Land and Water Use Quiz Answers

Which of the following statements could lead to a tragedy of the commons? Select three options. "I labeled my food so my coworkers won't eat it." "Live for today and let tomorrow take care of itself." "I spend a lot to have the nicest lawn on my street." "I'm doing this for all of my future grandchildren." "It's not my job to pick up other people's trash."

"Live for today and let tomorrow take care of itself." "I spend a lot to have the nicest lawn on my street." "It's not my job to pick up other people's trash."

Recall the chart depicting the quantity of eutrophying emissions for various foods. What most likely causes the dramatic difference in the quantity of emissions between a fish farm and a soybean farm? Fish farming requires a lot of water. Fish farming produces a lot of nitrogen-rich waste. Soybean farming requires a lot of water. Soybean farming requires a lot of nitrogen-rich fertilizer.

Fish farming produces a lot of nitrogen-rich waste.

Many states require that clearcutting leaves a "buffer zone" between the area that is cut and public roadways. Which of the following is most likely the reason why? It keeps the clearcut areas out of view from the public. It allows the remaining trees to repopulate the clearcut area. It maintains increased biodiversity near the roadways. It keeps the state from needing to mow around the roadway.

It keeps the clearcut areas out of view from the public.

Examine the previous diagram. Why might IPM be depicted as a pyramid, as shown? It shows the relative effectiveness of the different methods. It shows that intervention can significantly limit the need for prevention. It shows the relative order for performing the different methods. It shows that prevention can significantly limit the need for intervention.

It shows that prevention can significantly limit the need for intervention.

The graph shows the volumes of runoff to two streams during a one-day storm on February 1, 2000. (Courtesy of United States Geological Survey) What claim can be made from these data? Mercer Creek has a lot of sandy and grassy areas surrounding its banks. Newaukum Creek has fewer drainage basins into which the rainwater can go. Mercer Creek is located within an urban setting due to the large amount of runoff. Newaukum Creek is located in a rural setting due to the larger amount of runoff.

Mercer Creek is located within an urban setting due to the large amount of runoff.

How did the water in the Berkeley Pit become so toxic? Select two options. Minerals dissolved from the walls of the pit lowered the pH of the water. Minerals dissolved from the walls of the pit raised the pH of the water. The basic water leached heavy metals from the rock walls. The acidic water leached heavy metals from the rock walls. Tailings from the copper mine were dumped into the water. Petroleum products from the processing plant spilled into the water.

Minerals dissolved from the walls of the pit lowered the pH of the water. The acidic water leached heavy metals from the rock walls.

A city is trying to reduce the effects of urbanization on greenhouse gas emissions. What policy would best help to accomplish this? Make sure all paved surfaces are permeable to water so that levels of runoff get reduced. Offer tax incentives for people to use public transportation instead of driving their cars. Require that any new buildings constructed have highly reflective windows installed. Encourage everyone to dispose of their waste in designated bins that are placed on the street.

Offer tax incentives for people to use public transportation instead of driving their cars.

A property owner wants to lease his land to a logging company to harvest timber. However, the property owner will only do this with a company that does not do clearcutting. The property owner was unsuccessful in finding anyone to lease his land. Which of the following best explains why? Loggers lack the expertise to harvest timber in other ways. Clearcutting is better and safer for the environment. Clearcutting is a required method for timber harvesting. Other methods are less economical than clearcutting.

Other methods are less economical than clearcutting.

Examine the bar chart. (Courtesy of Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2020) - "Environmental impacts of food production". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food' [Online Resource]) Theoretically, how many pounds of soy-based nuggets would produce the same amount of eutrophying emissions as one pound of chicken nuggets? 2 pounds 16 pounds 4 pounds 8 pounds

8 pounds

One thousand gallons of pesticide were sprayed on a vineyard. Approximately how many gallons will end up in the environment where they adversely affect public health and beneficial biota, and contaminate soil, water, and the atmosphere of the ecosystem? 999 .9 99 9

999

Which scenario would best qualify as a push factor? A family moves across the country so the mom can take a new job A student transfers to a new school due to underperforming at the old one A farmer's land has decreased in productivity after years of cultivating it A doctor wants to treat large numbers of people

A farmer's land has decreased in productivity after years of cultivating it

A popular city beach in California is regularly riddled with trash from beachgoers. In addition to being an eyesore, many birds and fish are harmed from ingesting trash. Which of the following laws is most likely to reduce beachgoers' tendency to litter on the beach? Applying a significant fine to people for littering Providing fewer trash cans at beach parking lots Hiring people to clean up trash on the beach Limiting the number of people permitted to visit the beach

Applying a significant fine to people for littering

The northern part of the west coast of the United States has some aquifers formed by volcanic rock (pink and coral colors). The east coast of the United States has mostly sedimentary rock aquifers. (Imagery supplied by Jesha16 via Wikipedia) With this information, what conclusion can you make about aquifers? Are more common near volcanoes in the eastern United States near the mountains Are more numerous in the western part of the United States near the volcanoes Are more common in sedimentary rock since they are more porous and hold more water Are more common in sedimentary rock because they are less porous and hold less water

Are more common in sedimentary rock since they are more porous and hold more water

The table shows the percentage of the world's populations that are living in urban areas in 1995. Continent % living in Urban Areas Asia 45 Latin America1 4 North America 9 Europe 21 Oceana 1 Africa 10 Which factor most likely caused this distribution of people? Latin America has very low taxes in its cities. Europe has increased its amounts of farmland. Asia has a much larger population than other places. Africa has better medical care in its urban areas.

Asia has a much larger population than other places.

