LAND 240 Final Review

Which of these events DID NOT occur within the Medieval period? Bronze Age Great Schism 100 Years War Crusades Carruca Invented

Bronze Age

The entirety of outlying environments and regional space in Greek city structure where connections for trade, defense, and building materials where made from the polis

Chora

The term used to describe the aesthetic values embodied in Greek and Roman art and architecture

Classical

A long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free- standing, or part of a building

Colonnade

All of these are believed to be one of the three Primary Planning and Spatial Aspects of Old World Caves EXCEPT: Art Passage Chamber Conduction

Conduction

The use of axial planning on an urban scale during the Renaissance merged well with the emphasis on proportion during the time. Which of the following options best describes the primary design elements of axial planning on an urban scale during the Renaissance? The Straight Primary Street The relatively small utility of the gridiron Enclosed spaces such as piazzas and squares All of the above answers are correct None of the above answers are correct

All of the above answers are correct

Medieval architecture was characterized by a Gothic style of design, replacing the previous Romanesque style. Choose the answer which IS MOST TRUE when comparing Gothic style to Romanesque style of architecture. Gothic Style utilized rounded tipped arches while Romanesque style utilized pointed tipped arches Gothic style was characterized by small windows while Romanesque had large, stained glass windows Gothic interiors were dark and simplistic while Romanesque interiors were elaborate and ornate All of the above answers are correct when comparing Gothic style to Romanesque style All of the above answers are incorrect when comparing Gothic style to Romanesque style

All of the above answers are incorrect when comparing Gothic style to Romanesque style

Lancelot "Capability" Brown was a major influential garden designer of the 1700s. Which of the following statements is MOST TRUE about Capability Brown? Naturalistic style reached its height with him Tremendous skill in visualizing the capability of a site to be transformed into a garden Primarily re-designed existing gardens into naturalistic fashion Had an apprenticeship at Stowe All of the above answers are true

All of the above answers are true

The art of the Renaissance was really its claim to fame. Which of the following statements is BEST DESCRIBES the attributes of Renaissance art? The depiction of nudes was original and became commonplace in art Pagan scenes and myths were popular subjects with no apologies to the Church Stressed proportion, balance and harmony All of the above statements are true All of the above statements are false

All of the above statements are true

Which of the following options is NOT a type of Japanese Garden? Zen Gardens Amida Hinduism Gardens Tea Gardens Stroll Gardens

Amida Hinduism Gardens

This Chinese garden, located in the center of Beijing (once known as Dadu), was built from 1406 to 1420 is around 180 acres in size, consists of 17 palaces (most with their own courtyards), 980 total buildings, and a 4 mile north-south primary axis.

Forbidden City

Which of the following options is NOT an example of a Chinese scholar garden? HINT: One of the options below was covered in thee Romantic Garden period material Garden of the Master of Fishing Nets Humble Administrator's Garden Garden of Perfect Brightness Lingering Garden

Garden of Perfect Brightness

Which of the following options is NOT an example of a Chinese imperial garden? HINT: One of the options below was covered in thee Romantic Garden period material The Forbidden City The Summer Palace Garden of the Master of Fishing Nets Garden of Perfect Brightne

Garden of the Master of Fishing Nets

Islamic city layout was a result of reasons for their founding, their location, the climates they were settled within, and any pre-Islamic precedents which already existed on the site pre-settlement. Which of the following IS NOT a typical characteristic of an Islamic city? Garrison towns located at coastal locations Citadels and Palaces Twisting narrow streets Primary Mosques and minor outlying Mosques Walls and other fortifications

Garrison towns located at coastal locations

The spirit of a specific place and the idea of guardian deities of that landscape

Genius Loci

Large scale mages inscribed on the Earth, generally by carving into stone or the ground plane

Geoglyph

The social structure of the Islamic Empire was based on a categorization of its inhabitants which created its primary economic components. Which of the following class(es) ARE considered portions of the Islamic social hierarchy? A. Nomadic Bedouins who herded livestock and regularly raided one another B. Traders who formed the economic elite C. Farmers who worked the agricultural lands D. Only answers A and B are correct E. Answers A, B, and C are correct

Answers A, B, and C are correct

This term is used to describe a vertical center pole uniting heaven, Earth, and the underworld and can be an enormous existing natural resource or human made object erected upward

Axis Mundi

This Islamic garden is considered a prototype from which most other Mogul gardens were copied. Located high in the mountains of Kabul, the garden became a royal court for military planning, important events, public communion, music and poetry. However, it did not contain a water surrounded platform which was typical.

