LALS 1

Chasteen Chapter 5

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Chasteen Chapter 6

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Chasteen Chapter 7

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Chasteen Chapter 8

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Latino Americans (Episode 1 & 2) and Harvest of Empire

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The continuity and growth of a more global economic system during the colonial period was basically supported by two commodities. Which commodities were they?

silver and sugar

Who owned most of the export companies in Central America?

the United States

After 300 years of colonization, by the end of the 1800s, and prior to the wars of independence

the caste and slavery systems remained strong.

Who were the direct beneficiaries of the export boom?

the large landowners

What is the term that historians use when referring to the new Latin American cultures that resulted from the give-and-take of all those living on the same soil?

transculturation

How did cultural hegemony function?

It made dominance seem natural and inevitable.

__________ was a poet and a writer who was exiled from Cuba. He started the paper, Patria while living in the U.S. and was a staunch advocate of Cuban independence.

Jose Marti

What title did Pedro I hold after Brazil's independence?

monarch

What was the name of the most important banana company in Central America?

United Fruit

How did Father Miguel Hidalgo manage to mobilize such a large contingent of indigenous support for his cause?

Using the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a widely revered icon

In terms of religion, what did liberalism promote?

separation between church and state

Chasteen 1

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Chasteen 2

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Chasteen 3

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Chasteen 4

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Gonzalez Intro-1

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Roughly how long was the colonization period?

300 years—most Latin American countries were independent by 1825.

In 2013, the Roman Catholic Church elected the first Latin American pope. What country is he from?

Argentina

Which were the two most urbanized and literate countries in Latin America?

Argentina and Uruguay

Which countries were involved in The Triple Alliance War?

Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies that recounts the torture and massacre of indigenous peoples by Spanish soldiers was written by:

Bartolomé de las Casas

How did some indigenous groups maintain their native language and original customs in Spanish America?

Because they lived far from the Spanish settlements during the colonial period.

Most African slaves traveled to which of the following countries?

Brazil

Which of the following countries, if any, was still a monarchy in 1825?

Brazil

What is the religion that is most commonly practiced in Latin America?

Catholicism

Simón Bolívar fought to liberate several countries in Latin America. Which of the following countries were liberated by Bolívar?

Colombia and Venezuela

Which two colonies did not declare their independence during the 1800s?

Cuba and Puerto Rico

What type of relationship did the United States and Cuba establish by signing the Platt Amendment?

Cuba became a protectorate of the United States.

Which of the following statements best describes patronage?

It is a system whereby people in power distribute spoils to friends and family in exchange for their loyalty.

Why is it important to understand the relationship between the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula and the history of conquest in the Americas?

During the Conquest of the New World, the Iberians copied some of the successful strategies they used in the reconquest of the peninsula.

Why was the rural majority not able to influence political outcomes? Choose the best option.

Elections were fraudulent, and they were limited by income and literacy requirements.

Why were so many nations in Central America referred to as "Banana Republics" by the early 1900s?

Entire cities were built in response to the demand for bananas.

Where did 90 percent of all Latin American exports go during the neocolonial period?

Europe and the United States

Which three countries in Latin America are characterized by a large population of indigenous people?

Guatemala, Bolivia, and Peru

Which country did slaves take control of after independence?

Haiti

Neoliberalism

Has rarely produced equitable prosperity in the region.

Most of the rewards received by the Spanish colonists for their conquests consisted of

Indian workers entrusted to them for labor.

What happened to the caste system after independence?

It continued under another name.

This prominent Tejano as the mayor of San Antonio and had fought for Texas independence but was still forced to give up his land to Anglo squatters and settlers.

Juan Seguin

Which of the following statements best describes the first couple of decades after the triumph of liberalism in Latin America?

Landowners and the urban middle-class people prospered, but the life of the rural majority barely improved.

In the 1920's ___________ was a boom town. Mexicans headed to this city in increasing numbers and built it up from a rural town to a mega metropolis.

Los Angeles

What happened during the Caste War of Yucatán?

Maya people rose up with the objective of cleansing their land of all intruders.

In which Latin American country did the Church have the strongest presence by the middle of the nineteenth century?

Mexico

Las Gorras Blancas was a resistance group that burned down squatter barns and cut down barb wire fences in order to protect their land in _________ from the influx of Anglo cattle ranch settlers.

New Mexico

Which of the following areas was considered a fringe of the Spanish Empire during the colonization period? (Note that country names did not exist during that time period.)

Paraguay

Napoleon's invasion of Portugal was the result of

Portugal's refusal to close its ports and declare war on England.