This graph shows wheat yield in Australia from 1991 through 2022. (Imagery supplied by USDA). What is the best hypothesis for the drop in yield between 2005-2006 and 2008-2009? Australia was dealing with a drought during those years. A genetically modified crop of wheat seeds was planted those years. Australia had a lot more rain than usual during those years. Wheat is a very drought-resistant crop so it is very hardy.

Australia was dealing with a drought during those years.

Sharks have been identified as a species vulnerable to overfishing. Which of the following are actions humans can take to protect shark populations? Select three options. Avoid ordering shark fin soup at restaurants. Only eat sharks that are caught locally. Encourage friends to support sustainable harvesting. Avoid eating shark in spawning months. Help educate others about overfishing.

Avoid ordering shark fin soup at restaurants. Encourage friends to support sustainable harvesting. Help educate others about overfishing.

Why are hydrocarbons considered nonrenewable? Because most of the deposits are inaccessible by mines. Because they originate from organic sources. Because they originate from inorganic sources. Because the deposits take millennia to form.

Because the deposits take millennia to form.

A farmer looks at the invoices for fuel for his tractors. He wants to decrease his use of diesel. Predict what will happen if he starts using biofuel instead. Biofuels can be used in diesel vehicles with minimal changes. A gallon of biofuel requires a gallon of fossil fuel to produce it. Biofuel will reduce the carbon footprint of the machine used. Biofuels are made from corn, which is a food crop.

Biofuel will reduce the carbon footprint of the machine used.

Consider the map. Red dots indicate Superfund sites located in areas that may be impacted by flooding, storm surge, wildfires, or sea level rise due to climate change. Clear dots indicate that no potential climate change impacts were identified. (Courtesy of the U.S. Government Accountability Office [GAO]) Which state is most likely to be affected by storm surge and wildfires that threaten the safety of its Superfund sites? California Montana Florida Alaska

California

Which of the following accounts for 80 percent of the destruction of the Amazon rainforest? Coffee farms Banana trees Cattle ranches Soybean farms

Cattle ranches

A large tract of public land used by several sheep ranchers is in danger of becoming overgrazed. Which of the following could be done to avoid a tragedy of the commons? Select three options. Allowing only the rancher with the largest herd to graze on the land. Dividing land so ownership is divided among several individuals. Creating agreements among individual ranchers to take turns using the land. Regulating the number of sheep allowed to access the public land Selling the land to a foreign investor.

Dividing land so ownership is divided among several individuals. Creating agreements among individual ranchers to take turns using the land. Regulating the number of sheep allowed to access the public land

Pesticides applied to an agricultural field can end up contaminating nearby bodies of water by which order of processes? Erosion -> Eutrophication Erosion -> Sedimentation Evaporation -> Sedimentation Evaporation -> Eutrophication

Erosion -> Sedimentation the two response options that start with evaporation are incorrect because pesticide molecules do not evaporate (only pure water does). Finally, the response option starting with erosion but ending with eutrophication is incorrect because eutrophication is the process by which water bodies become polluted with excess nutrients, not pesticides.

San Francisco has many of the components of an environmentally conscious city. Which statements represent these environmentally friendly practices? Select three options. Over three-fourths of San Francisco's municipal waste is recycled. San Francisco has an efficient public transportation system. San Francisco offered citizens low-flow shower heads, faucet aerators, and toilet replacements. San Francisco replaced city LED light fixtures with incandescent fixtures for greater efficiency. San Francisco lowered gas prices to make driving less expensive.

Over three-fourths of San Francisco's municipal waste is recycled. San Francisco has an efficient public transportation system. San Francisco offered citizens low-flow shower heads, faucet aerators, and toilet replacements.

How does secondary sewage treatment differ from primary sewage treatment? Secondary treatment cleans the water enough to be released into the environment, while primary treatment removes tires and tree branches. Secondary treatment involves the removal of large debris from the water, while primary treatment adds chemicals to make the water potable. Primary treatment destroys all pathogens in the water through addition of chemicals, while secondary treatment removes large materials. Primary treatment removes even the smallest particulate matter from the water, while secondary treatment adds chemicals to kill pathogens.

Secondary treatment cleans the water enough to be released into the environment, while primary treatment removes tires and tree branches.

Part of sustainability involves making environmentally friendly energy choices to the greatest extent possible. Urban areas present challenges because of buildings and the presence of a lot of asphalt. What would be the best choice for a city if it wished to supplement its electrical power with a renewable energy source in the city itself? Increase the output from the city's nuclear plant Small wind turbines on poles at city street intersections Use hydroelectric power from running water in drains Solar panels on the building roofs around the city

Solar panels on the building roofs around the city

Residents in a lakeside community enjoy using the lake for boating and recreational fishing. They also keep their lawns along the lake shore well manicured and fertilized. The residents recently noticed a large number of dead fish in the lake and were concerned that the lake might become a dead zone. Which of the following can the residents do to most effectively prevent this from happening? Discontinue using the lake for boating. Limit the amount of recreational fishing. Stop using fertilizer on their lawns. Mow their lawns more frequently.

Stop using fertilizer on their lawns.

If you were to compare outcomes of two farmers, one before the Green Revolution and one during the Green Revolution, you might notice different outcomes. Which of the statements is the most accurate description of the difference in outcomes? The farmer before the Green Revolution had access to improved pest management strategies. The farmer working during the Green Revolution had more crop yield than the earlier farmer. The farmer before the Green Revolution had access to better farm equipment. The farmer working during the Green Revolution had less irrigation than the earlier farmer.

