved is a
peak experience.
Positive genotype-environment correlations
people with high genetic values for a characteristic find themselves in environments with low values for that characteristic
As the children line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be the line leader. He is most likely receiving ___ parenting.
permissive
Jill's parents set very few limits or boundaries for her. They use a(n) ___ parenting style.
permissive
Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They are exhibiting a(n) ___ parenting style.
permissive/neglectful
Conflict is often illustrated in cartoons by a drawing in which the person is caught between a little angel and a little devil. Assuming this elements are an analogy for the id, ego, and superego, the ego is represented by the
person in between
Horney's Psychoanalytic Theory
personality is formed because of anxious insecurity, causing all sorts of conflicts
Psychoanalytic theory
personality theory attributed to Sigmund Freud
The person who truly thinks that it rained today to punish them for getting their car washed today is most likely exhibiting the signs of
personalization.
A child desires the affection of the opposite-sex parent and wants to eliminate the same-sex parent. According to Freudian theory, these feelings develop in the _______ stage.
phallic
The genitals become the primary source of pleasure during Freud's ______ stage of personality development.
phallic
The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex develop and are resolved during the
phallic stage
Larry's mother did not enjoy going to the mall. Whenever she went she invariably asked Larry to take her home within ten minutes. One day Larry wanted to stay and insisted that she wait for him. After about ten more minutes his mother reported feeling a smothering and choking sensation, like she was trapped and could not get enough air. Her symptoms are probably the result of a(n)
phobic disorder.
According to studies of gender differences in emotion and social behavior, men are more likely to engage in
physical aggression.
Which of the following is an element of emotion?
physical arousal.
Other things being equal, when we are forming an impression about a person, we tend to
place greater emphasis on negative characteristics than on positive.
In the middle of a study concerning pain reduction, you give a participant a pill and tell him it is a painkiller. It is actually a sugar pill. The person feels a reduction of pain. The ______ effect helps to explain how this can happen.
placebo
When sexual pleasure is very high but not yet at its peak, the person has most likely reached the _______ phase of sexual response.
plateau
When groups of people are asked for their advice, they will sometimes take extreme positions and recommend risky options. This is known as
polarization.
According to Kohleberg's theory of moral development, individuals who are willing to risk their lives and freedom for a belief operate on the ____ level of moral development
postconventioal
If Tony only shares with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the ____ level of moral development.
preconventional
When your behavior is dictated by thoughts of external punishment or rewards, you are in Kohlberg's _____ level of moral thinking
preconventional
Kohlberg has developed three basic levels of moral reasoning, including
preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select one: a. premoral, conventional, principled b. preconventional, principled, moral c. preoperational, conventional, principled d. premoral, principled, conventional
premoral, conventional, principled
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?
preoperational
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentrism?
preoperational
Stress arising from negative events is called
pressure.
Food, water, warmth, novel stimulation, physical activity, and sexual gratification are all examples of Select one: a. primary reinforcers. b. secondary reinforcers. c. tertiary reinforcers. d. latent learning.
primary reinforcers.
When we use a certain cognitive process to reach a goal temporarily blocked by an obstacle, we are using
problem solving.
When asked what your parent's phone number is, you cannot repeat it, but a moment later you can dial it from memory without looking it up. In this case, which memory system has served you well? Select one: a. procedural memory b. declarative memory c. effortful encoding d. proactive disinhibition
procedural memory
The cocktail party phenomenon describes a situation in which individuals Select one: a. process incoming information even if they are not consciously attending to it. b. when spending time in groups start to think with one mind, following a strong leader. c. who consume alcohol lose their inhibitions and process information differently. d. invited to the party exhibit feelings of superiority compared to those not invited.
process incoming information even if they are not consciously attending to it.