Babur Garndens

Medieval towns can be either organic or planned. Which of the following types of towns is NOT a type of Medieval town? Planted Town Bastion Burg Bastide Village Settlement

Bastion

Of the two categories of Medieval Towns (organic and planned), which of the following is NOT considered a type or tier of town within these categories? Bastion Towns of Roman Origin Burgs Planted Town Bastide

Bastion

An Italian garden structure dependent upon a 'beautiful view' usually used as a lookout area whose purpose is the aesthetics of its surrounding scenery

Belvedere

This public space designed by Michelangelo was built at Capitoline Hill - the point where ancient Romans thought to be the center of the world. It was designed as a hilltop piazza with artfully framed vistas and its placement and orientation signified the new, developing sections of the city rather than emphasizing ancient ruins

Campidoglio

This collection of old world menhirs consists of several rows of upright standing stones thought to be a large prehistoric graveyard. The rows are broken down into 3 major alignments: Menec Alignment, Kermario Alignment, and Kerlescan Alignment

Carnac Stones

A Near East Neolithic community, this settlement is located in Turkey an with a fortress-like wall surrounding it and mud-brick structures whose entrances were on the roof. It became a huge trading post for obsidian.

Catal Huyuk

Named after the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology, this primary avenue in Paris is lined with bosquets and acts as a social market corridor. The dimensions of the sidewalks of this 8 lane roadway measure 30 ft. wide.

Champs Elysses

A Renaissance art style which utilizes light-dark contrasts used to suggest the volume and modeling of the subjects depicted and for dramatic effect

Chiaroscuro

This term is used to describe the idealized aesthetic style derived from classical Art combine with the modernization of classicist design of the Late Renaissance/Baroque on an even larger scale than the Renaissance.

Grand Manner

This early Islamic garden cites was also known as the "City of Gardens." Its connective spine was a water distribution channel and its population maxed out at 600,000.

Isfahan

Which of the following Chinese terms means "borrowed scenery?"

Jie Jing

What is the name of the hunter/gatherer civilization that settled Japan?

Jomon

This Tuscan Rococo garden in Florence was the first to utilize a water parterre rather than a traditional hedge, lawn, or flower parterre. The program consists of a water fountain, a bowling lawn, a gated entrance, a bosco, a lemonaia, and the water parterre

La Gamberaia

This was the ORIGINAL term used to describe the landscape which generally referred to "a portion of land which the eye could comprehend at a glance"

Landskip

An Italian viewing gallery or corridor at ground level

Loggia

The plan developed for this city was developed by Christopher Wren after the Fire of 1666 destroyed 400 acres of the city, 87 churches, 13,200 houses, and most public buildings. It called for: -Entrances to the town to be all gates or bridges -Houses to be uniformly rectangular -Street corners to be geometrical -Commercial center, and religious center to have dominant positions -Grand axes to be superimposed atop a grid plan

London

A singular large upright standing stone, generally used as a grave

Menhir

A distinctive architectural feature of Islamic mosques, generally a tall spire with an onion-shaped or conical crown.

Minaret

The Renaissance designers developed an intense system of terminology for their design features. Considering the set of Renaissance design terms from class, which of the following terms IS NOT considered an aspect of Renaissance design?

Noria

This term is used to describe a bucket-scoop waterwheel that raised water into elevated canals. It facilitated the construction of numerous gardens,

Noria

The market and church square were primary spaces of public forum in the Dark Ages, especially in Italy. Which of the following cities was NOT discussed in class as having a major public square designed within it during Medieval times?

Palma Nova

This was the term was used to describe the space or square around the church where people gathered before or after service, or sometimes used as a burial ground.

Parvis

Renaissance design was highly influenced by politicians, artists, and philosophers famous although they did all not specifically design space. Which of the following list of individuals DID NOT play a major role in specifiallythe LAYOUT AND DESIGN of space during the Renaissance Era? Andrea Palladio Patricia Francesco Biagio Rossetti Michaelangelo The Medici Family

Patricia Francesco

A three pronged set of radial avenues, or goose foot shaped set of pathways

Patte d'oie

Which of the following Chinese terms means "to make a composition of mountains, water and trees on a tray?"