The farmer working during the Green Revolution had more crop yield than the earlier farmer.

A family is trying to have a well dug on their property for their new house. The company digging the well is unable to hit water in the designated spot. Hypothesize why the well company is not having success. Select three options. The ground has an impermeable soil layer such as clay. The aquifer is surrounded by porous sedimentary rock. The aquifer they are trying to hit is too low in the ground. The area is experiencing a severe drought. The location chosen for the well is too flat.

The ground has an impermeable soil layer such as clay. The aquifer they are trying to hit is too low in the ground. The area is experiencing a severe drought.

The owner of a heavily forested hillside property was offered a large sum of money from a logging company to allow them to harvest trees by clearcutting. Given that the property owner also wanted to increase the amount of grazing land for his sheep, he decided to accept the offer. He later regretted his decision. Which of the following is most likely the reason for his regret? The property succumbed to severe landslides within a few years. A stream at the bottom of the hill was too hot for aquatic life to survive. Trees grew back too quickly for a grazing area to get established. The sheep were unhealthy from the lack of tree leaves to browse upon.

The property succumbed to severe landslides within a few years.

What is the most likely reason that treatment of the water in the Berkeley Pit began only recently? The pit was placed on the National Priorities List as a Superfund site only recently. The water level rose to where it threatened the local groundwater only recently. Migrating snow geese began landing on and dying in the water of the pit only recently. The concentration of heavy metals in the water reached toxic levels only recently.

The water level rose to where it threatened the local groundwater only recently.

Which of the following would be impacts of cities on the environment? Select three options. They prevent the exposure to harmful chemicals. They encourage the destruction of wooded areas. They reroute the natural flow of water across the land. They increase the amount of noise pollution. They reduce the amount of sewage entering the water.

They encourage the destruction of wooded areas. They reroute the natural flow of water across the land. They increase the amount of noise pollution.

Why is it important for cities to install sufficient storm drains along their roadways? They decrease the amount of harmful chemicals that enter the water supply. They allow water to seep more easily through the pavement into the groundwater. They prevent the accumulation of large debris that can block traffic along the surface. They provide a conduit for water to head underground from the surface of the road.

They provide a conduit for water to head underground from the surface of the road.

A small logging company purchased 1000 acres of forest and was trying to decide which method to use for the first year: clearcutting, shelterwood system, or selective cutting. The company ultimately decided to use a shelterwood system. Which of the following may have been a factor in that decision? They wanted to have trees remaining to cut the following year. They could not afford either of the other two methods. They wanted to do the least damage possible to the environment. They needed the highest rate of return to pay for the land.

They wanted to have trees remaining to cut the following year.

Match each type of pest control with the appropriate example. biological physical cultural mechanical Using a sticky glue trap to catch a mouse. Placing a pillowcase in the freezer overnight to kill head lice larvae. Releasing a special strain of bacteria to kill mosquito larvae. Planting lilac varieties that are more resistant to powdery mildew.

biological=Releasing a special strain of bacteria to kill mosquito larvae physical=Placing a pillowcase in the freezer overnight to kill head lice larvae cultural=Planting lilac varieties that are more resistant to powdery mildew mechanical=Using a sticky glue trap to catch a mouse.

Think back to the cheeseburger. Match each ingredient with the correct statistic. bread cheese beef patty tomato greatest freshwater withdrawal per kilogram least eutrophying emissions per kilogram greatest greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram low (but not least) land use per kilogram

bread=low (but not least) land use per kilogram cheese=greatest freshwater withdrawal per kilogram beef patty=greatest greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram tomato=least eutrophying emissions per kilogram

Match the type of environmental impact of mining with the appropriate example. chemical biological physical disturbance of wildlife erosion and sedimentation cyanide contamination of groundwater

chemical=cyanide contamination of groundwater biological=disturbance of wildlife physical=erosion and sedimentation

Which of the following best describes a natural method of irrigation? allowing acid rain to fertilize the soil directing sunlight to shine on the crops applying salt water with a hose to crops collecting rainwater and using a hose to water the soil

collecting rainwater and using a hose to water the soil

Consider the map of Superfund sites in the contiguous United States as of October 2021. Red indicates sites with the highest hazard ranking, yellow indicates intermediate hazard, and green indicates lowest hazard. (Courtesy of the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]) Complete the following sentence. The relatively low concentration of Superfund sites in the central United States is most likely due to (lower population density/fewer ore deposits/better pollution control).

lower population density

While working in the yard, a person moves a bucket of water between plants and slowly pours water on the roots. What irrigation type is best described in this example? drip irrigation - moving a bucket of water from place to place waters the plants manual irrigation -moving a bucket of water from place to place waters the plants manual irrigation - the installed system is sprinkling water on the plants surface irrigation -the installed system waters the surface of the soil

manual irrigation -moving a bucket of water from place to place waters the plants

Complete the following sentence. Overall, a (heavily packaged/heavily processed/meat-based/plant-based) diet has the greatest environmental impact.

meat-based

Proponents of clearcutting claim that planting trees on newly cut areas will mitigate the effects of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Others say this claim is false, because older, mature trees have (less/the same/more) biomass.

more

The products of mining are (nonrenewable/non-recyclable/renewable).

nonrenewable

Complete the following sentence. Agriculture contributes to the eutrophication of water bodies via the runoff of excess (herbicides/pesticides/nutrients/salts).

nutrients

Complete the second sentence. Over the past year, that fungicidal spray you've been using in the shower seems to be getting less and less effective at controlling the mold. This problem is an example of (pest resurgence/pesticide resistance/pesticide compliance), which is defined as the (temporary/heritable/seasonal/chemical) change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a pesticide to achieve the expected level of control.

pesticide resistance, heritable The failure of a pesticide product to achieve the expected level of control that it once had is termed pesticide resistance. Pesticide resistance is a heritable change in a population; that is, it is genetically conferred.