What are the three primary facets of cognition? Select one: a. is complex, uses expert systems, is generative b. processes information, is active, is useful c. subordinate, conjunctive, disjunctive d. basic, useful, natural
processes information, is active, is useful
When referring to the essence of life, Aristotle used the term ______ translated from the Greek, meaning mind.
psyche
If a psychotherapist is working hard to create a condition where the censorship of the ego is relaxed, then this person is most likely using a ______ approach to psychotherapy.
psychoanalytic
Which theory of personality is the most compatible with the view that humans are pleasure seeking creatures driven by motives such as lust, aggression, and greed?
psychoanalytic theory
Avoidance of boredom is best classified as an example of which of the following needs?
psychological need
A person wishes to study how vision is affected by various stimulus conditions. Which specialty field within psychology would be best suited to his or her interest?
psychophysics
The inability to achieve orgasm could be cited as an example of
psychosexual dysfunctions
The process of sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is known as
puberty
cerebral cortex
rains of neurotic persons shown sad scenes evoking negative emotions showed an increase in activity of the ____.
If while playing softball you drop a high fly to the center field and say, "Hey it's only a game!" you probably used which ego defense mechanism?
rationalization
Sensory systems have specialized neurons that transform physical energy into neural messages. These specialized neurons are called
receptors
In social learning theory, the fact that an individual's behavior and the social learning environment continually influence each other is known as
reciprocal determination.
The idea that we learn behaviors from the environment but also that our behavior changes the environment is know as
reciprocal determination.
When you must choose correct information among alternatives, what type of memory test is being utilized?
recognition
If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite the changes in its shape
Traits are defined as
relatively enduring and consistent ways of behaving
Research has shown that when men communicate, they tend to talk about current events and sports, they switch topics frequently, and they attempt to dominate the conversation. This is a _____ communication style.
report
Your child has entered the stage Piaget called preoperational. Which of these do you now expect your child to be able to do?
represent the world with words and images
Suppose that you have a friend who was in a crap crash. In which his brother was killed. Even though he knows that the crash occurred, he cannot remember any of the details of the accident. Your friend is engaging in
repression
To keep powerful desires out of consciousness altogether is an example of Select one: a. projection. b. intellectualization. c. repression. d. regression.
repression.
Engaged in life's activities
research clearly demonstrates that happy aging is related to being ___
Carol Gilligan
researched the ideal of moral development among girls is far different than boys
Jennifer canceled her next appointment with her analyst after a particularly disturbing session. The analyst would probably suggest Jennifer's behavior is an example of
resistance
During which phase of the human sexual response cycle does the refractory period occur?
resolution
In Gestalt therapy, the therapist shows concern for the client but also deals with the client in a confrontational and challenging manner. This environment where the client is attempting to improve via confrontation is known as a
safe emergency.
According to Maslow, which of the following needs would have to be the first to be satisfied?
safety
An associative network of beliefs, knowledge, and expectations is known as a Select one: a. register. b. schema. c. hybrid. d. collection.
schema.
Margaret hears voices on her TV even when it is off and believes unscrupulous businessmen are attempting to steal her secret recipes. Margaret's symptoms must closely resemble those found in
schizophrenia
Of Allport's categories of traits, which traits tend to describe a specific aspect of a person's personality?
secondary
The more obvious physical changes that occur during puberty are called
secondary sex characteristics
According to Rogers, what are the two kinds of self-concept?
self and ideal self.
Egocentrism
self centered thinking, characteristics of pre-operational children
Masters and Johnson recommend a technique called ____ to treat premature ejaculation.
sensate focus
Piaget called the period of the cognitive development from birth to 2 years the _____ stage
sensorimotor
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage
Which of the following would indicate that a human parent and child have formed a strong attachment? Select one: a. imprinting b. infant egocentrism c. separation anxiety d. object permanence
separation anxiety
Gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Which of the following is a primary motive? Select one: a. sex b. acceptance c. love d. achievement
sex
According to Freud, from birth on your life was dominated by the motive(s)
sex and aggression
libido
sexual drive, according to Freud
Organic factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors can all be causes of
sexual dysfunction.
It was Freud's emphasis of ______ that led Carl Jung to break away from Freud and continue to develop his own ideas about human behavior without Freud. Select one: a. sexual motivation b. unconscious desire c. oral-anal fixations d. the Oedipal complex
sexual motivation
A person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or the same sex is called
sexual orientation.