Penjing

Medieval European cities were generally small, compact urbanized pockets of development. While most towns were significantly different in terms of layout and aesthetics, Medieval urban form also had many shared characteristics. Which one of the following elements is NOT an urban form component of a typical Medieval town? Cloister gardens Church squares Peristyle gardens Market squares Walls and moats

Peristyle gardens

A porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls

Portico

The ceremonial way developed in conjunction with religious rituals in which priests and populations assembled before ziggurats, pyramids, and temples

Processional Axes

A generally level area in the Italian Renaissance intended specifically for walking, usually connecting major public spaces.

Promenade

What is the term used to describe the central point of conversion for the long urban axes and vistas in Baroque planning?

Round Point

The Islamic states had a much different political, economic, and social structure than the rest of Medieval Europe. Which of the following characteristics DOES NOT describe an attribute of the Islamic States? Ruled by heads of state known as muhtasibs Based on a theocratic government in which rule and religion were inseparable The religion of Islam bound its believers into an all-encompassing community Structured by a formula for success based on unity, organization, and discipline Unified under Islam by Muhammad

Ruled by heads of state known as muhtasibs

This is one of the most famous Zen dry gardens, (kare-sansui) founded in 1488 at Kyoto. There are 15 stones arranged in five groups surrounded by raked gravel. Its minimalist design approach influenced architecture and garden design in the West.

Ryoan-ji

Which of the following is NOT an influential religion on Japanese garden design?

Sakuteiki

This Medieval Planted town was originally settled in 100 AD (then referred to as Old Sarum) then abandoned for 500 years until William the Conqueror built a castle there. The nearby valley town of Wilton was invaded by Vikings and a cathedral was built in 1092 and the 2 towns became 1 city.

Salisbury, England

The notion that within the larger sanctity of nature, some places are especially sacred

Spatial Hierophany

This cosmological landscape is found in the Salisbury Plains in England and evolved from an earthen bankment, to a wooden structure, to the stone stackings seen today

Stonehenge

While Mogul, Moorish, and other Arabic cities and gardens had geographic and cultural differences, garden design had an immense amount of overlap in terms of shared characteristics. In regards to this statement, which of the follow statements is UNTRUE? Viewing platforms and mosaic tile works were regular Water channels and reflection pools were regular Upright plantings were used around perimeter areas The arch was utilized abundantly Tamed plant growth and hedging were common

Tamed plant growth and hedging were common

A design trend set by the design at Versailles, what is the term used to describe An unbroken expanse of lawn which was used as a major element of a French Baroque landscape design?

Tapis Vert

Which of the following sites is NOT considered an early Islamic Mogul Garden? The Shalimar Garden of Kashmir The Alhambra of Generalife Babur Gardens of Kabul The Taj Mahal

The Alhambra of Generalife

While the two Periods overlapped slightly, the Medieval and Renaissance eras were extremely different in regards to philosophical thought and design. Which of the following statements is TRUE when comparing the Medieval Era to the Renaissance Era? The Renaissance system of town design was human scaled while the Medieval system of town design was extravagant and lavish. The Renaissance system of town design was based on the role of designers and persons with money as town developers while the Medieval system of town design was based on the role of an individual as the down builder. The Renaissance system of town design was based on a dualistic philosophy of religion and man as one while the Medieval system of town design was based on a humanist philosophy which stressed the individual more than religion. The Renaissance system of town design was based primarily on Gothic architecture while the Medieval system of town design was based more on a return to Classicism. None of the above answers are true.

The Renaissance system of town design was based on the role of designers and persons with money as town developers while the Medieval system of town design was based on the role of an individual as the down builder.

The feudal system was the basis of local government in Europe from the 12-13th century. It structured society around relationships derived from laborers providing services for land owners. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about the feudal political system? Lords ran manors which were worked by serfs The church had no authority to tax lands or landowners Under the manorial economic system, barter was a typical form of exchange of goods The emphasis on agriculture created a food surplus The social hierarchy from high to low was as follows: KING-LORD-MILITARY-PEASANT

The church had no authority to tax lands or landowners

Life in the middle ages was harsh, uncertain, and somewhat dangerous which is why many of the new cities were so heavily fortified. Which of the following events DID NOT occur during medieval times? The 100 Years War, a fight for control over the French throne The famous sculpture of David is unveiled, marking the depiction of nudity in art as commonplace A series of military Crusades in an attempt to take Jerusalem from the Turks. The Black Plague which decimated nearly 1/3 of the European population The Great Schism which split the church into two separate groups, weakening its power

The famous sculpture of David is unveiled, marking the depiction of nudity in art as commonplace

Which of the following characteristics is TRUE about Medieval urban form?