A farmer has a large budget to install an irrigation system for her 45 acres of crops. Which factors primarily affect the type of irrigation system the farmer will select? Select three options. the crops' water requirements the fields' water source and availability the crops' sun and shade needs the fields' size and growing space the crops' cost and growing season

the crops' water requirements the fields' water source and availability the fields' size and growing space

Complete the following sentence. The construction of new buildings in a (lateral/horizontal/vertical) fashion can work to help prevent stormwater runoff by providing needed green space and soil around them.

vertical

Agriculture has a large impact on the environment for two reasons. First, it takes a lot of space, and second it takes a lot of _______ to raise plants and animals.

water

In the town of Nags Head on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, tourists flock to Jockey's Ridge. In nearby Kill Devil Hills, you can see the monument for the Wright Brothers' flights. A logical choice for sustainable energy in this area is ____ power.

wind

One athlete on a team believes strongly in keeping his ecological footprint as low as possible. Being a sustainability major, he knows a lot about how food choices impact the environment. He asks the team trainer if he can make some modifications to the team's current pre-game meal of steaks, potatoes, and tea. When the trainer hears his suggestions, he is willing to do so. What would the athlete have recommended and why? Select three options.

Increase the amount of chicken or fish offered since they have a lower ecological footprint than beef Increase the amount of fruits and vegetables available since their ecological footprints are smaller than beef Heavily reduce the amount of beef that is offered because it requires the most resources to raise

Which of the following are most likely to be United States Forest Service actions that would help prevent a tragedy of the commons? Select three options. Determine the number of wild horses to remove from Utah and other states each year Instruct campers to clear flammable material from areas around a grill to prevent forest fires Provide methods to logging companies to correctly locate and determine size of timber units Educate citizen scientists on how to conduct field surveys of bald eagle nests in their areas Educate homeowners on the importance of planting native plants instead of invasive species

Instruct campers to clear flammable material from areas around a grill to prevent forest fires Provide methods to logging companies to correctly locate and determine size of timber units Educate homeowners on the importance of planting native plants instead of invasive species

How can permeable pavement help reduce urban runoff and flooding? It produces heat through friction as the water moves across it, turning it into steam that evaporates. It prevents water from pooling on the surface by channeling it to other places. It allows water to seep through it into the ground, thereby giving the water a place to go. It keeps the water moving at a fast enough rate that it can easily make it into the storm drains.

It allows water to seep through it into the ground, thereby giving the water a place to go.

A restaurant in Florida has been criticized for buying stone crab claws from unlicensed fishers because it was trying to support small businesses, and the unlicensed fishers charge less for their supply. The restaurant owner wishes to make sure the restaurant only serves stone crab claws from reputable fishers that follow the rules. What should the owner do? Keep using the small but unlicensed fishers and accept the negative press. Remove the stone crab claws from the menu and take the financial loss. Use only licensed companies and ensure they follow the state rules for harvesting claws and returning crabs to the water. Ignore the problem and serve the claws to those customers who order it.

Use only licensed companies and ensure they follow the state rules for harvesting claws and returning crabs to the water.

Water is used in many different ways around the world based on the climate and environment. Which of the following best describes how water may be collected for irrigation in humid areas? Water can be collected from crops' leaves after it is released from plants during photosynthesis. Water can be obtained from the evaporation of water vapor on warm surfaces. Water can be obtained by condensation that collects on cold surfaces. Water can be collected from crops' roots after it is absorbed from the soil.

Water can be obtained by condensation that collects on cold surfaces.

Consider the graph. (Courtesy of Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2020), "Environmental impacts of food production." OurWorldInData.org.) A slice of cheese weighs approximately 30 grams. Approximately how much fresh water could one theoretically preserve at lunch by saying, "Hold the cheese, please"? 7 liters 70 liters 0.7 liters 170 liters

170 liters

Examine the graph. (Courtesy of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)) Complete the sentence. In response to consumer demand in the United States, chicken production overtook pork production around (2010/1975/1950/1995) and beef production around (1975/2010/1995/1950).

1995, 2010

If you took a random sample of 300 mammals on the planet (excluding humans), approximately how many of them would be wildlife? 100 50 20 150

20

Examine the chart. (Courtesy of Hannah Ritchie (2021) - "If the world adopted a plant-based diet we would reduce global agricultural land use from 4 to 1 billion hectares." Published online at OurWorldInData.org.[Online Resource]) How much land would be freed up from agricultural use if everyone in the world eliminated red meat, dairy, and poultry from their diets? 1.92 billion hectares 3.03 billion hectares 3.13 billion hectares 3.12 billion hectares

3.12 billion hectares

Consider the graph. (Courtesy of Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser [2020], "Environmental impacts of food production."OurWorldInData.org.) Approximately how many quarter-pound veggie burgers made from pea protein could theoretically be produced on the same amount of land required to produce one quarter-pound beef burger? 4 44 14 104

44

What percentage of land in the United States is used for agriculture? 90% 52% 25% 78%

52%

The statements listed below promote sustainability. Which ideas would be the best choices for a town that wants to improve their sustainable practices? Select three options. Add incentives for people who use public transportation. Put in a subway system to encourage public transportation. Add recycle bins in all parks and public areas like libraries. Fine households that use plastic bags to encourage cloth bags. Promote water conservation by only watering lawns weekly.