The term heterosexual refers to a person's
sexual orientation.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding basic concepts? Basic concepts Select one: a. share similar shapes. b. share few attributes. c. are not easily named. d. rarely share motor movements.
share similar shapes.
collective conscious thoughts
shared with everyone
Rehearsal is a process that helps renew the information being held in
short-term memory.
Joe thinks that the only reason he did poorly on his driver's test was that it contained all trick questions. What type of attribution is Joe using here?
situational attribution
A bicyclist finds that she can cycle faster during competition than when she is riding alone. This is likely to be caused by Select one: a. social learning. b. counter-conditioning. c. social facilitation. d. deindividuation.
social facilitation.
The _______ theory attributes gender-role development to learning behavior through observation and imitation of models.
social learning
The theory of personality that stresses the functions of reinforcement and imitation is the ______
social learning
A little boy protected his sister from a strange dog when they were out for a walk. The parents praised him profusely for his bravery and his "manly" behavior. This is an example of the ______ of gender identity.
social learning theory
Which of the following is NOT one of the five main features of emerging adulthood as identified by Jeffrey Arnett?
social obligation
A therapist guided her client to perform new behaviors by giving instructions and demonstrations. The therapist most likely used
social skills training.
Examining adolescent dating patterns falls under the study of ____ development
socio-emotional
Elizabeth is told by her mother that her interest in sex is evil. Elizabeth can no longer feel pleasure when she has sex. This sexual dysfunction is attributed to
sociocultural factors.
Which of the following theories was developed to address the narrowing of social contacts and the increase in positive emotion that occur with age?
socioemotional selectivity theory
In the area of cognitive ability and achievement, the largest difference in cognitive performance between men and women is seen in the area of
spatial and mechanical reasoning.
Genotype
specific gene combinations
A researcher using the correlational method is interesting in determining if there is a ______ relationship between two variables.
statistical
John loves to receive mail. Over the years, he has learned to tell the difference between the sound of the mail truck and the other cars and trucks that pass his house. What process is at work here?
stimulus discrimination
When the occurrence of an event causes an individual's ability to cope to be exceeded, ______ occurs. Select one: a. sublimation b. stress c. satiation d. sobriety
stress
Authoritarian Parents
strict rules with little or no discussion for the reasons behind the rules
Authoritative Parents
strict rules with much discussion for the reasons behind the rules, allowing some negotiation
If you were a psychologist who was labeled a structuralist, you would be interested in the _______ of the mind, using ______ as you primary research method.
structure; introspection
Jean Piaget
studied children extensively and proposed an important theory of cognitive development
Harry and Margaret Harlow
studied early social deprivation which led to surprising conclusions
Developmental psychologists
study how and why changes occur in people as they get older
In terms of the interests of society, the best form of displacement is referred to as
sublimation.
Plomin et al. (1977)
suggested researchers could increase the accuracy of their results by specifically testing for ways these two things interact
A young boy feels guilty after looking through some adult magazines. In Freud's theory, the source of this guilt is the
superego
The development of morality rests with the ______ in Freudian personality theory.
superego
Just before you went on a job interview you broke out into a cold sweat, experienced shortness of breath, and felt a need to go to the bathroom. These symptoms were most likely produced by your ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
Physiologically, the body responds to emotion with arousal created by the
sympathetic nervous system.
After being attacked and bitten by a neighbor's bit pull, little Tina became very afraid of all dogs. Now grown, her husband has brought home a puppy. Over the past few days he has brought it closer and closer to Tina after she has been given time to completely relax. Tina held the puppy in her arms and let it lick her face. Tina's husband was using
systematic desensitization
Maturation
systematic physical growth of the body
The most common approach used in family therapy is the ________ approach.
systems
The ability to get things done or "everyday" intelligence is known as
tacit intelligence.
A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because
taste of food is the incentive for eating.
According to schema theory, we remember events in Select one: a. terms of their meanings and then make up the details to fit. b. terms of specific details and sometimes we get out of sequence. c. mnemonic codes, which is why we have trouble finding them. d. only one hemisphere of the brain and lose them when they are transferred to the other side.
terms of their meanings and then make up the details to fit.