There was usually a clear delineation between castle and surroundings.

Which of the following terms describes the overseer of the market operations in the historic Islamic Empire? Suq Caliph Theocrat Muhtasib

Muhtasib

All of these are considered expressions of partnerships between humans and spiritual entities through design in the landscape EXCEPT Egyptian Obelisks Mesolithic Nomadism Paleolithic Cave Paintings Neolithic Stone Circles

**Mesolithic Nomadism**

Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Islamic architecture? A Muezzin would lead prayers from towers known as minarets. Interiors of the Mosques generally contained an inlet space which indicated the direction of Mecca known as a mihrab Within the courtyard of a mosque was usually an ablution fountain where worshippers washed before prayer A muhtasib would generally conduct rituals and sacrifices from the mudejar

A muhtasib would generally conduct rituals and sacrifices from the mudejar

This French Medieval Bastide town was established in 1240 by King Louis IX and served as a base for future crusades to Israel. The wall still exists in its original form and the entire town has been adaptively reused. The Tour de Constance was its major citadel with a lighthouse beacon.

Aigues-Mortes

Mogul Islamic gardens in India typically had four primary characteristics which defined their layout. Which of the following characteristics does NOT CHARACTERIZE a typical Mogul garden?

An external focus away from water features

The belief that elements such as wind and water had conscious life and that spirit forces dwelt within trees, birds, fish, reptiles, and mammals

Animism

Which of the following terms describes the inward focused houses and gardens of Arabic Spain design? Cloister Carmen Archetype Peristyle

Carmen

This Moorish city was home of the Mezquita and the Court of Oranges. Its mosque consisted of horseshoe-shaped double arches atop forests of columns which were recycled from earlier destroyed buildings from Roman and Germanic territories.

Cordoba

This Paleolithic settlement in Marseilles, France is characterized by wall paintings of hands using negative space. Four-fifths of the interior, including any art on its walls, was submerged and obliterated by rising levels of water

Cosquer

Which of the following attributes is NOT a shared characteristic of a typical historic Islamic garden? Water channels and reflection pools Upright plantings around perimeters External focus away from water features Use of the Arch and Mosaic tile work

External focus away from water features

One of the first major urban expansions of the Renaissance in Italy, this city's alteration was designed by Biagio Rossetti using three principle features: Street widening, town enlargement, and extension of the current layout. The Palazzo Diamenti was its most famous structure.

Ferrara

According to Feng Shui, houses were planned with the main gate (entrance) facing a specific way and the primary structure in a specific location. Which statement best describes this relationship?

Houses were planned with the main gate facing south and with major settlement on the north side

Renaissance philosophies stressed the outlook or system of thought which attached prime importance to humans rather than divine or supernatural matters. What was the term used to describe this philosophy?

Humanism

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE in regards to defining the Baroque style of landscape design? Broadened the language of classicism throughout Europe so that in the 17th century, classicism became a universal language of building in Europe A continuation of Renaissance ideals on a grander scale Space occupation was the hallmark of Baroque landscape design It is an Oriental term meaning "irregularly shaped pearl" The last rue universal style of European Art/architecture before Modernism

It is an Oriental term meaning "irregularly shaped pearl"

Which of the following statements is UNTRUE about Mecca? Its Kaaba is a major site for pilgrimages The most important trade center in the historic Islamic Empire Its Kaaba is believed to be founded by Muhammad Dominated by the powerful tribe of the Quraysh

Its Kaaba is believed to be founded by Muhammad

This term is used to describe a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones

Megalith

This settlement in India is thought to be the oldest city in the Neolithic period. It was a farming village consisting of rectangular mud huts compactly packed together.