Add incentives for people who use public transportation. Add recycle bins in all parks and public areas like libraries. Promote water conservation by only watering lawns weekly.

A seafood restaurant on the coast buys its food from local fish boats that trawl for shrimp, crabs, and other species. However, their boats also catch various fish and other sea life (bycatch) at the same time. When the fishermen throw them back in the ocean, they usually die. Some of the servers at the restaurant approach the owners about this wasteful and unnecessary practice. How could the restaurant owner best reduce the ecological footprint of his restaurant from the options listed below? The owner could order paper napkins for customer use, eliminating sanitizing of napkins. By ordering shrimp from a sustainable shrimp farm, the restaurant is not supporting bycatch. They could contract with certain fish boats who promise to throw the extra catch back. Buying their seafood from a company that only imports seafood eliminates bycatch.

By ordering shrimp from a sustainable shrimp farm, the restaurant is not supporting bycatch.

Look at the table of information on three different fish species. Atlantic Salmon The popularity of Atlantic salmon has increased in recent years due to consumer interest in eating foods high in omega-3 fatty acids. Salmon is endangered in the wild. Most of the Atlantic salmon sold commercially is farm raised Chilean sea bass This once-obscure fish became a culinary celebrity in recent years; however, fish populations cannot keep up with the demand in the United States, China, and Japan. Without intervention, the Chilean sea bass could become extinct within the next 5 years bristlemouth Found deep in the ocean, it takes special fishing gear to locate and collect the bristlemouth. These fish are thought to be generalists and are abundant in tropical and temperate waters As a consumer of fish, predict which one scientists would caution against eating and consider at the highest risk of being depleted by overfishing

Chilean sea bass

Three large, profitable cattle ranches share a lake bordering each of their properties. The lake is the main source of water for their herds. After a couple of particularly dry years, the ranchers notice that the lake is getting smaller. According to the tragedy of the commons, which of the following will the ranchers most likely do? Relocate their ranches to another area with more available water Sell their herds of cattle and start a different type of business Continue using the lake as their main source of water until its dry Reduce the size of their herds to conserve water

Continue using the lake as their main source of water until its dry

One way to reduce carbon emissions is to make and use biofuels. Research continues into how to make biofuels out of weeds and non-food plants. Scientists can use several types of crops, but the one that works the best is corn. Why is using corn as a biofuel an issue? Making biofuel from corn requires energy input that is greater than its output. Corn is a big part of the food supply so removing some might affect people. It doesn't release any carbon emissions when it is processed. Corn biofuel releases more energy than it requires for processing.

Corn is a big part of the food supply so removing some might affect people.

The accompanying map shows the amount of fertilizer used in each country. Dead zones can occur on the coasts where nothing will grow. (Imagery supplied by Our World in Data) What conclusion can you draw about fertilizer and dead zones? Select three options. Dead zones are much more numerous in developed countries where farmers can afford fertilizer. The Green Revolution encouraged farmers not to use fertilizer, so dead zones are not a result of fertilizer. Dead zones are much more numerous when the fertilizer applied exceeds 100 kg/hectare. Dead zones are more numerous in the northern hemisphere because there is more land and higher population. Dead zones are most numerous in areas where over 500 kg/hectare of fertilizer was used.

Dead zones are much more numerous in developed countries where farmers can afford fertilizer. Dead zones are much more numerous when the fertilizer applied exceeds 100 kg/hectare. Dead zones are more numerous in the northern hemisphere because there is more land and higher population.

Researchers are concerned about overuse of irrigation methods and their effects on the environment. What statements support researchers' concerns? Select three options. Significant changes in water quality result from the movement of water through non-agricultural fields. - incorrect Groundwater depletion also has a severe effect on freshwater ecosystems by increasing the availability of the water supply. Deforestation for agricultural needs tends to decrease photosynthesis and respiration, increase storm runoff, increase soil erosion, and decrease infiltration to groundwater. - correct Applications of pesticides and fertilizers to cropland cause additions of contaminants to water resources. Water lost from photosynthesis and respiration is relatively pure. The chemicals that are left behind precipitate as salts and accumulate in the soil zone. - not selected, this is the correct answer

Deforestation for agricultural needs tends to decrease photosynthesis and respiration, increase storm runoff, increase soil erosion, and decrease infiltration to groundwater. - correct Applications of pesticides and fertilizers to cropland cause additions of contaminants to water resources. Water lost from photosynthesis and respiration is relatively pure. The chemicals that are left behind precipitate as salts and accumulate in the soil zone. - not selected, this is the correct answer

Which of the following is an example of the tragedy of the commons? Destruction of forests to create commercial coffee farms Capture of large numbers of wild horses that overrun federal land Purposeful burning of hundreds of acres of land to prevent wildfires A farmer choosing to rotate crops to improve soil health

Destruction of forests to create commercial coffee farms

Consider the accompanying graph showing a color-coded map (2007) of ecological footprints by country, in hectares of land used per person. (imagery provided by Wikipedia) Predict how the colors changed and how the map would look in the current year. Developed countries are mostly vegetarian, so they have lower ecological footprints and lighter shades of red. Developed countries have more money, a bigger ecological footprint, and are a deeper shade of red. Europe has the highest standard of living compared to all the other continents, so it is the deepest shade of red. South America would be a lighter red because the countries have been trying to reduce their ecological footprints.

Developed countries have more money, a bigger ecological footprint, and are a deeper shade of red.