What is the name given to the pattern of behavior that occurs when a sexually fatigued male regains sexual vigor following introduction to a new sex partner? Select one: a. the Coolidge effect b. sexual machismo c. the Krafft-Ebing effect d. the refractory period
the Coolidge effect
Heritability
the amount of observed individual differences in some characteristic the can be accounted for by genetic differences.
Animism
the belief that inanimate objects are alive
Third-party perspective taking
the capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling -requires some knowledge of the person your thinking of.
One of the earliest studies of the impact of biological factors on sexual orientation found that if the mother experienced severe stress during the second trimester,
the chance of a male child becoming homosexual is significantly higher.
Conservation
the concept that quantity does not change just because superficial features have changed
Freud's analogy of the mind
the conscious mind is the tip of the iceberg visible above the surface
Which of the following is a key element in operant conditioning?
the consequences of a behavior
From childhood to middle age, the increase in white matter in the brain is attributed to
the continued growth of myelin.
Which of Freud's structures of the mind is responsible for discharging built-up tensions?
the ego
Neonatal period
the first 2 weeks of life following birth
What is the body's natural disease-fighting system called?
the immune system
Carl Rogers' Humanistic Theory
the importance of self, self concept, and the ideal self is most important in personality development
Which area of the brain has been linked to the processing of positive emotions?
the left frontal lobe.
Development
the more or less predictable changes in behavior associated with increasing age
Reciprocal determination
the mutual interaction between a person's behavior and his / her social learning
Which theory proposes that behavior may be aimed at increasing or decreasing alertness and activity depending on the circumstances?
the optimal level of arousal
Taste buds are bunched together in
the papillae.
Adolescence
the period from the onset of puberty until the beginning of adulthood
Pre-operational Stage
the period of cognitive development from ages 2 to 7 (Piaget)
concrete operational stage
the period of cognitive development from ages 7 to 11 (Piaget's theory)
Sensorimotor stage
the period of cognitive development from birth to two years (Piaget)
In humanistic psychology, the ideal self is
the person I wish I was.
Thematic Apperception Test
the person taking this test must make up complete stories about pictures
Masters and Johnson are known for research concerning
the physical responses that occur during sexual activity.
Puberty
the point at which the individual is physically capable of sexual reproduction
Acculturation
the process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making behavioral and attitudinal changes.
Attachments
the psychological bonds between infants and their caregivers
Alfred Kinsey is most known for
the report he published concerning human sexual behavior and the different ways in which people engage in the sex act.
The main difference between a correlational study and a formal experiment is that in a correlational study
the researcher does not intentionally influence either variable.
Evaluation
the significance one places on various aspects of the identity content
Which of the following does NOT play a role in determining the body's weight set point?
the size of the stomach.
Epigenetics
the study of heritable changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
The sex of a child is determined by
the twenty third chromosome
Object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist even after they are removed from view
Rationalization
the use of self-deceiving justifications for unacceptable behavior. Ex: a student blames her cheating on her teacher's leaving the room during a test. Or a man explains his cheating on his income tax b saying "everyone does it".
Concerning body weight, your set point is analogous to a Select one: a. thermostat. b. drill press. c. dishwasher. d. garden hose.
thermostat.
Cognitive theories of emotion predict that we
think before we feel.
objective personality test
this test showsa person's answers are compared with the answers of others
Jung's Psychoanalytic Theory
this theory emphasizes opposites (extroversions/introversion; personal unconscious / collective unconscious
All of the following are ways to transmit the HIV virus EXCEPT
through saliva.
In the classic Schachter-Singer "angry man/happy man" experiment, participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry and the other group with a confederate pretending to be happy. What was the main objective of this experiment?
to determine whether physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it can be labeled as an emotion.
According to Freud, what is the primary function of the libido? Select one: a. to protect from and prepare for death b. to sustain and promote life c. to repress uncontrollable thoughts d. to encourage positive, healthy development
to sustain and promote life
The role of the lateral hypothalamus is
to trigger the eating response when insulin levels go up.