Mehrgarh

The function of most Medieval gardens was mostly utilitarian as most formal gardens disappeared with the collapse of the Roman empire. Which of the following statements is TRUE about gardens in Medieval Europe? Functional and agricultural purposes were rare in garden areas Non-herb plantings typically included iris, lily, and rose specimen Vegetation was extremely dense and specimen were chosen strictly on aesthetics A circular layout was typical and grass was rarely considered as a turf specimen Access to formal garden space was open to the public

Non-herb plantings typically included iris, lily, and rose specimen

An Islamic bucket-scoop waterwheel that raised water into elevated canals and helped facilitate the construction of numerous gardens in the Islamic landscape

Noria

Which of the following town types were developed with a military function in mind? Burg Bastide Planted Town All above answers are correct Only answers A and B are correct

Only answers A and B are correct

Also known as the Old Stone Age, this prehistoric period of time spans from 40,000 BC - 8,000BC and was characterized by painted cave walls usually of animals

Paleolithic

The space around the medieval church where people gathered before or after service, or sometimes used as a burial ground

Parvis

A garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway or sitting area made of vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and a sturdy open lattice, often upon which woody vines are trained.

Pergola

All of these are examples of primary components of Medieval urban form EXCEPT: Towers Peristyle Gardens Walls Cathedrals Cloister Gardens

Peristyle Gardens

This piazza is in a bowl like enclosure of buildings in Siena. The tower acts as a sundial broadcasting the time of day to observers. A sloping surface for drainage, a refined level of detail in the paving patterns, and bollard posts separating the inner circle from outer track make this space unique.

Piazza del Campa

The Plan of Rome by Sixtus V restructured the entire city in an effort to bring it back to its historic prestige. Which of the following tasks DOES NOT describe a portion of the scheme of Sixtus V's Plan of Rome?

Reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo in the Piazza Del Campo

This garden STYLE developed in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque. Huge in Italy, the style stressed terraces and stairways over axial extension, larger water fountains, glorification of owners, not rulers in gardens, and outdoor theters

Rococo

Which of the following is NOT one of the principle features of an Andre Le Notre design scheme? Themed sculpture and monuments Axial extension into the horizon Secret gardens as essential for personal reflection Intersections marked with central features Paths defined by large trees

Secret gardens as essential for personal reflection

All of the following are examples of Medieval Garden features EXCEPT: A Mount for viewing the garden Raised banks for seating purposes Small applications as roses for plant specimen Thick rectilinear hedges creating the edges if no walls were present Transplanted grasses from country meadows

Small applications as roses for plant specimen

The Islamic open market for relatively small-scale craft sales composed of narrow streets lined with craftsmen's shops with each street often dominated by a particular craft.

Suq

This mogul tomb garden in Agra, India has proportional characteristics similar to that of a Renaissance garden. The Major structure has the look of a Mosque but was actually built as a gift of love from Shah Jahan in honor of his wife Mumtaz-i-Majal.

Taj Majal

This grand piece of Baroque urban design featured an ensemble of the British Museum, Inner Court, and Garden. Once a wolf hunting den converted into a residential area by Francis I, built in 1546, this site was designed as "a place for bringing together monuments of all the sciences and arts." It was connected to the city by the Cours-la-Reine

The Louvre

This Mogul garden was composed of three square terraces, each with an open sided pavilion placed on a stone platform set in the water within them. Its design epitomized the use of the baradari. Its name can be translated into the 'Abode of Love.'

The Shalimar Garden of Kashmir

The market in Islamic cities was drastically different from the market in cities of Medieval Europe. It was highly regulated and had a governing structure in an attempt to keep market operations fair for the population. Which of the following options is UNTRUE about the urban marketplace in Islamic cities? The bazaar was a covered marketplace for long distance travelers Each street was often dominated by a particular craft The market overseer was known as the caliph The government usually set fixed prices for essential commodities The suq was the open market for small scale craft sales

The market overseer was known as the caliph

This Medieval town was created by a system of canals and the major means of transportation within it is the gandola. Its primary public square is the Piazza San Marco

Venice

This piece of Paleolithic art was sculpted of limestone and believed to be a symbol of fertility to prehistoric peoples and generally describe the ideal woman of the time

Venus de Willendorf

Designed by architect Giacomo da Vignola, this Renaissance site offers expressions of Bramantian like axial planning combined with a highly imaginative use of water. A series of sequential steps along prescribed routes off of a central spine paves the way and highly decorated grottoes characterize the openings.

Villa Lante

One of the two ENGLISH bastides towns, this town was built as a replacement harbor for a lost sea town but fell victim to the retreat of the sea and invasion due to extremely weak walls.

Winchelsea