Which statement is a possible explanation as to why developing countries have more urbanization than developed ones? Developing countries usually have more people who are looking for better ways of life. Developed countries have access to better health care in rural areas that keep people alive. Developing countries tend to have greater amounts of land that can be used to build cities. Developed countries have higher rates of food consumption in rural areas that put stress on food production.

Developing countries usually have more people who are looking for better ways of life.

Fish farming is a form of aquaculture in which fish are raised in enclosures to be sold as food. It is the fastest-growing area of animal food production. Today, about half the fish consumed globally are raised in these artificial environments. Commonly farmed species include salmon, tuna, cod, trout, and halibut. Which of the following is the most likely effect of fish farms on wild fish populations? Fish in the wild will not be affected because they will still be fished at the same level. Wild fish will be reduced because people will prefer them over the farmed fish. Wild fish numbers will increase since so many fish from the farms escape into the wild. Fish in the wild will not be hunted as much, and populations will recover and replenish.

Fish in the wild will not be hunted as much, and populations will recover and replenish.

Some claim that clearcutting is no worse for the environment than a forest fire. Which of the following do not support that claim? Select three options. Clearcutting does not require as many resources to manage as forest fires. Forest fires vary in intensity and severity, while clearcutting is equally intense. Forest fires leave patches of landscape intact enough to promote regeneration. Forest fires do not disturb the soil ecosystem to the extent as clearcutting does. Regrowth from forest fires is typically dominated by a single species instead of diversity.

Forest fires vary in intensity and severity, while clearcutting is equally intense. Forest fires leave patches of landscape intact enough to promote regeneration. Forest fires do not disturb the soil ecosystem to the extent as clearcutting does.

Charles Fishing Company is considering purchasing new fishing nets. The following catalog descriptions are provided. Trammel Net: 3-layered nets attached between a lead line and float line. Good for catching large and small fish. Trawl Net: conical nets that can be towed along the bottom of the sea. While the new design seeks to minimize damage to the seafloor and eliminate unintended harvest, some is still expected. Gill Net: constructed using a single piece of netting between a float line and lead line. Gill nets come in different lengths, mesh sizes, and depths depending on the species of fish you intend to harvest. Which nets should Charles Fishing Company purchase if they want to reduce their bycatch? Trammel Nets to catch a wide variety of fish sizes Trawl Nets to catch fish along the seafloor Gill Nets to catch only a specific fish species Trammel Nets to efficiently catch smaller fish

Gill Nets to catch only a specific fish species

Complete the sentence to share the argument you would make concerning the effects of irrigation on the water supply. (Groundwater/Surface water/Salt water) is often the water resource that humans use for agricultural needs during times of (flooding/famine/drought) or when other water resources have been depleted and this water source is (limitless/renewable/nonrenewable).

Groundwater, drought, nonrenewable

Examine the map. (Courtesy of United States Department of Agriculture) Which major bodies of water are at greatest risk of eutrophication due to broiler production? Select two options. Lake Michigan Gulf of Mexico Lake Superior Pacific coast Atlantic coast

Gulf of Mexico Atlantic coast

Read the scenario and answer the question. U.S. shark fisheries are among the most sustainably managed commercial and recreational fisheries in the world. Here are six things fishers do to help maintain a sustainable shark fishery: Obtain Proper Permits Obey Limits Use Circle Hooks Keep Fins Attached Identify Species Report Catch Charles Fishing Company maintains a charter section of their business where amateur and recreational fishers are allowed to accompany them on fishing expeditions. One of the fishers notices that the charter company is not using circle hooks. When he inquires, the boat captain says that it is not required because they are only doing catch-and-release fishing on the charter. Which of the following statements best describes and corrects the captain's misconception?

Hooks are not regulated or monitored by the fishing industry because they have little impact on populations. Circle hooks are required in all recreational and commercial fishing, and all other hooks are illegal. Circle hooks are used voluntarily to make sure that the animals are not caught inadvertently. Fishers can use any type of hook with catch and release but only circle hooks for capture. Correct Answer: Circle hooks are used voluntarily to make sure that the animals are not caught inadvertently.

The table shows the degree of urbanization by continent in 2020. Continent Degree of Urbanization Latin America 79 Europe 75 Oceana 68 Asia 51 Africa 43 Based on these numbers alone, what claim can be made? Asia is experiencing high levels of poverty among its residents. Oceana is going to have the highest tax rates of any area. Latin America will contribute the most to the erosion of soil. Areas of Africa are most likely to contribute to climate change.

Latin America will contribute the most to the erosion of soil.

Given the important role trees play in the environment, which of the following could happen if a large forest of trees was suddenly removed? Select three options. Added carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Loss of habitat for other life Less soil erosion in the area Flooding where the forest was Reduced air quality in the area

Loss of habitat for other life Flooding where the forest was Reduced air quality in the area

Read the scenario and answer the question. Sam Smart is concerned about the excessive bycatch at her dad's fishing company, ReelSmart. No matter how much she tells him he needs to change nets, he continues to ignore her. He says it is too expensive. Sam is an artist and creates the image you see to help her dad visualize his harvest from the past year. The pink fish in the graphic is the intended species he is fishing, Pacific salmon. The blue fish represent other fish he also sells and collects intentionally, like tarpon and mackerel. She wants to draw his attention to the orange fish in the image. These are the bycatch. Her dad did not mean to catch these fish, and he cannot sell them, but they are sometimes killed in the process. Which of the following would be the best caption for her artwork to convey her message?