The process of converting light, sound, and other forms of energy from the world we live in into a form of neural impulses our brain can understand is called
transduction
A woman in therapy is having marital problems. She is unhappy because her husband does not give her enough attention, but she is quite taken with the male therapist because he gives her undivided attention. This growing affection for the therapist is called
transference
The term _____ refers to people whose sense of gender identity does not always match their external appearance or their sex chromosomes.
transgendered
Some people obtain sexual satisfaction by dressing as a member of the opposite sex. This practice is called
transvestism
When praise and care is given to someone regardless of their behavior and societal conformity, this is called
unconditional positive regard
Each of the following is a compulsion except
uncontrollable thoughts about somebody
A psychologist is developing a theoretical explanation about a behavior. To which goal of psychology are theoretical explanations important?
understanding
When someone is known to be schizophrenic but their symptoms do not fall neatly into one of the main types of schizophrenias, they are classified as ______
undifferentiated
Personality
unique human characteristics are typical for each person, one's sense of acting, thinking, and feeling
neurosis
unrealistic goals or finalisms overcompensate weakness and develop mistaken lifestyles
If you look up a telephone number in a phone book, how long will you remember the number if it is not renewed in some way?
up to 30 seconds
Slot machines are set to pay off on the average of once in every 1,000,000 plays. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
variable ratio
College admission usually requires some demonstration of _______ and _______ abilities.
verbal; logical-mathematical
Which of the following would describe the behavior of a voyeur?
watching others involved in sexual acts
A Dialectical System
way of thinking in which contradictions are viewed as part of higher truth
The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as
weight set point.
Gilligan objected to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning primarily because his stages
were biased, favoring male-styled morality.
Identity Development
what one thinks about, values, and belives in and the traits and characteristics by which one is recognized and known by others.
Genotype-environment correlation
when a genotype is exposed differently to an environment
Genotype-environment interaction
when a genotype responds differently to an environment Example: Ex: Haeffel et al. (2008) study of juvenile delinquents in Russia Maternal rejection + certain genotype = clinical depression
Passive genotype-environment correlation
when parents provide both the genes and the environment that is favorable or unfavorable to the development of those genes (child's immediate environment, parents and siblings)
In Pavlov's experiments, which condition of association produced the best results? Select one: a. when the metronome preceded the food powder by 10 seconds b. when the food powder and metronome were presented simultaneously c. when the food powder preceded the metronome by 10 seconds d. when the metronome preceded the food powder by 1/2 second
when the metronome preceded the food powder by 1/2 second
Under which condition will increased contact among prejudiced groups decrease prejudice? Select one: a. when the groups view each other's members as exceptional b. when interactions between the groups are kept formal c. when the two groups are given competitive tasks d. when the two groups have equal status
when the two groups have equal status
A university is interested in measuring student's confidence in career decisions and the effectiveness of their career counseling center. One group of students is randomly assigned to receive three weeks of career counseling; another group of students is prevented from receiving career counseling during those same three weeks. After three weeks have passed, the university asks students about their confidence in their future career using a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 indicating highest confidence. What is the independent variable?
whether or not the student received career counseling
Konrad Lorenz
while studying geese, he observed 'imprinting', later influencing psychological studies
The word ______ is used in the Lakota tribe for a man who also embodies the soul of a woman.
winkte
when does adolescence end
women: 23, men:24
In terms of the research on anxiety disorders, ______ are more affected by anxiety disorders than ______.
women; men
Genes and environment can
work separately, together, or may influence one another
A person who has gender identity disorder
would feel that he or she is occupying a body with the wrong sex.
Of the following, which occurs in your dreams most often? Select one: a. animals b. family members c. friends d. you
you
high levels of self-efficacy
you believe you are capable of achieving your goals
The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) signals __________.
you stop eating/satiety
Experiences of depersonalization are more common among
young adults.
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)
zygote and finally develops into a fetus
identification
Children develop a superego through the process of