By the second half of the nineteenth century, which statement best defined the idea of Progress (with a capital P)?

Progress was the idea of inevitable, all-conquering technological advancement.

The immigration protests of 2006 occurred in large part to protest the __________ bill in Congress that would establish tough new criminal penalties for undocumented immigrants.

Sensenbrenner

The first European group to set up settlements in what is today known as the U.S. were the:

Spaniards

Upon reaching Hispaniola in the early 1490s, Columbus and his partners did which of the following?

Spent more than a decade dealing exclusively with the local Taino/Arawak people

At the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, the Aztec capital of ___________ housed over 250,000 indigenous inhabitants.

Tenochtitlán

What caused the collapse of the sugar industry in Puerto Rico?

The Depression

________________, formed around 1570 by the Mohawk shaman, or chief, Hiawatha, was the largest and most durable alliance of native societies in North American history.

The Iroquois Confederation

What was the effect of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the amount of Mexicans migrating to seek work in the U.S.?

The amount of Mexicans migrating to the U.S. dramatically increased.

What was a "fuero" and who enjoyed it in Mexico?

The fuero was a broad legal exemption enjoyed by the clergy.

What was the Transportation Revolution in Latin American and what did it change?

long response

According to Juan Gonzalez what is the primary reason for Latinx migration to the U.S.?

The large migration of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Salvadorians to the United States was the direct result of U.S. actions, interventions, and occupations in these countries.

Which were the consequences of the Brazilian "free birth" law?

The law established that slaves would remain slaves, but their children would be born free.

Which of the following statements best describes the main purpose behind the independence movements in Latin America?

The leaders of the independence movements wanted to become independent from Spain but did not want to change the social hierarchies in place.

Why did the U.S. government orchestrate the overthrow of president Jacobo Arbenz's regime in Guatemala in 1954?

The president planned to more evenly distribute the nation's land, which would in turn hurt American companies that owned large swaths of the country.

Why did the Spanish conquerors already have a "crusading mentality" upon arriving to America?

The prolonged Christian reconquest of Iberia shaped their attitudes.

Who invented the term "Latin America"?

The term was invented by the French to imply a cultural kinship with France.

The main difference between the sedentary, semisedentary, and nonsedentary indigenous groups that inhabited the Americas before the Europeans arrived was

The way they adapted to their land.

In comparison with the colonial period, how did most women's lives change after independence?

Their lives didn't change because they continued to be excluded from politics.

What happened to the many men of color who participated in the wars of independence?

They became honored war heroes.

What happened to the women that participated in the wars of independence?

They became powerful symbols.

Which of the following statements best describes the ideas proposed by the conservatives of the time?

They defended traditional values, wanted Catholicism to remain as the official region, and believed the common people should "know their place."

What did the Inca, Aztec, and Maya have in common?

They had sustainable forms of agriculture.

What happened to the indigenous people of the Andes during the neocolonial period?

They lost their village lands.

True or False: In 2050, Latinos will comprise nearly one-third of the entire U.S. population.

True

Mestizo children were

Unable to inherit much from their Spanish fathers.

What was the "royal fifth"?

a 20% tax on mining, and the prime source of colonial revenue

During the colonial period the church was so powerful because it

a. controlled all educational institutions. b. exercised hegemony among the entire population. c. was very wealthy.

Through climbing the social ladder, it became possible for people of lower status to do which of the following?

a. marry partners of lighter skin b. purchase "whiteness" paying for a special exemption c. serve in the army and the militia to increase one's honor

Why do historians place the neocolonial period between 1880 and 1930?

because of the strong foreign influence

Who was the caudillo, and what ideas did he represent? Provide an example of a well-known caudillo.

long response

This term refers to an entailed estate that remains in the family and is passed on to the firstborn son. They system primogeniture.

mayorazgo

Mexican liberals

disliked the Catholic Church as an institution.

This term refers to trusteeships granted to Spanish settlers in Latin America during the early colonial era, whereby Indians were turned into feudal serfs in return for their protection.

encomiendas

At what time was liberalism most popular in Latin America?

from 1850 to 1880

The Bourbon and Pombaline reforms were implemented to

increase taxes.

Which are the two political ideologies that, according to Chasteen, have dominated Latin American history for the past five centuries?

liberalism and nationalism

Briefly compare liberal ideas versus conservative ideas. Which ideas do you think predominated in postcolonial Latin America?

long response

How did the relationship between the United States and Latin America change during the nineteenth century?

long response

What did "Progress" mean for most Latin American women? Were there any exceptions? Provide at least one example of the life of an exceptional woman.

long response

What was the "export boom," and what did it mean for the people of Latin America?

long response