ReelSmart Fishing, we only catch salmon and tuna and that's a fact. It makes us blue to know that we leave so many fish in the ocean every day. 10 percent of the fish we catch are not the right ones, is that ReelSmart? Orange you glad we don't catch that many unintentional fish? Correct Answer: 10 percent of the fish we catch are not the right ones, is that ReelSmart?

As humans continue to harvest salmon from the waters, they are impacting the food web. Bears also hunt salmon, and the fish provide oils and omega-3 fatty acids that are vital to the bears' health. Unlike humans, bears do not have other sources of these nutrients in their diets. Which of the following would be the best way to address the dietary needs of the bears? Supplements should be provided to the bears in the form of pills or shots. Salmon fishing should be restricted in areas where bears are native to the food web. Salmon should be caught, processed, and fed to the bears on a schedule. Bears should be trained to seek out other food sources with omega-3 fatty acids.

Salmon fishing should be restricted in areas where bears are native to the food web.

An organic farmer specializes in producing many unique varieties of peppers. The neighboring farmer plans on planting a monoculture of a brand-new GMO pepper that is more insect-resistant than his usual variety. Why might the organic farmer be opposed? Select two options. The GMO pepper could be toxic to the local wildlife. The GMO pepper could be toxic to important pollinators. The GMO pepper will require the application of more insecticides. The GMO pepper could cross-pollinate with the organic peppers and reduce their genetic diversity. The dispersal of insects away from the GMO pepper could put more insect pressure on the organic peppers.

The GMO pepper could cross-pollinate with the organic peppers and reduce their genetic diversity. The dispersal of insects away from the GMO pepper could put more insect pressure on the organic peppers.

The scoring system used to determine the hazard ranking of a prospective Superfund site is based on a number of individual factors associated with risk-related conditions at the site: 1. Likelihood of release/exposure (i.e., likelihood that a site has released or has the potential to release hazardous substances into the environment, or that targets can come into contact with hazardous substances) 2. Waste characteristics (i.e., inherent toxicity, mobility of the substances, and the quantity of the hazardous substances that have been released) 3. Targets (i.e., people or sensitive environments actually or potentially exposed to the release) Consider the following. Site A and Site B both contain tailings containment ponds with the same concentration of toxic heavy metals in the water. Why might Site A receive a high hazard ranking while Site B receives a low hazard ranking? Select two options.

The contaminated water level is much closer to the natural groundwater level at Site B than at Site A. Site B is located along the migration corridor of an endangered species. Site A is adjacent to an area of high population density, whereas Site B is not. The tailings pond at Site B is much larger than at Site A. The construction of the tailings pond at Site A is less secure than at Site B. Correct Answer: Site A is adjacent to an area of high population density, whereas Site B is not. The construction of the tailings pond at Site A is less secure than at Site B.

The popular "100 Mile Diet" promotes eating foods that are produced within a 100-mile radius of one's home. Which claim about this diet would you question, based on the lesson you just completed? The diet facilitates tracking the supply chain back to the point of origin to evaluate ecological practices. The diet significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions since local food doesn't travel far for consumption The diet benefits the local economy, including supporting local farmers and other producers. The diet may have a higher nutrient value since locally grown and harvested food has more time to ripen.

The diet significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions since local food doesn't travel far for consumption

To prevent overfishing, education is one of the primary tools used to reduce overconsumption. For example, to reduce the overconsumption of tuna, this infographic presents many alternatives. Look at the infographic and determine which audience is most likely the target for such a publication. Where should this infographic be posted to have the largest impact on reducing overfishing of tuna? The infographic is targeted at consumers and would be most effective at fish markets. The infographic is targeted at commercial fishers and should be posted at ports. The infographic is targeted at recreational fishers and should be posted at bait and tackle shops. The infographic is targeted at politicians and should be posted at the courthouse.

The infographic is targeted at consumers and would be most effective at fish markets.

Which of the following is the best explanation as to why urbanization leads to increased soil erosion? The removal of plants prevents their roots from holding the soil in place. The soil gets washed away because cities have more rainfall than other areas. Chemicals in air pollution loosen the soil to where wind can easily carry it away. Farmland experiences reduced productivity because acid rain mixes with the soil at high rates.

The removal of plants prevents their roots from holding the soil in place.

A home builder wanted to buy three adjacent lots in a growing town to clear and build new homes. Before purchasing the property, the builder was made aware of three endangered gopher tortoise nests on the property. The builder proceeded to purchase the property and continue with her plans to clear the lots because she would make a very large profit in spite of the state-mandated mitigation fee for disturbing the tortoises. Which of the following is most likely to prevent this from happening in the future? The state should drastically increase the mitigation fee to make disturbing tortoise nests more costly. Neighboring property owners should talk to the builder and convince her to buy land elsewhere. Neighboring property owners should encourage the gopher tortoises to nest on their property instead. The state should run a campaign educating residents about endangered species, such as gopher tortoises.

The state should drastically increase the mitigation fee to make disturbing tortoise nests more costly.

Many states require that stands of trees near rivers and streams remain unharvested. Which of the following explains why? It prevents the rivers from eroding the surrounding land. The trees act as a buffer to protect aquatic habitats. Leaving tees near the water regenerates the forest faster. It makes clearcutting less visible to the public eye.

The trees act as a buffer to protect aquatic habitats.

Why is tree planting along city streets a good way to reduce the impacts of stormwater runoff? The trees keep rainwater from hitting the ground by catching with their leaves before it gets there. The trees use a lot of water when they perform cellular respiration to make energy. The trees provide barriers to keep the water off the sidewalks. The trees make space in the soil for the water by taking up water themselves.

The trees make space in the soil for the water by taking up water themselves.

A farmer wants to reduce the numbers of insects feeding on her cabbage crop in the upcoming season. Which strategies would have the lowest risk of unintended consequences? Select two options. Plant a new, genetically modified version of her crop that has greater insect resistance. Till the field to expose the insects and larvae to their natural predators. Introduce a predatory beetle to go after the insects. Spray the field with insecticide. Instead of planting cabbage every year, rotate with a different crop, like carrots.

Till the field to expose the insects and larvae to their natural predators. Instead of planting cabbage every year, rotate with a different crop, like carrots. Regular farming practices, like tillage and crop rotation, have the lowest risk of unintended consequences. They are most likely to target the pest itself, with little detriment to the rest of the environment.

Match the phrase about irrigation to the explanation that best explains why it is an advantage or a disadvantage. construction of large irrigation systems a consistent irrigation schedule in areas with irregular precipitation irrigation practices that result in water collecting in low lying crop areas the use of localized irrigation instead of surface irrigation can be an advantage because it allows for the conservation of water can be a disadvantage because it can cause erosion and the occurrence of algal blooms can be an advantage because it allows for a reliable supply of crops can a disadvantage because it can cause water logging

construction of large irrigation systems=can be a disadvantage because it can cause erosion and the occurrence of algal blooms a consistent irrigation schedule in areas with irregular precipitation=can be an advantage because it allows for a reliable supply of crops irrigation practices that result in water collecting in low lying crop areas=can a disadvantage because it can cause water logging the use of localized irrigation instead of surface irrigation=can be an advantage because it allows for the conservation of water

Your family and friends would love to have a barbeque, but the outdoor space is swarming with mosquitos! What can you do to prepare for an enjoyable evening? Match each type of pest control with the correct example. cultural physical mechanical biological chemical Leave existing spiderwebs and spiders in place to catch mosquitoes. Dump out any buckets, birdbaths, etc. with standing water for mosquito breeding. Plug in an electric insect "zapper." Spray the perimeter of the area with an insecticide. Burn citronella candles to fill the air with smoke.

cultural=Dump out any buckets, birdbaths, etc. with standing water for mosquito breeding. physical=Burn citronella candles to fill the air with smoke. mechanical=Plug in an electric insect "zapper." biological=Leave existing spiderwebs and spiders in place to catch mosquitoes. chemical=Spray the perimeter of the area with an insecticide.

Examine the image of a mine. An open-pit mine. (Imagery supplied by DieterMeyrl/iStock via Getty) In the life cycle of the mine, which phases are being shown here? Select two options. reclamation extraction development prospecting beneficiation

extraction beneficiation

Consider the graph. (Courtesy of Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser [2020], "Environmental impacts of food production." OurWorldInData.org) With respect to the emission of greenhouse gases, which stage of the food supply chain has the greatest environmental impact and therefore provides the greatest opportunity to reduce our emissions? farm transport land use change processing

farm

One benefit of irrigation is that there are many different types of systems available to (maintain/increase/decrease) the amount of agriculturally (unproductive/productive/barren) land on Earth.

increase, productive

Complete the following sentence. The agricultural impact that puts the most species on the endangered species list is (land conversion/eutrophication/freshwater withdrawal/greenhouse gas emissions).

land conversion

Match each unintended consequence of pest control with the correct example. pesticide resistance biomagnification bioaccumulation pest resurgence Pesticide concentration in a killer whale is much higher than in a shrimp. Moths come back in even greater numbers after pesticide application. Pesticide concentration in a mature fish is much higher than in a juvenile. From year to year, the same herbicide is becoming less effective on dandelions.

pesticide resistance=From year to year, the same herbicide is becoming less effective on dandelions. biomagnification=Pesticide concentration in a killer whale is much higher than in a shrimp. bioaccumulation=Pesticide concentration in a mature fish is much higher than in a juvenile. pest resurgence=Moths come back in even greater numbers after pesticide application.

Match each type of pest control with the correct example. physical cultural biological mechanical chemical Drain and refill the fountain; turn on the pump. Burn citronella torches to fill the air with smoke. Hang and plug in electric "bug zappers." Leave existing spiderwebs and spiders in place to do their job. Spray the bushes in the back alley with insecticide.

physical=Burn citronella torches to fill the air with smoke. cultural=Drain and refill the fountain; turn on the pump. biological=Leave existing spiderwebs and spiders in place to do their job. mechanical=Hang and plug in electric "bug zappers." chemical=Spray the bushes in the back alley with insecticide.

What is the most likely cause of the mold problem in Grandma's house? poor drainage that caused heavy rainwater to back up into the house an infestation of spores that were carried in when the water level rose the exposure of the wall paper to extreme temperatures during the storm water flowing down from leaks that appeared in the roof when the storm hit

poor drainage that caused heavy rainwater to back up into the house

Complete the following sentence. In the water cycle, in order for runoff to happen, __________ needs to take place just beforehand.

precipitation

Complete the sentence to explain areas in which irrigation will be most affected by climate change. Certain events can cause significant issues in drought-prone areas such as (rain-fed/rain-abundant/rainforest) agricultural regions, but in other areas, climate change is expected to alter rainfall patterns and (increase/decrease/maintain) water- and heat-stress events over many croplands as the Earth warms.

rain-fed, increase

Oak is sought after for firewood, furniture, and flooring. However, oak trees take a very long time to mature. Meanwhile, young oak saplings are not very tolerant of shade or soil erosion. Given this, (selective cutting/clearcutting/shelterwood system) would be the most optimal harvesting method for both the oak ecosystem and the timber harvesters.

shelterwood system